The evolution and history of European women coincide with the evolution and the
history
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...
of
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
itself. According to the ''Catalyst'', 51.2% of the population of the
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been de ...
in 2010 is composed of women (in January 2011, the population of the EU was at 502,122,750).Women in Europe , Knowledge Center, Catalyst
History
According to Michael Scott, in his article "The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece" (''History Today''), "place of women" and their achievements in
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece ( el, Ἑλλάς, Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of Classical Antiquity, classical antiquity ( AD 600), th ...
was best described by
Thucidydes
Thucydides (; grc, , }; BC) was an Athenian historian and general. His ''History of the Peloponnesian War'' recounts the fifth-century BC war between Sparta and Athens until the year 411 BC. Thucydides has been dubbed the father of " scientif ...
in this quotation: that ''The greatest glory or womenis to be least talked about among men, whether in praise or blame.''Scott, Michael The Rise of Women in Ancient Greece ''History Today'', Volume: 59 Issue: 11 2009
The modern-day characteristics of women in Belarus evolved from the events that happened in the
history of Belarus
This article describes the history of Belarus. The Belarusians, Belarusian ethnos is traced at least as far in time as other East Slavs.
Belarus is a successor of some Rus' people, Ruthenian principalities (Principality of Polotsk, Polotsk, Prin ...
, particularly when the "concept of equal rights for women was first developed and substantiated in the late 16th century". The so-called Grand Duchy Charter of 1588 - one of the most important legal documents in
Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
ian history - protected the dignity of Belarusian women under the law.Belarusian Women as seen Through an Era , United Nations in Belarus. Women in Belarus and their contribution to Belarusian society is celebrated annually on the 8th of March, during International Women's Day.France everyculture.com
After attaining the right to vote in German politics in 1919, German women began to take active roles in assuming positions customarily done only by
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
men. After the end of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, they were labeled as the ''Trümmerfrauen'' or "women of the
rubble
Rubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture; undressed especially as a filling-in. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as 'brash' (compare cornbrash)."Rubble" def. 2., "Brash n. 2. def. 1. ''Oxford English Dictionar ...
" because they took care of the "wounded, buried the dead, salvaged belongings," and they participated in the "hard task of rebuilding war-torn Germany by simply clearing away" the rubble and ruins of war.Women In German Society German Culture, germanculture.com
Traditional roles
Albanian women reside within a conservative and patriarchal society. In such a traditional society, the women of Albania have subordinate roles in communities that believe in "male predominance". This is despite the arrival of democracy and the adoption of a free market economy in Albania, after the period under the communist Party of Labor. Based on the 500-year-old Kanun of Leke Dukagjini, a traditional code of conduct, the main role of Albanian women is to take care of the children and to take care of the home.
Due to the patriarchal nature of traditional
Armenian culture
The culture of Armenia encompasses many elements that are based on the geography, literature, architecture, dance, and music of the people.
Creative arts
Literature
Literature began in Armenia around 401 A.D. The majority of the literary ...
virginity
Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse. The term ''virgin'' originally only referred to sexually inexperienced women, but has evolved to encompass a range of definitions, as found in traditional, modern ...
until marriage, and assume primarily domestic tasks.
Traditional social norms in Azerbaijan and lagging economic development in the country's rural regions continue to restrict women's roles in the economy, and there are reports that women have difficulty exercising their legal rights due to gender discrimination.Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Azerbaijan (2011)
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
The Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor Affairs (DRL) is a bureau within the United States Department of State. The bureau is under the purview of the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights.
DRL's res ...
(2011). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain
The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because those rights have expired, ...
.''
The history, characteristic, evolution, and
genealogies
Genealogy () is the study of families, family history, and the tracing of their lineages. Genealogists use oral interviews, historical records, genetic analysis, and other records to obtain information about a family and to demonstrate kins ...
of present-day women in the Czech Republic can be traced back from many centuries before the establishment of the country now known as the
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...
. They have originated from ancestral Slavic settlers who had an economy that was based primarily on agriculture.
In some parts of Italy, women are still stereotyped as being simply housewives and mothers, also reflected in the fact of a higher-than-EU average female unemployment.
