The Waterman Flex-Wing was a four seat cabin aircraft designed to be easy for non-expert pilots to fly. Its principle safety features were based on a hinged wing providing controllable and interconnected dihedral and incidence. Two were built but the absence of funding in the difficult trading conditions of the Great Depression ended the project.

Design and development

In the late 1920s Waldo Waterman saw a market opportunity for a four place cabin aeroplane that could be safely flown by amateur pilots with limited experience. The result was his Flex-Wing, also known as the CLM Special and the Variable Wing Monoplane. He started design studies in the spring of 1928 but its development led to a number of patent requests and it was not until December 1929 that he felt ready to make his design public. Its principle innovation was having wings hinged from short stub wings at an angle of 25º to the direction of flight, so that as their dihedral increased the

angle of incidence Angle of incidence is a measure of deviation of something from "straight on" and may refer to: * Angle of incidence (aerodynamics), angle between a wing chord and the longitudinal axis, as distinct from angle of attack In fluid dynamics, ang ...

decreased. Each wing was braced from the upper fuselage to the wing

spars The United States Coast Guard (USCG) Women's Reserve, also known as the SPARS (SPARS was the acronym for "Semper Paratus—Always Ready"), was the women's branch of the United States Coast Guard Reserve. It was established by the United States ...

with an asymmetric, inverted Y-strut with a

pneumatic Pneumatics (from Greek ‘wind, breath’) is a branch of engineering that makes use of gas or pressurized air. Pneumatic systems used in Industrial sector, industry are commonly powered by compressed air or compressed inert gases. A central ...

shock absorber strut in its central leg. Dihedral could be decreased and the angle of attack increased for take-off or landing by pumping air into these struts on each side, increasing low speed lift and so decreasing take-off and landing speeds and distances. In normal, higher speed flight the struts were shortened, reducing the angle of incidence and drag. Each wing's angle of incidence could still be changed, though damped by the shock absorber strut: if one wing was raised by a gust, its incidence and lift would decrease as it moved upwards, stabilizing the aircraft against roll. If both wings lost lift, the consequent extension of the strut and increase in incidence would restore it. Ground handling safety was further improved by the Flex-Wing's fixed, wide track, wing-mounted landing gear and a long skid which was lowered with the wings for the approach, largely supporting the aircraft during the landing run and bringing it to a stop within about . After landing the wings and skid could be raised and the Flex-Wing, with its weight on its wheels again, could taxi conventionally. Apart from its wing-flexing mechanism and landing skid, photographs show the Flex-Wing was typical for its time. The low wing was essentially rectangular in plan and the fuselage was flat-sided, with its five-cylinder radial engine mounted in the nose. Originally this was a Kinner B-5 but by the autumn of 1930 this had been replaced by the new

Kinner C-5 The Kinner C-5 was an American five cylinder radial engine for small general and sport aircraft of the 1930s. Design and development The C-5 was a development of the earlier R-5 with greater power and dimensions. The main change was the increas ...

. In its latter form the aircraft was known as the W-1. The pilot's enclosed cockpit was ahead of the wing leading edge with the cabin behind it lit by three windows on each side, two for each passenger, and accessed by a port side door. The fuselage tapered strongly toward the conventional tail. Its fin had a cropped triangular profile and was braced to the tailplane, mounted on top of the fuselage. There was a full, rounded and

balanced rudder Balanced rudders are used by both ships and aircraft. Both may indicate a portion of the rudder surface ahead of the hinge, placed to lower the control loads needed to turn the rudder. For aircraft the method can also be applied to elevators and ...

Variants

;Flex-Wing, CLM Special or Variable Wing Monoplane: 1930, Kinner B-5 engine. ;W-1 and W-1 Special: 1931, Flex-Wing re-engined with

engine. The Special was a second airframe, similarly powered.

Specifications (Waterman W-1)

References

{{reflist, refs= {{cite journal , title=Waterman Safety Plane, journal=Aero Digest, date=October 1930, volume=17, issue=4, page=88, url=https://archive.org/details/aerodigest1719unse/page/n305/mode/1up {{cite web , url=http://www.aerofiles.com/_water.html, title=Aerofiles:Waterman, author= , date= , work= , accessdate=7 October 2020 Single-engined tractor aircraft Low-wing aircraft 1930s United States civil utility aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1930 Conventional landing gear