The

Standard Chinese Standard Chinese ()—in linguistics Standard Northern Mandarin or Standard Beijing Mandarin, in common speech simply Mandarin, better qualified as Standard Mandarin, Modern Standard Mandarin or Standard Mandarin Chinese—is a modern Standar ...

word ''xuanchuan'' "dissemination; propaganda; publicity" originally meant "to announce or convey information" during the 3rd-century

Three Kingdoms The Three Kingdoms () from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Han dynasty#Eastern Han, Eastern Han dynasty and wa ...

period, and was chosen to translate Russian ''propagánda'' in the 20th-century

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

, adopting the Marxist-Leninist concept of a " transmission belt" for indoctrination and mass mobilization. ''Xuanchuan'' is the keyword for

propaganda in the People's Republic of China Propaganda in China refers to the use of propaganda by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) or (historically) the Kuomintang (KMT) to sway domestic and international opinion in favor of its policies. Domestically, this includes censorship of prosc ...

and

propaganda in the Republic of China Propaganda in the Republic of China refers to propaganda used by the Republic of China government and has been an important tool since its inception in 1912. The term '' xuanchuan'' ( "propaganda; publicity") can have either a neutral connota ...

Terminology

The

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...

term ''xuanchuan'' compounds ''xuan'' "declare; proclaim; announce" and ''chuan'' or "pass (on); hand down; impart; teach; spread; infect; be contagious". Numerous common Chinese words are based upon ''xuanchuan'', such as: ''xuānchuánpǐn'' 宣傳品 "propaganda/publicity material", ''xuānchuánduì'' 宣傳隊 "propaganda team", ''xuānchuánhuà'' 宣傳畫 "

propaganda poster Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to Social influence, influence or persuade an audience to further an Political agenda, agenda, which may not be Objectivity (journalism), objective and may be selectively presenting facts to en ...

", ''xuānchuándān'' 宣傳單 "propaganda slips/sheets", ''xuānchuángǔdòng'' 宣傳鼓動 "

agitprop Agitprop (; from rus, агитпроп, r=agitpróp, portmanteau of ''agitatsiya'', "agitation" and ''propaganda'', "propaganda") refers to an intentional, vigorous promulgation of ideas. The term originated in Soviet Russia where it referred to ...

", and ''xuānchuán diànyǐng'' 宣傳電影 "

propaganda film A propaganda film is a film that involves some form of propaganda. Propaganda films spread and promote certain ideas that are usually religious, political, or cultural in nature. A propaganda film is made with the intent that the viewer will ad ...

". In

lexicographic Lexicography is the study of lexicons, and is divided into two separate academic disciplines. It is the art of compiling dictionaries. * Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. * Theoretica ...

terminology, a

bilingual dictionary A bilingual dictionary or translation dictionary is a specialized dictionary used to translate words or phrases from one language to another. Bilingual dictionaries can be ''unidirectional'', meaning that they list the meanings of words of one lan ...

provides " translation equivalents" (rather than "definitions") between the

source Source may refer to: Research * Historical document * Historical source * Source (intelligence) or sub source, typically a confidential provider of non open-source intelligence * Source (journalism), a person, publication, publishing institute o ...

and target languages. Sometimes words have complete equivalents, such as translating French '' chien'' as English ''

dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

''; but other times have partial or alternative equivalents, such as translating French '' veau'' as either the animal ''

calf Calf most often refers to: * Calf (animal), the young of domestic cattle. * Calf (leg), in humans (and other primates), the back portion of the lower leg Calf or calves may also refer to: Biology and animal byproducts * Veal, meat from calves * ...

'' or the meat ''

veal Veal is the meat of calves, in contrast to the beef from older cattle. Veal can be produced from a calf of either sex and any breed, however most veal comes from young male calves of dairy breeds which are not used for breeding. Generally, v ...

''. English ''propaganda'' and ''publicity'' are alternative equivalents for Chinese ''xuanchuan''. The

classical Chinese Classical Chinese, also known as Literary Chinese (古文 ''gǔwén'' "ancient text", or 文言 ''wényán'' "text speak", meaning "literary language/speech"; modern vernacular: 文言文 ''wényánwén'' "text speak text", meaning "literar ...

word ''qing''

青 Radical 174 or radical blue () meaning "blue" or "green" or "black" (see '' Distinguishing blue from green in Chinese'') is one of the 9 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 8 strokes. It is also the character representing the colo ...