An early description of women from Montenegro comes from a column of ''The New York Times'' on November 5, 1880, wherein the newspaper said that "The Montenegrin woman takes an equal share of labor with the man at field-work, and she does all the carrying" in relation to travel by horse ride and other forms of transport by animals. The newspaper further described them to be engaged in knitting or spinning.
Swiss tradition also places women under the authority of their fathers and their husbands.
Promoting gender equality
Legally, women in Andorra have equal rights under the laws of the
Principality of Andorra
, image_flag = Flag of Andorra.svg
, image_coat = Coat of arms of Andorra.svg
, symbol_type = Coat of arms
, national_motto = la, Virtus Unita Fortior, label=none (Latin)"United virtue is stro ...
. Andorra was slow to give women legal rights:
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
was achieved only in 1970. In recent years, however, women have progressed significantly. Politically, Andorran women won 15 seats during their country's parliamentary election of 2011; for this reason, Andorra became the first nation in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
and the second country internationally to have elected a "majority female legislature".
The legal position of women in Austria improved since the middle of the 1970s. Based on a December 1993 study about the status of Women in Austria, the priority of legislation in
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
is based on the equal treatment of both genders rather than having equal rights only. Thus, Austrian women benefit from their government's attempt "to compensate for gender-specific inequality of burdens". However, despite of the legislative improvement in relation to the status of women in Austrian society, the concept of traditional roles prevailed. Austrian men regard most household chores and child-rearing responsibilities as being within the realm of Austrian women. Both education and gender are the basis of income levels.Lewis, Jone Johnson Austria: Status of Women Encyclopedia of Women's History, December 1993.
Women in Azerbaijan
Women in Azerbaijan nominally enjoy the same legal rights as men; however, societal discrimination remains a problem.
nominally enjoy the same legal rights as men; however, societal discrimination is a problem. In Croatia,
gender equality
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing d ...
is part of Article 3 of the
Constitution of Croatia
The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia ( hr, Ustav Republike Hrvatske) is promulgated by the Croatian Parliament.
History
While it was part of the socialist Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Croatia had its own Constitution under the ...
. A Gender Equality Ombudsman and the Office for Gender Equality has existed since 2003. Czech Republic After the period in the history of the Czech Republic known as the
Velvet Revolution
The Velvet Revolution ( cs, Sametová revoluce) or Gentle Revolution ( sk, Nežná revolúcia) was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, occurring from 17 November to 28 November 1989. Popular demonstrations agains ...
, many women have become individuals with full-time jobs and who, at the same time, are also focusing on their responsibilities as homemakers, giving themselves "a high sense of personal efficacy and independence" within Czech society.
Finnish women enjoy a "high degree of equality" and "traditional courtesy" among men.Alho, Olli A guide to Finnish customs and manners November 2002/March 2010 In 1906, the women of Finland became the first women in
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
to be granted the right to vote.Women in Business in Finland , worldbusinessculture.com There are many women in Finland who hold prominent positions in Finnish society, in the
academics
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...
, in the field of business, and in the
government of Finland
sv, Finlands statsråd
, border =
, image = File:Finnish Government logo.png
, image_size = 250
, caption =
, date =
, state = Republic of Finland
, polity =
, coun ...
. An example of powerful women in
Finnish politics
The politics of Finland take place within the framework of a parliamentary representative democracy. Finland is a republic whose head of state is President Sauli Niinistö, who leads the nation's foreign policy and is the supreme commander of t ...
is
Tarja Halonen
Tarja Kaarina Halonen (; born 24 December 1943) is a Finnish politician who served as the 11th president of Finland, and the first woman to hold the position, from 2000 to 2012. She first rose to prominence as a lawyer with the Central Organisa ...
, who became the first female president of the country (she was Foreign Minister of Finland before becoming president).
The status of Grecian women has undergone change and more advancement upon the onset of the twentieth century. In 1957, they received their right to vote, which led to their earning places and job positions in businesses and in the
government of Greece
Government of Greece (officially: Government of the Hellenic Republic; also Greek Government or Hellenic Government)
; and they were able to maintain their right to inherit property, even after being married.Hitton, Shanti Social Culture of Greece Travel Tips, USA Today
Today, the Netherlands has the happiest women in the world, according to one study.
