![赵立坚20200603](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%E8%B5%B5%E7%AB%8B%E5%9D%9A20200603.png)
Wolf warrior diplomacy () is a style of
coercive diplomacy Compellence is a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor (such as a state) to change its behavior through threats to use force or the actual use of limited force. Robert J. Art and Patrick M. Cronin, ''The United States and Coercive Diplomac ...
adopted by
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
diplomats during the
Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping ( ; ; ; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus as the paramount leader of China, s ...
administration
Administration may refer to:
Management of organizations
* Management, the act of directing people towards accomplishing a goal
** Administrative assistant, Administrative Assistant, traditionally known as a Secretary, or also known as an admini ...
. The term was coined from the Chinese action film ''
Wolf Warrior 2
''Wolf Warrior 2'' () is a 2017 Chinese action film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Wu Jing, who also starred in the lead role. The film co-stars Celina Jade, Frank Grillo, Hans Zhang, and Wu Gang. The film is a sequel to 2015's ''Wol ...
''. This approach is in contrast to the prior Chinese diplomatic practices of
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (22 August 1904 – 19 February 1997) was a Chinese revolutionary leader, military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from December 1978 to November 1989. After CC ...
, which had emphasized the use of cooperative rhetoric and the avoidance of controversy.
Wolf warrior diplomacy is confrontational and combative, with its proponents loudly denouncing any perceived criticism of the
Chinese government
The Government of the People's Republic of China () is an authoritarian political system in the People's Republic of China under the exclusive political leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It consists of legislative, executive, mili ...
, its ruling
Chinese Communist Party
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the China, People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victoriou ...
(CCP), and associated policies on
social media
Social media are interactive media technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, interests, and other forms of expression through virtual communities and networks. While challenges to the definition of ''social medi ...
and in interviews, as well as using
physical violence
Violence is the use of physical force so as to injure, abuse, damage, or destroy. Other definitions are also used, such as the World Health Organization's definition of violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened ...
against protestors and dissidents.
As an attempt to gain "discourse power" in international politics, wolf warrior diplomacy forms one part of a new foreign policy strategy called Xi Jinping's "Major Country Diplomacy" ( zh, c=大国外交, p=Dàguó Wàijiāo) which has legitimized a more active role for China on the world stage, including engaging in an open ideological struggle with the
Western world
The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to the various nations and state (polity), states in the regions of Europe, North America, and Oceania. .
Although the phrase "wolf warrior diplomacy" was popularized as a description of this diplomatic approach during the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
, the appearance of similar diplomatic rhetoric began a few years prior. CCP
general secretary
Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the organization. The term is derived ...
Xi Jinping's
foreign policy
A State (polity), state's foreign policy or external policy (as opposed to internal or domestic policy) is its objectives and activities in relation to its interactions with other states, unions, and other political entities, whether bilaterall ...
writ large, perceived anti-China hostility from the West among Chinese government officials, and shifts within the Chinese diplomatic bureaucracy have been cited as factors leading to its emergence.
Coercive economic measures may also be part of wolf warrior diplomacy, with China imposing trade sanctions on nations who "fail to toe its line." It has been assessed that, between 2008 and 2022, China has economically coerced 16 countries.
Overview
When Deng Xiaoping came to power following
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
's death in the late 1970s, he prescribed a foreign policy summed up with the
Chinese idiom
''Chengyu'' () are a type of traditional Chinese idiomatic expression, most of which consist of four characters. ''Chengyu'' were widely used in Classical Chinese and are still common in vernacular Chinese writing and in the spoken language t ...
''tāoguāng-yǎnghuì'' (), and emphasized the avoidance of controversy and the use of cooperative rhetoric. This idiom—which originally referred to biding one's time without revealing one's strength—encapsulated Deng's strategy to "observe calmly, secure our position, cope with affairs calmly, hide our capacities and bide our time, be good at maintaining a low profile, and never claim leadership."
In contrast, the Chinese government's wolf warrior diplomacy in the 21st century is characterized by the use of confrontational rhetoric by Chinese diplomats, coercive behavior,
as well their increased willingness to rebuff criticism of the government and its policies, and court controversy in interviews and on social media.