"green; blue; black", representing the

distinction of blue and green in various languages Distinction, distinct or distinctive may refer to: * Distinction (philosophy), the recognition of difference * Formal distinction * Distinction (law), a principle in international law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict * Distinc ...

, is a better known example of Chinese-English alternative translations. Compare the color range across collocations like ''qīngcài'' 青菜 "green vegetables; greens", ''qīngjīn'' 青筋 "blue veins", ''qīngtiān'' 青天 "azure sky", ''qīngbù'' 青布 "black cloth", or ''qīngkèmǎ'' 青騍馬 "gray mare". Translation equivalents of ''xuanchuan'' in major Chinese-English dictionaries include: *"to declare; propaganda" *"propaganda; to carry on propaganda (for)" *"propagate; propagandize; publicize; propaganda (work, bureau, etc.)" *"conduct propaganda; propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" *"propagate; disseminate; propagandize; give publicity to; publicize" *"to publicize; to promote; propaganda; promotion" *"publicize; propagate; advocated; advertise; preach; blaze sth. abroad

bout Bout can mean: People *Viktor Bout, suspected arms dealer *Jan Everts Bout, early settler to New Netherland *Marcel Bout Musical instruments * The outward-facing round parts of the body shape of violins, guitars, and other stringed instrumen ...

whoop" *"propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" Thus, the most frequent English lexicographical translations of ''xuanchuan'' are , , , , , and . Many languages besides English have different words to distinguish "propaganda" and "publicity", for instance, German ''

Propaganda Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...

'' and '' Werbung'', or Russian ''propagánda'' '' пропага́нда'' and ''rekláma'' '' рекла́ма''. Few languages besides Chinese have one

polysemous Polysemy ( or ; ) is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol, a morpheme, a word, or a phrase) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses. Polysemy is distinct from ''monosemy'', where a word has a single ...

word; excluding

Sinoxenic Sino-Xenic or Sinoxenic pronunciations are regular systems for reading Chinese characters in Japan, Korea and Vietnam, originating in medieval times and the source of large-scale borrowings of Chinese words into the Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese ...

loanwords from Chinese such as Japanese ''senden'' 宣伝 "propaganda; advertisement; publicity", one example is Irish '' bolscaireacht'' "publicity; propaganda; claptrap''.

Historical usages

The ''

Hanyu Da Cidian The ''Hanyu Da Cidian'' () is the most inclusive available Chinese dictionary. Lexicographically comparable to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', it has diachronic coverage of the Chinese language, and traces usage over three millennia from Chi ...

'' is a historical dictionary that gives chronologically arranged usage examples, comparable with the ''

Oxford English Dictionary The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the first and foundational historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP). It traces the historical development of the English language, providing a com ...

''. The ''xuanchuan'' entry gives three meanings:Tr. . ''xuānbù chuándá'' 宣布传达 "to announce or convey information", ''xiàng rén jiạ̌ngjiě shuōmíng'' 向人讲解说明, 进行教育, ''jìnxíng jiàoyù'' 进行教育 " to explain something to someone, or to conduct education", and ''chuánbō'' 传播, ''xuānyáng'' 宣扬 "to disseminate or publicize". First, the meaning of "to announce or convey information" was originally recorded in the historian

Chen Shou Chen Shou (; 233–297), courtesy name Chengzuo (), was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer who lived during the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is most known for his most celebrated work, the ''Records of the ...

's (3rd century) ''

Records of the Three Kingdoms The ''Records or History of the Three Kingdoms'', also known by its Chinese name as the Sanguo Zhi, is a Chinese historical text which covers the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220 AD) and the Three Kingdoms period (220– ...

'' in contexts of transmitting (esp. military) orders. For example, the biography of

Shu Han Han (; 221–263), known in historiography as Shu Han ( ) or Ji Han ( "Junior Han"), or often shortened to Shu (; pinyin: ''shŭ'' <

Ma Zhong (Shu Han) Ma Zhong (died 249), courtesy name Dexin, originally named Hu Du, was a military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Liu Bei was quite impressed by Ma Zhong and praised him highly, comparing him to the re ...