San Marino
San Marino (, ), officially the Republic of San Marino ( it, Repubblica di San Marino; ), also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino ( it, Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino, links=no), is the fifth-smallest country in the world an ...
introduced women's suffrage following the 1957 constitutional crisis known as Fatti di Rovereta. Sammarinese women received the right to vote in 1960. They received the right to hold political office in 1973. However, in a 1982 referendum, the women of San Marino did not win the right to retain their Sammarinese citizenship if they married male foreigners (19,000 Sammarinese voters voted to not abolish the 1928 law that striped Sammarinese women of Sammarinese citizenship if they married foreigners); as a result of losing Sammarinese citizenship, the women also lost the right to vote, to work, to own property, to reside in, and to inherit property in the Republic of San Marino. These citizenship laws were later changed by the parliament in 2000, and 2004, allowing women to keep their citizenship and transmit it to their children and husband.
Apart from attaining prominence as "queens and noble women" in Spain's history, Spanish women now also excelled in establishing their role as women of present-day Spain "without a marked feminist rebellion".
Swiss women obtained the right to vote in national elections in 1971; while women obtained the right to vote at local canton level between 1959 (the cantons of
Vaud
Vaud ( ; french: (Canton de) Vaud, ; german: (Kanton) Waadt, or ), more formally the canton of Vaud, is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. It is composed of ten districts and its capital city is Lausanne. Its coat of arms b ...
and Neuchâtel in that year) and 1991 (the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden).
However, despite of gaining status of having equal rights with men, some Swiss women still have to be able to attain
education
Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits. These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty ...
beyond the post-secondary level, thus they earn less money than men, and they occupy lower-level job positions.Switzerland everyculture.com
As citizens of a post-war nation, some Kosovar (or Kosovan) women have become participants in the process of peace-building and establishing pro-gender equality in Kosovo's rehabilitation process.An Approach to the Kosovo Post-War Rehabilitation Process from a Gender Perspective QUADERNS DE CONSTRUCCIÓ DE PAU Nº 2, escola de cultura de pau, page 5. Women in Kosovo have also become active in politics and law enforcement in the Republic of Kosovo. An example of which is the election of
Atifete Jahjaga
Atifete Jahjaga (; born 20 April 1975) is a Kosovar Albanian politician who served as the third President of Kosovo. She was the first female President of the Republic of Kosovo, the first non-partisan candidate and the youngest female head of ...
as the fourth
President of Kosovo
The president of the Republic of Kosovo ( sq, Presidenti i Republikës së Kosovës, ), is the head of state and chief representative of the de facto Republic of Kosovo in the country and abroad.
The president is elected indirectly, by the Asse ...
, and as such she became the first female, the first non-partisan candidate, and the youngest to be elected to the office of the presidency in the country. Before becoming president, she served as deputy director of the
Kosovo Police
The Kosovo Police ( sq, Policia e Kosovës, sr-Cyrl, Полиција Косова, sr-Latn, Policija Kosova) is the national policing law enforcement agency of Kosovo.
History
A Kosovo Police Service was created in 1999 in the aftermath o ...
,Koha, "Në krye të Policisë së Kosovës, Atifete Jahjaga" ''Shqip TIME.mk'' 16 October 2010 (accessed 6 April 2011) holding the rank of
Major general
Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
,"Atifete Jahjaga zgjidhet presidente e Republikës" ''Telegrafi.com'' 7 April 2011 (accessed 6 April 2011) the highest among women in
Southeastern Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical subregion of Europe, consisting primarily of the Balkans. Sovereign states and territories that are included in the region are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia (a ...