It is a departure from former Chinese foreign policy, which focused on working behind the scenes, avoiding controversy and favoring a rhetoric of international cooperation,
exemplified by the maxim that China "must hide its strength" in international diplomacy.
This change reflects a larger change in how the Chinese government and the CCP relate and interact with the larger world. Efforts aimed at incorporating the
Chinese diaspora
Overseas Chinese () refers to people of Chinese birth or ethnicity who reside outside Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. As of 2011, there were over 40.3 million overseas Chinese.
Terminology
() or ''Hoan-kheh'' () in Hokkien, re ...
into China's foreign policy have also intensified. There is an emphasis placed on ethnic loyalty over national loyalty.
Wolf warrior diplomacy began to emerge in 2017, although components of it had already been incorporated into Chinese diplomacy before then. An assertive diplomatic push resembling wolf warrior diplomacy was also noted following the
Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of marked general decline, i.e. a recession, observed in national economies globally that occurred from late 2007 into 2009. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). At ...
. The emergence of wolf warrior diplomacy has been tied to Xi Jinping's political ambitions and foreign policy inclinations, especially his "Major Country Diplomacy" ( zh, c=大国外交, p=dàguó-wàijiāo), which has legitimized a more active role for China on the world stage, including engaging in open ideological struggle with the West.
Wolf warrior diplomacy has been attributed to the
Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy,
as well as perceived "anti-China hostility" and fear of "ideological designs" from the West amongst Chinese government officials.
One factor which may have helped bring about wolf warrior diplomacy was the addition of a public relations section to internal employee performance reports. This incentivized Chinese diplomats to be active on social media and give controversial interviews. Additionally, a younger cadre of diplomats that worked its way up the ranks of the Chinese diplomatic service and this generational shift is also seen as accounting for part of the change. Activity on social media was greatly increased and the tone of social media engagement became more direct and confrontational.
CCP officials say wolf warrior diplomacy is a "necessary" response to Western diplomats' social media presences.
More specifically,
foreign vice-minister Le Yucheng says he believes that foreign countries "are coming to our doorstep, interfering in our family affairs, constantly nagging at us, insulting and discrediting us,
owe have no choice but to firmly defend our national interests and dignity."
"Wolf warrior" began to see use as a buzzword during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In Europe, leaders have expressed surprise at the Chinese using a diplomatic tone with them that they previously would only have used with small or weak countries, with the messaging shifting from a tone of collaboration to one of opposition.
Peter Martin has noted that although "many Chinese diplomats are aware that the response to wolf warrior diplomacy has been very negative and actually damaged China’s interests in a wide range of cases...those who have misgivings need to keep their thoughts to themselves for now, or they will face political repercussions." Martin noted the trend "as during previous periods of assertive diplomacy from China, the primary audience is domestic politicians. Therefore, the reaction of foreigners and outsiders is not a top motivator for Chinese diplomats".
Following a deterioration of China's international reputation, Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping called for improvements in the country's international communication at a May 2021
Party Politburo group study session.
Several other events in 2021 were interpreted by ''
The Diplomat
''The Diplomat'' is an international online news magazine covering politics, society, and culture in the Indo-Pacific region. It is based in Washington, D.C.
It was originally an Australian bi-monthly print magazine, founded by Minh Bui Jones ...
'' as evidence "that leaders in Beijing are recalibrating China’s external messaging, signaling to the wolf warriors that a gradual softening of tone is in order," including the departure of
Hu Xijin
Hu Xijin (; born 7 April 1960) is a Chinese journalist and the former editor-in-chief and party secretary of the conservative popular media ''Global Times'', a tabloid under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s official ''People' ...
, editor of the CCP-owned tabloid ''
Global Times
The ''Global Times'' () is a daily tabloid newspaper under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party's flagship newspaper, the ''People's Daily'', commenting on international issues from a Chinese ultra-nationalistic perspective. The publi ...
'', an early adopter of wolf warrior rhetoric.