(d. 249) records that after defeating rebels in

Nanyue Nanyue (), was an ancient kingdom ruled by Chinese monarchs of the Zhao family that covered the modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Macau, southern Fujian and central to northern Vietnam. Nanyue was establish ...

, he was appointed General Who Pacifies the South and ordered back to the capital in

Chengdu Chengdu (, ; Simplified Chinese characters, simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese dialects, Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively Romanization of Chi ...

. "In 242, when a Zhongwas returning to court, upon reaching

Hanzhong Hanzhong (; abbreviation: Han) is a prefecture-level city in the southwest of Shaanxi province, China, bordering the provinces of Sichuan to the south and Gansu to the west. The founder of the Han dynasty, Liu Bang, was once enfeoffed as the ...

, he went to see Grand Marshall

Jiang Wan Jiang Wan (180s - November or December 246), courtesy name Gongyan, was a regent and military general of the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Jiang Wan initially served as a scribe, c ...

, who conveyed an imperial decree that he was also appointed General in Chief of Zhennan Circuit n modern Nanchang, Jiangxi">Nanchang.html" ;"title="n modern Nanchang">n modern Nanchang, Jiangxi]." Later usage examples are cited from historian Li Baiyao (564–647), poet Cao Tang 曹唐 (fl. 860–874), and scholar Wang Mingqing 王明清 (1163-1224). Second, the ''xuanchuan'' meaning of "to explain something to someone, or to conduct education" first appeared in

Ge Hong Ge Hong (; b. 283 – d. 343 or 364), courtesy name Zhichuan (稚川), was a Chinese linguist, Taoist practitioner, philosopher, physician, politician, and writer during the Eastern Jin dynasty. He was the author of '' Essays on Chinese Characte ...

's (c. 320) ''

Baopuzi The ''Baopuzi'' () is a literary work written by Ge Hong (also transliterated as Ko Hung) (), 283–343, a scholar during the turbulent Jin dynasty. ''Baopuzi'' is divided into two main sections, the esoteric ''Neipian'' () "Inner Chapters" an ...

'' criticism of effete scholars who

Emperor Zhang of Han Emperor Zhang of Han (; 56 – 9 April 88), born Liu Da (), was an emperor of the Chinese Han dynasty from 75 to 88. He was the third emperor of the Eastern Han. Emperor Zhang was a hardworking and diligent emperor. He reduced taxes and paid ...

(r. 75–88) extravagantly rewarded.

These various gentlemen were heaped with honors, but not because they could breach walls or fight in the fields, break through an enemy's lines and extend frontiers, fall ill and resign office, pray for a plan of confederation and give the credit to others, or possess a zeal transcending all bounds. Merely because they expounded an interpretation 'xuanchuan''of one solitary classic, such were the honors lavished upon them. And they were only lecturing upon words bequeathed by the dead. Despite their own high positions, emperors and kings deigned to serve these teachers.

Subsequent usages are quotes from monk-translator Pukong 不空 or

Amoghavajra Amoghavajra ( sa, अमोघवज्र ; , 705–774) was a prolific translator who became one of the most politically powerful Buddhist monks in Chinese history and is acknowledged as one of the Eight Patriarchs of the Doctrine in Shingon ...

(705–774), poet

Wang Yucheng Wang Yucheng (or Yu-Ch'eng) (王禹偁, 954–1001) was a Chinese poet from Juye in the Shandong Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China regi ...

(954–1001), novelist

Ba Jin Ba Jin (Chinese: 巴金; pinyin: ''Bā Jīn''; 1904–2005) was a Chinese writer. In addition to his impact on Chinese literature, he also wrote three original works in Esperanto, and as a political activist he wrote '' The Family''. Name He w ...

(1904-2005), and

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...

(1893-1976). Mao's (1957) "The speech for the Chinese Communist party National Propaganda Work Meeting" says, "Our comrades who are engaged in propaganda work have the task of disseminating Marxism. This is a gradual ask ofpropaganda and should be done well, so that people are willing to accept it." Third, the modern ''xuanchuan'' meaning of "to disseminate or publicize" occurred in

Lao She Shu Qingchun (3 February 189924 August 1966), known by his pen name Lao She, was a Chinese novelist and dramatist. He was one of the most significant figures of 20th-century Chinese literature, and is best known for his novel ''Rickshaw Boy'' a ...