."Kush do të na udhëheq" ''Telegrafi.com'' 7 April 2011 (accessed 7 April 2011)
South Ossetian women experienced situations of armed
conflict
Conflict may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton
* ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne
* ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...
in their regions.GEORGIA: Female NGO Activists of Georgia and South Ossetia Meet in Baku to Search Ways to Stop Enmity , Caucasian Knot, peacewomen.org, June 12, 2010Female NGO activists of Georgia and South Ossetia meet in Baku to search ways to stop enmity , Caucasian Knot, kavkaz-uzel.ru The main organization that promotes and safeguards the status of South Ossetian women is the Association of South Ossetian Women for Democracy and Human Rights (sometimes referred to as Association of Women of South Ossetia for Democracy and Defence of Human Rights) and is currently headed by Lira Kozaeva-Tskhovrebova.MACEDONIA: How Are Women Faring In Macedonia? , AWID, September 12, 2009, peacewomen.org
Ensuring equal chances in the workplace for women might generate $160 trillion in value.
Women in the workplace
Generation after generation, Belgian women are able to close the so-called "occupational gender gap". In younger generations, this is due to the increasing availability of "part-time jobs in services" for women. In 1999, the average earnings of a Belgian woman was 91 percent of the salary of a Belgian man. When not doing part-time jobs, Belgian women still "do more of the domestic work", depending on the agreement between female and male partners.
According to International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), women of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been affected by three types of transition after the Bosnian War (1992-1995),In post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina, women are a driving force for change IFAD namely: the "transition from war to peace", economic transition and political transition. The resulting effects include: the lowering of their public and social standing because their focus is to "engage in domestic duties" in their homes. Some Bosnian and Herzegovinian women opted to travel outside the country to search for jobs. , IFAD, 5 March 2007. The more vulnerable women among the social classes are women from the rural area. They are "more marginalized" because of lower level of education and their inclination to tradition, where they rely on men as "primary owners of land and other assets". They also have been described as with "limited access to land, training, modern farming techniques, finances and equipment", thus earn low wages.
On 24 October 1975, 90% of women in the country went on strike, refusing to go to work or take care of the home - instead spending the day on the streets and protesting.
In the field of labor in Italy, female standards at work are generally of a high quality and professional, but is not as excelling as in their education. The probability of a woman getting employed is mainly related to her qualifications, and 80% of women who graduate university go to look for jobs. Women in Italy usually get the same wages as men of their same position. Women holding white collar, high level or office jobs tend to get paid the same as men, but women with
blue collar
A blue-collar worker is a working class person who performs manual labor. Blue-collar work may involve skilled or unskilled labor. The type of work may involving manufacturing, warehousing, mining, excavation, electricity generation and power ...
or manual positions are paid 1/3 less than their male counterparts.
Women in the Netherlands still have an open discussion about how to improve remaining imbalances and injustices they face as women; in particular the low participation of women in full-time employment is a political issue. In 2012, 76.9% of employed women worked part-time, well above the European Union average of 32.1%.
By the early part of the 1990s, many women of Portugal became professionals, including being medical doctors and lawyers, a leap from many being merely office employees and factory workers.
At present, many female Spaniards have left their customary status as homemakers to become active in the fields of business, professions, politics, and the military.
According to ''swissinfo.ch'' in 2011, Switzerland's State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Seco) were encouraging business companies to "appoint more women to top-level positions". Those who are already working in business companies, according to same report, mentions that "women earn on average 20% less than men" in Switzerland, and the ratio was 6 out of 10 women were working part-time.Wilton, Isabelle Women still climbing to the top in business swissinfo.ch, March 7, 2011
Abkhazian women are more active as participants in the realm of business and in activities related to establishing organizations for women in their country.Gogoryan, Anaid "Four women in parliament not an achievement, but a disgrace", says leading member , Abkhazia's Women Lament Under-Representation, Caucasus, CRS Issue 583, March 18, 2011, iwpr.net Institute for War and Peace Reporting, March 18, 2011, unhcr.org (accessed on May 1, 2011)
Based on a survey of European transport employees, a 2019 Report on Violence Against Women in the Workplace exposes evidence of high levels of violence against women at work across Europe. 25% of the women polled felt that violence against women is a common occurrence in the transportation industry, and 26% say that harassment is considered "part of the work" in the transportation industry.