Etymology
![Wu Jing (Wolf Warrior 2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Wu_Jing_%28Wolf_Warrior_2%29.jpg)
The phrase is derived from the title of the patriotic Chinese action film ''
Wolf Warrior 2
''Wolf Warrior 2'' () is a 2017 Chinese action film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Wu Jing, who also starred in the lead role. The film co-stars Celina Jade, Frank Grillo, Hans Zhang, and Wu Gang. The film is a sequel to 2015's ''Wol ...
.''
The tagline of the film was "Whoever attacks China will be killed no matter how far the target is." ( zh, c=犯我中华者,虽远必诛, p=fàn wǒ zhōnghuá zhě, suī yuǎn bì zhū) At the end of the film a cover of the Chinese passport is displayed along with some text, which reads "Citizens of the PRC: When you encounter danger in a foreign land, do not give up! Please remember, at your back stands a strong motherland."
Proponents and practices
![NYO-China Student with Liu Xiaoming](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/NYO-China_Student_with_Liu_Xiaoming.jpg)
Aside from China's leader
Xi Jinping
Xi Jinping ( ; ; ; born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has served as the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), and thus as the paramount leader of China, s ...
himself, both the Chinese foreign affairs system and the state media/propaganda system have prominent proponents of "wolf warrior" diplomacy or its style of communication. These include
Zhao Lijian
Zhao Lijian (; born 10 November 1972) is a Chinese politician and the deputy director of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Information Department. He is the 31st spokesperson since the position was established in 1983. He joined the forei ...
,
Hua Chunying
Hua Chunying (; born 24 April 1970) is a Chinese official and former diplomat serving as spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China since 2012 and as the Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2021. H ...
,
Wang Wenbin
Wang may refer to:
Names
* Wang (surname) (王), a common Chinese surname
* Wāng (汪), a less common Chinese surname
* Titles in Chinese nobility
* A title in Korean nobility
* A title in Mongolian nobility
Places
* Wang River in Thailand ...
,
Liu Xiaoming
/ ( or ) is an East Asian surname. pinyin: in Mandarin Chinese, in Cantonese. It is the family name of the Han dynasty emperors. The character originally meant 'kill', but is now used only as a surname. It is listed 252nd in the classic text ...
, and
Hu Xijin
Hu Xijin (; born 7 April 1960) is a Chinese journalist and the former editor-in-chief and party secretary of the conservative popular media ''Global Times'', a tabloid under the auspices of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s official ''People' ...
.
Economic coercion
Beginning in 2008, China appears to have used economic coercion to change its international relations.
CSIS has identified 16 nations and over 120 global companies as being coerced through trade boycotts, punitive tariffs and "weaponizing" trade interdependence between 2008 and 2022.
China has used trade to coerce countries such as Australia, imposing prohibitive tariffs on barley and wine as a punishment for their call for an inquiry on the origins of
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, identified in Wuhan, China, in December ...
. One business that has been coerced is the
NBA
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball league in North America. The league is composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada) and is one of the major professional sports leagues in the United St ...
, with China suspending broadcasts of Houston Rockets games, because its manager had tweeted his support for the
Hong Kong democracy protesters.
2018 APEC summit
When
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
hosted the
APEC Summit in 2018, four Chinese diplomats barged in uninvited on
Rimbink Pato, Papua New Guinea's foreign minister, arguing for changes to the communiqué proclaiming "unfair trade practices" which they felt targeted China. The bilateral discussion was rebuffed as bilateral negotiations with an individual delegation would jeopardise the country's neutrality as host.
Chinese embassy in Sweden
In November 2019, Ambassador
Gui Congyou threatened Sweden during an interview with broadcaster
Swedish PEN saying that "We treat our friends with fine wine, but for our enemies we got shotguns", over the decision to award
Gui Minhai
Gui Minhai (, formerly ; born 5 May 1964), also known as Michael Gui, is a Chinese-born Swedish book publisher and writer. He is an author of many books related to Chinese politics and Chinese political figures; Gui authored around 200 books ...
with the
Tucholsky Prize
Kurt Tucholsky (; 9 January 1890 – 21 December 1935) was a German journalist, satirist, and writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Kaspar Hauser (after the historical figure), Peter Panter, Theobald Tiger and Ignaz Wrobel.