's (1937) ''Camel Xiangzi'' or ''

Rickshaw Boy ''Rickshaw Boy'' or ''Camel Xiangzi'' () is a novel by the Chinese author Lao She about the life of a fictional Beijing rickshaw man. It is considered a classic of 20th-century Chinese literature. History Lao She began the novel in spring, 1 ...

'', "As promised, Old Man Liu told no one of Xiangzi’s experiences yuan''">Chinese_yuan.html" ;"title="elling stolen wartime camels for 30 ''Chinese yuan">yuan'' but the camel story quickly spread from Haidian into the city." The ''Hanyu Da Cidian'' gives two other usage examples from novels by Zhao Shuli (1906-1970). The ''Nihon Kokugo Daijiten'' (2001) entry for the Japanese word ''senden'' 宣伝 differentiates three meanings and notes their earliest recorded usages: "Convey a statement, transmit widely" (述べ伝えること. ひろく伝えること.; c. 758-797 ''

Shoku Nihongi The is an imperially-commissioned Japanese history text. Completed in 797, it is the second of the ''Six National Histories'', coming directly after the '' Nihon Shoki'' and followed by ''Nihon Kōki''. Fujiwara no Tsugutada and Sugano no Mamichi ...

''); "Explain to people the existence or effect of a thing, principle, policy, etc., seeking their understanding. Or such movement or activity. Propaganda" (ある物の存在や効能または主義主張などを人々に説明し, 理解を求めること. また, その運動や活動. プロパガンダ.; 1924,

Kanson Arahata a.k.a. was a 20th-century Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extend ...

's ''Entering Russia''); and "Spread a rumor that is unrealistic or exaggerated" (事実以上に大げさに言いふらすこと.; 1930

Riichi Yokomitsu was an experimental, modernist Japanese writer. Yokomitsu began publishing in dōjinshi such as ''Machi'' ("Street") and ''Tō'' ("Tower") after entering Waseda University in 1916. In 1923, he published ''Nichirin'' ("The Sun"), '' ...

's ''

Machine A machine is a physical system using Power (physics), power to apply Force, forces and control Motion, movement to perform an action. The term is commonly applied to artificial devices, such as those employing engines or motors, but also to na ...

'').

Propaganda and publicity

Whether ''xuanchuan'' is translated as either ''propaganda'' or ''propagandize'' versus ''publicity'' or ''publicize'' depends upon the Chinese collocation and context, and the English semiotic connotations. For English and Chinese translation equivalent examples, ''political propaganda'' and ''zhèngzhì xuānchuán'' 政治宣传 are usually pejorative, but ''public health propaganda'' and ''gōnggòng wèishēng xuānchuán'' 公共卫生宣传 are not. Some ''xuanchuan'' collocations customarily refer to "propaganda" (e.g., ''xuānchuánzhàn'' 宣传战 "propaganda war"), others to "publicity" (''chǎnpǐn xuānchuán'' 產品宣传 "product promotion"), and still others can ambiguously refer to either (''xuānchuányuán'' 宣传员 "propagandist; publicist"). ''Xuanchuan'' contexts can vary from covert

black propaganda Black propaganda is a form of propaganda intended to create the impression that it was created by those it is supposed to discredit. Black propaganda contrasts with gray propaganda, which does not identify its source, as well as white propaganda ...

(such as

astroturfing Astroturfing is the practice of masking the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by grassroots participants. It is a p ...

) that misrepresents its source to overt

white propaganda White propaganda is propaganda that does not hide its origin or nature. It is the most common type of propaganda and is distinguished from black propaganda which disguises its origin to discredit an opposing cause. It typically uses standard pub ...

(such as a

public service announcement A public service announcement (PSA) is a message in the public interest disseminated by the media without charge to raise public awareness and change behavior. In the UK, they are generally called a public information film (PIF); in Hong Kong, ...

) that truthfully states its source. Chinese contexts determine the word's semantic connotations. For instance, the term ''Gòngchạ̌ndǎng de xuānchuán'' 共产党的宣传 "

Communist propaganda Communist propaganda is the artistic and social promotion of the ideology of communism, communist worldview, communist society, and interests of the communist movement. While it tends to carry a negative connotation in the Western world, the t ...