At the European level, 67% of women are now employed, compared to 79% of males, presenting a 12% gender gap. Only 22% of the transportation workforce is female, with the majority working in administrative jobs and less than 5% working as pilots, sailors, or track or train drivers. For example, in
Andalusia
Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a "historical nationality". The t ...
, women make about 17% of the land transport workforce.
Education
In the field of education, women in Italy tend to have highly favorable results and mainly excel in secondary and tertiary education. Ever since the
Italian economic miracle
The Italian economic miracle or Italian economic boom ( it, il miracolo economico italiano) is the term used by historians, economists, and the mass media to designate the prolonged period of strong economic growth in Italy after the Second Worl ...
, women's
literacy rate
Literacy in its broadest sense describes "particular ways of thinking about and doing reading and writing" with the purpose of understanding or expressing thoughts or ideas in written form in some specific context of use. In other words, huma ...
and university subscription has gone up dramatically in Italy. Women in Italy have a 98% literacy rate, have a basic education and often go to university. 60% of Italian university graduates are female, and women are excellently represented in all academic subjects, including mathematics,
information technology
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of Data (computing), data . and information. IT forms part of information and communications technology (ICT). An information te ...
and other technological areas which are usually occupied by males.
Business
Women are overall underrepresented in venture financing. Women have a more difficult time raising funds when starting a business. In 2021, female entrepreneurs received only 1% of venture capital financing. As a comparison, female entrepreneurs in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
received 2% of total venture capital funds in 2021, the smallest share since 2016.
According to French studies, 10% of female entrepreneurs seek financial assistance from banks, which is around one-third fewer than male entrepreneurs. National efforts such as
Enterprise Ireland
Enterprise Ireland is an Irish state economic development agency focused on helping Irish-owned business deliver new export sales. The aim of Enterprise Ireland is .
History
Enterprise Ireland was established by the Industrial Development (E ...
, the
Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology
The Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) is a public organization for technology development in the Kingdom of Spain. In the Spanish language, the Centre is known as the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial. It ...
in Spain, and
Bpifrance
''Banque publique d'investissement'' (literally ''renchPublic Investment Bank'', also known as Bpifrance, BPI Groupe S.A.) is a French public investment bank. It is a joint venture of two public entities: the Caisse des dépôts et consignations ...
give money for female-owned enterprises in the early stages, but there is no guarantee that those funds will sustain as the firm expands.
Europe continues to trail behind other international regions in terms of the proportion of venture capital and other private investment directed toward women. Female startup entrepreneurs are rare in Europe. The rate of entrepreneurial activity among European women is low, at 5.7%, compared to a global average of 11%. Despite accounting for more than half of the population, women account for fewer than one-third of all entrepreneurs. Female-founded businesses generate double the income per euro invested, even while obtaining less than half the venture capital of their male counterparts.
Diversity at the top of businesses enhances financial performance as well. Businesses with high female participation on their boards outperform their rivals by 28%, while firms with gender-diverse executive teams outperform by 25%.
In 2021, Europe had a record number of successful exits — IPOs, buyouts, or acquisitions – from female-founded firms.
Sexual harassment and gender based violence
Among the problems that confront Andorran women at present are the existence of violence against them, the absence of government departments that deal with issues about women, and the non-existence of shelters for battered women that are managed by the government of Andorra.
Armenia faces the problem of
sex-selective abortion
Sex-selective abortion is the practice of terminating a pregnancy based upon the predicted sex of the infant. The selective abortion of female fetuses is most common where male children are valued over female children, especially in parts of Eas ...
.Gendercide in the Caucasus The Economist (September 13, 2013)John Bongaarts (2013), The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring, Population and Development Review, Volume 39, Issue 2, pages 185–208, June 2013
Most of the around 45 percent of Ukraine's population (45 millionUkraine profile
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world. The department is the world's largest broad ...
) who suffers violence – physical, sexual or mental – are women.Kyivans join global rally to end violence against women
Kyiv Post
The ''Kyiv Post'' is the oldest English-language newspaper in Ukraine, founded in October 1995 by Jed Sunden.
History
American Jed Sunden founded the ''Kyiv Post'' weekly newspaper on Oct. 18, 1995 and later created KP Media for his holdings. ...