Tucholsky was on ...
. All eight major Swedish political parties condemned the Ambassador's threats. On 4 December, after the prize had been awarded, Ambassador Gui said that one could not both harm China's interests and benefit economically from China. When asked to clarify his remarks he said that China would impose trade restrictions on Sweden, these remarks were backed up by the Chinese Foreign Ministry in Beijing. The embassy has systematically worked to influence the reporting on China by Swedish journalists. In April 2021 it was revealed that the Chinese embassy threatened a journalist working for the newspaper ''
Expressen
''Expressen'' (''The Express'') is one of two nationwide evening newspapers in Sweden, the other being '' Aftonbladet''. ''Expressen'' was founded in 1944; its symbol is a wasp and its slogans are "it stings" or "''Expressen'' to your rescue".
...
''. Several political parties publicly expressed that they believe the ambassador should be declared
persona non grata
In diplomacy, a ' (Latin: "person not welcome", plural: ') is a status applied by a host country to foreign diplomats to remove their protection of diplomatic immunity from arrest and other types of prosecution.
Diplomacy
Under Article 9 of the ...
and deported on the basis that his actions violated the
constitution of Sweden
The Basic Laws of Sweden ( sv, Sveriges grundlagar) are the four constitutional laws of the Sweden, Kingdom of Sweden that regulate the Politics of Sweden, Swedish political system, acting in a similar manner to the constitutions of most countries ...
2020 Zhao Lijian image controversy
![和平之师](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%B9%8B%E5%B8%88.jpg)
In late 2020, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman
Zhao Lijian
Zhao Lijian (; born 10 November 1972) is a Chinese politician and the deputy director of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Information Department. He is the 31st spokesperson since the position was established in 1983. He joined the forei ...
used his Twitter account to circulate a digitally-manipulated image of a child having their throat cut by an Australian soldier in response to the release of the
Brereton Report. Global commentators called the tweet "a sharp escalation" in the dispute between China and Australia. Within hours, the image was found to have been created by
Wuheqilin, a self-styled Chinese wolf warrior artist.
Reuters
Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.
The agency was estab ...
reported Australian Prime Minister
Scott Morrison
Scott John Morrison (; born 13 May 1968) is an Australian politician. He served as the 30th prime minister of Australia and as Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2018 to 2022, and is currently the member of parliament (MP) for t ...
describing Zhao's tweet as "truly repugnant" and stating that "the Chinese government should be utterly ashamed of this post. It diminishes them in the world's eyes." The next day, the Chinese foreign ministry rejected Australian demands for an apology. The incident was damaging to
Australia–China relations
Consular relations between China and Australia were first established in 1909, and diplomatic relations were established in 1941. Australia continued to recognise the Republic of China (ROC) government after it lost the Chinese Civil War and retr ...
. The effect of Zhao's tweet has been to unify Australian politicians across party lines in condemning the incident and China more generally. On the other hand, Zhao's tweet also garnered a strong wave of
Chinese nationalism
Chinese nationalism () is a form of nationalism in the People's Republic of China (Mainland China) and the Republic of China on Taiwan which asserts that the Chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of all Chi ...
support in the country, with Wuheqilin's
Sina Weibo
Sina Weibo (新浪微博) is a Chinese microblogging ( weibo) website. Launched by Sina Corporation on 14 August 2009, it is one of the biggest social media platforms in China, with over 582 million monthly active users (252 million daily acti ...
account doubling in followers to 1.24 million. Security analyst Anthony Galloway later described the event as "a
grey zone attack if ever there was one."
Chinese embassy in France
The Ambassador to France,
Lu Shaye
Lu Shaye (; born October 1964) is a Chinese diplomat currently serving as Chinese Ambassador to France and Monaco.
Biography
Lu was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, in October 1964. He attended the Nanjing Foreign Language School. In 1982 he was accept ...