" generally has positive connotations in

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victoriou ...

usage but negative ones in

Kuomintang The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...

usage. In official CCP discourse, ''xuanchuan'' "propaganda" has a neutral or positive connotation, but in informal usage, the word often has a pejorative connotation. For instance, in 2009 a group of Chinese academics and lawyers called for a boycott of the major

China Central Television China Central Television (CCTV) is a Chinese state- and political party-owned broadcaster controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Its 50 different channels broadcast a variety of programing to more than one billion viewers in six lan ...

network and sarcastically said the program ''

Xinwen Lianbo ''Xinwen Lianbo'' (, literally News Simulcast) is a daily news programme produced by China Central Television (CCTV), a state broadcaster. It is shown simultaneously by all local TV stations in mainland China, making it one of the world's most ...

'' "Network News" should be called ''Xuanchuan Lianbo'' "Propaganda News".

David Shambaugh David Shambaugh (; born January 18, 1953) is the Gaston Sigur Professor of Asian Studies, Political Science & International Affairs, and director of the China Policy Program at the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington Unive ...

, the scholar of Chinese politics and foreign policy, describes "proactive propaganda" in which the Chinese Communist Party Propaganda Department writes and disseminates information that it believes "''should'' be used in educating and shaping society". In this particular context, ''xuanchuan'' "does ''not'' carry negative connotations for the CCP, nor, for that matter, for most Chinese citizens." The sinologist and anthropologist Andrew B. Kipnis says unlike English ''propaganda'', Chinese ''xuanchuan'' is officially represented as language that is good for the nation as a whole. "Although no American government would describe its own declarations as propaganda, the CCP is proud of its ''xuanchuan''." ''Propaganda'' and ''publicity'' have undergone considerable diachronic change in meaning. According to the ''Oxford English Dictionary'', ''propaganda'' was first recorded in 1718, referring to the Latin title ''Congregatio de Propaganda Fide'' "

Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith A congregation is a large gathering of people, often for the purpose of worship. Congregation may also refer to: * Church (congregation), a Christian organization meeting in a particular place for worship *Congregation (Roman Curia), an administr ...

" "a committee of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church having the care and oversight of foreign missions". The religious meaning was extended to "any association, systematic scheme, or concerted movement for the propagation of a particular doctrine or practice" in 1790, and specialized to "the systematic propagation of information or ideas by an interested party, esp. in a tendentious way in order to encourage or instill a particular attitude or response" in 1908. The linguist

Adrian Room Adrian Richard West Room (27 September 1933, Melksham – 6 November 2010, Stamford, Lincolnshire)''Contemporary Authors Online'', Gale, 2002; accessed 20 May 2013. was a British toponymist and onomastician, a Fellow of the Royal Geographical So ...

suggests that the "bad" sense of ''propaganda'' emerged on the political scene in the United States. ''Publicity'' was first used to mean "the quality of being public; the condition or fact of being open to public observation or knowledge" in 1791, and subsequently specified to "public notice; the action or fact of making someone or something publicly known; the business of promotion or advertising; an action or object intended to attract public notice; material issued to publicize". Most standard English dictionary definitions of ''propaganda'' note the word's negative connotations; either through explanation "ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc." (

Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary ''Webster's Dictionary'' is any of the English language dictionaries edited in the early 19th century by American lexicographer Noah Webster (1758–1843), as well as numerous related or unrelated dictionaries that have adopted the Webster's n ...

1993), or through a usage note "The systematic dissemination of doctrine, rumour, or selected information to propagate or promote a particular doctrine, view, practice, etc.; ideas, information, etc. disseminated thus (frequently ''derogatory'')" (

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary The ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'' (''SOED'') is an English language dictionary published by the Oxford University Press. The SOED is a two-volume abridgement of the twenty-volume ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED''). Print editions ...