(14 February 2013)
See also
*
Women in the military in Europe
European countries have had varying policies that confine women and military service or the extent of their participation in the national armed services of their respective countries, especially combatant roles in armed conflicts or hostile enviro ...
Ethnic groups in Europe
Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups may be defined by common genetic ancestry, common language, or both. Pan and Pfeil (200 ...
European diaspora
European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities ...
Sovereign states
*
Women in Albania
The first women's association in Albania was founded in 1909. Albanian women from the northern Gheg region reside within a conservative and patriarchal society. In such a traditional society, the women have subordinate roles in Gheg communities ...
Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina are European women who live in and are from Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), women of Bosnia and Herzegovina have been affected by three types of transit ...
Women in Denmark
The modern-day character and the historical status of women in Denmark has been influenced by their own involvement in women's movements and political participation in the history of Denmark. Their mark can be seen in the fields of politics, wo ...
*
Women in Estonia
Women in Estonia are women who were born in, who live in, or are from Estonia in Europe.
Politics
Estonian women first gained the right to vote in 24 February 1918 when Estonia gained independence from Russia.
On 26 January 2021, Kaja Kal ...
*
Women in Finland
Women in Finland enjoy a "high degree of equality" and "traditional courtesy" among men.Alho, OlliA guide to Finnish customs and manners November 2002/March 2010 In 1906, the women of Finland became the first women in Europe to be granted the rig ...
*
Women in France
The roles of women in France have changed throughout history. In 1944, French women obtained women's suffrage. As in other Western countries, the role of women underwent many social and legal changes in the 1960s and 1970s. French feminism, wh ...
Women in Hungary
The roles of women in Hungary have changed significantly over the past 200 years. Historically, in the present day territory of Hungary, discourses on women’s roles, rights, and political access, along with feminist movements, have developed ...
*
Women in Iceland
Women in Iceland generally enjoy good gender equality. As of 2018, 88% of working-age women were employed, 65% of students attending university were female, and 41% of members of parliament were women. Nevertheless, women still earn about 14% le ...
Women in Italy
Women in Italy refers to females who are from (or reside in) Italy. The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during the past decades. This includes family laws, the enactment of discriminatio ...
Women in Norway
The feminist movement in Norway has made significant progress in reforming laws and social customs in the nation, advancing the rights of the women of Norway.
1840s: First wave of feminism
In 1840, Norwegian women's status was considered ...
*
Women in Poland
The character of Polish women is shaped by Poland's history, culture, and politics. Poland has a long history of feminist activism, and was one of the first nations in Europe to enact women's suffrage. It is also strongly influenced by the conserv ...
Women in Sweden
The status and rights of Women in Sweden has changed several times throughout the history of Sweden. These changes have been affected by the culture, religion and laws of Sweden, as well as social discourses like the strong feminist movement.
...
*
Women in Switzerland
Women in Switzerland are women who live in and are from Switzerland. The legal and social role of Swiss women has evolved significantly from the mid-20th century onwards.
Patriarchal views
Tradition dictates that the place of Swiss women is in ...
Women in Ukraine
Women in Ukraine have equal constitution of Ukraine, constitutional rights as men in the economy of Ukraine, economic, Politics of Ukraine, political, Culture of Ukraine, cultural, and social fields, as well as in the family.
Most of the around ...
*
Women in the United Kingdom
History of women in the United Kingdom covers the social, cultural and political roles of women in Britain over the last two millennia.
Medieval
Medieval England was a patriarchal society and the lives of women were heavily influenced by co ...
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Women in England
Women in England are women who live in or are from England. The ''A Guide to English Culture and Customs'' described the English women of the United Kingdom to be "equal to men, and should be treated fairly" and that they do "equal share of (... ...
Women in Scotland
Women in early modern Scotland, between the Renaissance of the early sixteenth century and the beginnings of industrialisation in the mid-eighteenth century, were part of a patriarchal society, though the enforcement of this social order was n ...
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Women in Wales
History of women in the United Kingdom covers the social, cultural and political roles of women in Britain over the last two millennia.
Medieval
Medieval England was a patriarchal society and the lives of women were heavily influenced by co ...