, was summoned twice by the French foreign ministry, first in April 2020 over posts and tweets by the embassy defending Beijing's response to the COVID-19 pandemic and criticising the West's handling of it, then in March 2021 over "insults and threats" over new Western sanctions placed on China for its
crackdown against the Uyghur minority. Previously as Ambassador to Canada, Shaye accused Canadian media of "Western egotism and white supremacy" and disparaged their work on the ground that they are in a lesser position to judge China's development compared to the Chinese people. He also regularly complained of the "biased" and "slanderous" character of their articles denouncing the persecution of Uyghurs.
Beating of Taiwanese official in Fiji
In October 2020, a Taiwanese official was beaten by two Chinese embassy staffers in Fiji. The incident took place at a venue where Fijian and Taiwanese officials were celebrating
Taiwan's national day. The Taiwanese official was later treated at a hospital for head injuries.
2020 Olympics
Chinese diplomats engaged in wolf warrior diplomacy during the
2020 Olympics with issue being taken with the way Chinese athletes were being depicted by the media and by the Taiwanese team being introduced as "Taiwan" instead of
Chinese Taipei
"Chinese Taipei" is the term used in various international organizations and tournaments for groups or delegations representing the Republic of China (ROC), a country commonly known as Taiwan.
Due to the One-China principle stipulated by th ...
. The Chinese consulate in New York City complained that
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...
had used an inaccurate map of China in their coverage because it didn't include Taiwan and the South China Sea.
Chinese consulate in Manchester
In October 2022, a
Hong Kong
Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China ( abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delt ...
protester was dragged into the Chinese consulate in Manchester and beaten by its staffers.
Analysts say that the incident is consistent with China's hawkish rhetoric and aggressive foreign policy of recent years.
Response
Wolf warrior diplomacy has often garnered a strong response and in some cases has provoked a backlash against China and specific diplomats. By 2020, ''
The Wall Street Journal
''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'' was reporting that the rise of wolf warrior diplomacy had left many politicians and businesspeople feeling targeted.
An October 2020 survey by the
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan American think tank (referring to itself as a "fact tank") based in Washington, D.C.
It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the w ...
found that 78% of people in Western nations have "not too much or no confidence" in China's leadership to do the right thing regarding world affairs. In December 2020, Nicolas Chapuis, an
ambassador of the European Union
Below are current ambassadors of the European Union to non-EU countries and international organizations. They are also known as delegation heads or envoys.
Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU was represented abroad by the Ambassador of the co ...
to China, warned: "What happened during the last year
..is a massive disruption or reduction in support in Europe, and elsewhere in the world, about China. And I'm telling that to all my Chinese friends, you need to seriously look at it."
When the Chinese government threatened
Miloš Vystrčil
Miloš Vystrčil (, born 10 August 1960) is a Czech politician serving as the President of the Senate and Senator from Jihlava district. Vystrčil previously served as Mayor of Telč and governor of Vysočina Region.
Biography
He was born in ...
, the president of the
Czech
Czech may refer to:
* Anything from or related to the Czech Republic, a country in Europe
** Czech language
** Czechs, the people of the area
** Czech culture
** Czech cuisine
* One of three mythical brothers, Lech, Czech, and Rus'
Places
* Czech, ...
Senate, for addressing
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
's national legislature,
Reporyje Mayor
Pavel Novotny called Chinese Foreign Minister
Wang Yi a Chinese "wolf warrior diplomat".
Cat warrior diplomacy
The Taiwanese representative to the United States
Hsiao Bi-khim
Hsiao Bi-khim (; born August 7, 1971) is a Taiwanese politician and diplomat who served as a member of the Legislative Yuan from 2002 to 2008 and again between 2012 and 2020. Since July 2020, Hsiao has been serving as the representative of the R ...
, has been described as a "cat warrior" and has started using the term herself. Cat warrior diplomacy is seen as focusing on the soft power aspects of Taiwan's advanced economy, democracy, and respect for human rights as well as using Chinese aggression to highlight the differences between their two political systems.