1993). In contrast, standard Chinese-Chinese dictionary definitions of ''xuanchuan'' (see the ''Hanyu Da Cidian'' above) neither mention that the term can have a pejorative connotation nor highlight any connection between the act of propagandizing and the accuracy (or inaccuracy) of the information that is being disseminated. As China's involvement in world affairs grew in the late 20th century, the CCP became sensitive to the negative connotations of the English word ''propaganda'', and the commonly used Chinese term ''xuanchuan'' acquired pejorative connotations. In 1992, Party General Secretary

Jiang Zemin Jiang Zemin (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004, and as pres ...

asked one of the CCP's most senior translators to come up with a better English alternative to ''propaganda'' as the translation of ''xuanchuan'' for propaganda targeting foreign audiences. Replacement English translations include ''publicity'', ''information'', and ''political communication'' domestically, or ''media diplomacy'' and ''cultural exchange'' internationally. CCPPD officials left the ''xuanchuan'' in official Chinese names the same but changed the English translations from "Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China" to "Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China", and changed "Central Propaganda Department" to "Central Publicity Department". English-languages sources rarely use either "Publicity Department" translation. The ''Zhōngyāng Xuānchuán Sīxiǎng Lǐngdǎo Xiǎozǔ'', which oversees the CCPPD, continues to be translated as the " Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideological Work". When

Ding Guangen Ding Guangen (; September 1929 – July 22, 2012) was a Chinese politician who served in senior leadership roles in the Chinese Communist Party during the 1990s. He was a member of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party between 1992 and 2 ...

, director of the CCP Central Propaganda Department from 1992 to 2002, traveled abroad on official visits, he was known as the

Minister of Information An information minister (also called minister of information) is a position in the governments of some countries responsible for dealing with information matters; it is often linked with censorship and propaganda. Sometimes the position is given to ...

References

* * * Footnotes {{reflist, refs= Svensén, Bo (1993), ''Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making'', tr. by John Sykes and Kerstin Schofield, Oxford University Press. pp. 143–157. Mathews, Robert H., ed. (1943), ''Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary'', Rev. American ed., Harvard University Press. p. 431. Chao, Yuen Ren and Yang, Lien-sheng, eds. (1947), ''

Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese The ''Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese'' (1947), which was compiled by Yuen Ren Chao and Lien Sheng Yang, made numerous important lexicographic innovations. It was the first Chinese dictionary specifically for spoken Chinese words rather tha ...

'', Harvard University Press. p. 61. Lin Yutang, ed. (1972),
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
', Chinese University of Hong Kong. p. 687. Wu Jingrong 吴景荣, ed. (1979), ''The Chinese-English Dictionary'', Commercial Press. p. 782. Ding Guangxun 丁光訓, ed. (1985), ''A New Chinese-English Dictionary'', Joint Publishing. p. 1162. Liang Shih-chiu 梁實秋 and Chang Fang-chieh 張芳杰, eds. (1992), ''Far East Chinese-English Dictionary'', Far East Book Co. p. 322. {{ISBN, 9789576122309. Wu Guanghua 吴光华, ed. (1993), ''Chinese-English Dictionary'', 2 vols. Shanghai Jiaotong University Press. p. 2886. Tr. Ware, James R. 1966. ''Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The'' Nei Pien'' of Ko Hung''. Dover. p. 231. {{ISBN, 0-486-24088-6. Leung, John K., tr. (1992), '' The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: January 1956-December 1957'', M.E. Sharpe. p. 379. Tr. Goldblatt, Howard, tr. (2010), ''Rickshaw Boy: A Novel, Lao She'', HarperCollins. p.48. Chen Shirong,
China TV faces propaganda charge
" BBC News, 12 January 2009. Kipnis, Andrew B. (1995), "Within and against Peasantness: Backwardness and Filiality in Rural China", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 37.1: 110-135. p. 119. Room, Adrian (1991), ''NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings'', National Textbook Company. p. 216. MacKinnon, Stephen R. (1997), "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period", ''Modern China'' 23.1: 3-32. p. 4. Schoenhals, Michael (2008), "Abandoned or Merely Lost in Translation?", ''Inner Asia'' 10.1, ''Special Issue: Cadres and Discourse in Late Socialist Societies'', 113–130. p. 125. Brady, Anne-Marie (2009), ''Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China'', Rowman & Littlefield. p. 73. Hassid, Johnathan (2008), "Controlling the Chinese Media: An Uncertain Business", ''Asian Survey'' 48.3: 414–430. p. 415. Chen Jianfu, Yuwen Li, Jan Michiel Otto, eds. (2002), ''Implementation of Law in the People's Republic of China'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 287.

External links

''China Daily'', 13 May 2009. Chinese words and phrases Propaganda Propaganda in China

Terminology

Historical usages

Propaganda and publicity

References

Further reading

External links