Bondaz effect
Wolf warrior diplomacy has been described as counterproductive by an
IRSEM report in September 2021, introducing the "Bondaz effect" concept
by using a case from March 2021 when Antoine Bondaz, a French researcher intervened against the pressure exerted by
Lu Shaye
Lu Shaye (; born October 1964) is a Chinese diplomat currently serving as Chinese Ambassador to France and Monaco.
Biography
Lu was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu, in October 1964. He attended the Nanjing Foreign Language School. In 1982 he was accept ...
, the
Chinese ambassador to France, on Twitter to dissuade French senators from traveling to Taiwan. In response, he was described as a “small-time thug” by the embassy, prompting immediate condemnation from many researchers, journalists and politicians who expressed their support for Antoine Bondaz.
The embassy published a press release on its website in which Antoine Bondaz was described as a “mad hyena” and an “ideological troll”. The ''Global Times'' internationalized the affair by publishing several articles in English supporting the ambassador and attacking again Antoine Bondaz. He denounced "an all-out, coordinated attack, mobilizing the means of the
hineseState to seek to discredit
imand silence
im"
In three days, Antoine Bondaz gained more than 3,000 followers on Twitter, gave numerous interviews to the press, radio and television. The affair weakened the embassy's partnerships and stirred up diplomatic tensions between China and France. It was part of a sequence from March 15 to 22, 2021 with "disastrous" consequences for China's public image in France and contributed increasing the awareness of political leaders and the French population on the practices of Chinese authorities.
This case was presented by the IRSEM report as an example of wolf warrior diplomacy, demonstrating the
perverse effect of this strategy of influence, the embassy having drawn attention to the work of Antoine Bondaz by wanting to discredit him.
See also
*
50 Cent Party
*
Anti-Western sentiment
Anti-Western sentiment, also known as Anti-Atlanticism or Westernophobia, refers to broad opposition, bias, or hostility towards the people, culture, or policies of the Western world.
Definition and usage
In many modern cases, anti-Western s ...
*
Anti-Western sentiment in China
Anti-Western sentiment has been increasing in China since the early 1990s, particularly amongst Chinese young adults. Notable incidents which have resulted in a significant anti-Western backlash have included the 1999 NATO bombing of the Chinese e ...
*
Foreign policy of Xi Jinping
The foreign policy of Xi Jinping concerns the policies of the People's Republic of China's Xi Jinping with respect to other nations. Xi succeeded as the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and became the paramount leader in 2012. Xi ...
*
History of foreign relations of China
History of foreign relations of China covers diplomatic, military, political and economic relations in History of China from 1800 to the modern era. For the earlier period see Foreign relations of imperial China, and for the current foreign relat ...
*
Internet Water Army
*
Jingoism
Jingoism is nationalism in the form of aggressive and proactive foreign policy, such as a country's advocacy for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its national inte ...
*
Little Pink
Little Pink () or Pinkie is a term used to describe young jingoistic Chinese nationalists on the internet.
The term Little Pink originated on the website (), when a group of users kept strongly criticizing people who published posts containing n ...
*
Machtpolitik
Power politics is a theory in international relations which contends that distributions of power and national interests, or changes to those distributions, are fundamental causes of war and of system stability.
The concept of power politics pro ...
*
Milk Tea Alliance
The Milk Tea Alliance is an online democracy and human rights movement consisting mainly of netizens from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Thailand, and Myanmar (Burma). It originally started as an internet meme, created in response to the increased presence ...
*
Second Cold War
The Second Cold War,
Cold War II,
or the New Cold War
are terms that refer to heightened political, social, ideological, informational, and military tensions in the 21st century. The term is used in the context of the tensions between th ...
*
Ultranationalism
Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its sp ...
*
Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
*
Year Hare Affair
''Year Hare Affair'' ( zh, c=那年那兔那些事(儿), l=Those stories of that rabbit that happened in those years) is a Chinese webcomic and media franchise by Lin Chao ( zh, labels=no, c=林超), initially under the pen name "" (Pinyin: , ...
References
{{Xi Jinping
2017 establishments in China
Anti-Western sentiment
Chinese foreign policy
Foreign relations of China
People's Republic of China diplomacy
Xi Jinping
Chinese nationalism
Metaphors referring to wolves