Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken

The German Cooperative Financial Group, german: Genossenschaftliche FinanzGruppe Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken, sometimes referred to in English as "Volksbanken Raiffeisenbanken Cooperative Financial Network", is a major cooperative banking network in Germany that includes local banks named Volksbanken ("people's banks") and Raiffeisenbanken ("Raiffeisen banks"), the latter in tribute to 19th-century cooperative movement pioneer Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The Cooperative Group represents one of the three "pillars" of Germany's banking sector, the other two being, respectively, the of public banks, and the commercial banking sector represented by the Association of German Banks.

The Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) is the nationwide representative body of the Cooperative Financial Group. It operates under the Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband, the umbrella organization of the German cooperative movement.

History

Founders' era

In 1843, the first German cooperative bank was created by 50 inhabitants of Öhringen in the Kingdom of Württemberg, who named it the (“private savings and lending bank of Öhringen”) – it still exists as the .

In the later 1840s, economist Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch started organizing the creation of cooperatives by local communities of craftsmen or farmers in his home town of Delitzsch, in the Prussian Province of Saxony, and promoted national legislation to encourage it. The first such venture, a or raw materials purchasing association, was created by a group of shoemakers in 1849. The next year in 1850, Schulze-Delitzsch created another association for advance payments to craftsmen in Delitzsch.

In 1859, Schulze-Delitzsch convened the first group meeting of cooperatives or in Weimar and founded a central bureau of cooperative societies (german: Centralkorrespondenzbureau, which he ran from 1861, which in 1864 became the general association of German commercial and economic cooperatives based on self-help (german: Allgemeiner Verband der auf Selbsthilfe beruhenden Deutschen Erwerbs- und Wirtschaftsgenossenschaften. Also in 1864, Schulze-Delitzsch led the creation of the bank Soergel, Parrisius & Co. in Berlin, also known as , to serve as central financial institution for the .

Meanwhile in 1864, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen fostered the creation of the first rural cooperative bank, the (“lending association of Heddesdorf”), in the village of near Neuwied, in Rhenish Prussia between Koblenz and Cologne. Raiffeisen considered joining Schulze-Delitzsch’s initiative, but eventually concluded that the needs of rural communities were different from the ones of town craftsmen which were Schulze-Delitzsch’s focus. In 1876, Raiffeisen created a financial institution in Neuwied to serve the network, which in 1926 was renamed . In 1877, he created the Bar Association of Rural Cooperatives german: Anwaltschaftsverbandes ländlicher Genossenschaften (Neuwied), the first national body for his rural cooperative movement. In 1910, that association’s headquarters was relocated from Neuwied to Berlin, and in 1917 it was renamed the General Association of German Raiffeisen Cooperatives (german: Generalverband der deutschen Raiffeisengenossenschaften).

In 1872, another social reformer, , created an agricultural purchasers’ association german: landwirtschaftlichen Konsumverein in Friedberg, Grand Duchy of Hesse. A few months later, 15 other rural purchasing cooperatives joined it to form the Association of Hessian Agricultural Purchasing Associations (german: Verband der hessischen landwirtschaftlichen Konsumvereine. In July 1883, Haas expanded his initiative into a national body, the Union of German Agricultural Cooperatives (german: Vereinigung deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Genossenschaften) in Darmstadt, which was later renamed the National Association of German Agricultural Cooperatives (german: Reichsverband der deutschen landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften) and moved to Berlin in 1913. Early on, the cooperatives in Haas's network in Hesse used in Frankfurt, a commercial bank, for wholesale financial services, but in 1883 they opted under Haas's leadership to create their own central institution, the in Darmstadt, which DZ Bank now views as its origin story. For national business, Haas's network then established a relationship with the in Berlin, but grew dissatisfied with it and in 1902 founded their own national financial institution, the in Darmstadt.

In 1895, the Prussian government in Berlin and its finance minister Johannes von Miquel fostered the establishment of , also known as the , to facilitate funding of local agricultural cooperative banking throughout Prussia, with capital provided by the Prussian state. Helped by new legislation on limited liability, the number of cooperative banks in Prussia doubled between 1895 and 1900.

In 1901, initiated a second network of professional cooperatives alongside the one created a half-century earlier by Schulze-Delitzsch, represented by the in Osnabrück. As a consequence, there were four separate networks of cooperative banks by the start of the 20th century.

Restructuring and consolidation in the 20th century

In the late 19th century, the was criticized by Volksbanken for its commercialism and largely unsuccessful business expansion outside of the cooperative space. In 1904, its losses led it to merge into Dresdner Bank, which set up specialized departments in Berlin and Frankfurt to serve its cooperative clientele. In subsequent years, Haas's in turn went into distress and eventually an orderly liquidation in 1912, and the met the same fate in 1913. The Hessian cooperatives created a new institution, the as a substitute. In April 1920, Schulze-Delitzsch's and Korthaus's merged their respective organizations to form the (DGV), which became the national entity for all urban professional cooperative banks.

In the later 1920s, economic hardship forced a similar merger between the two networks of agricultural cooperatives respectively founded by Raiffeisen and Haas, which on formed the ("e.V." stands for a registered association, german: eingetragener Verein). With around 36,000 member cooperatives and four million individual cooperators, it was the largest cooperative organization in the world. The was liquidated and substituted by regional entities of the . The was renamed the in 1932.

In 1933, like other civil society organizations, the cooperative movement became the target of the Nazi government's Gleichschaltung policy of eradicating diversity and dissent. The 's president Andreas Hermes was swiftly arrested and replaced by Nazi Richard Walther Darré, and the Raiffeisen movement was incorporated into the Nazi agrarian movement, the Reichsnährstand. On , the DGV first formalized mutual protection and deposit guarantee arrangements for its member banks, allowing the BVR to claim in 2022 that "The protection scheme run by the Cooperative Financial Network is therefore the world's oldest exclusively privately financed deposit guarantee fund for banks." In 1939, Dresdner Bank phased out its cooperative-serving operations whose business was transferred to the , which thus became the sole national financial institution serving the cooperative banks. During World War II, savings were directed towards investment in government bonds as part of the regime's policy of financial repression.

At the end of the war, the found itself in the Soviet occupation zone. In 1949, the cooperatives in West Germany created a new central institution to replace it, the (DGK) in Frankfurt, with support from Hermes who had narrowly escaped execution by the Nazis in 1944 and was instrumental in reviving democratic life in the new West German environment. The DGK was located in a head office building am Taunustor 3, erected in phases in the 1950s on designs by , which after 1978 was used by Commerzbank, as DGK's successor the DG Bank had moved to the nearby City-Haus high-rise, and eventually demolished in 2011 to make way for the Taunusturm development. Meanwhile in 1948, the agricultural cooperatives in West Germany had formed the in Berlin as their new federal-level representative organization. In 1956, Union Investment was created in Frankfurt to provide asset management services to the network.

In the late 1960s, financial reform led to increased competition in the German banking sector, including with the Sparkassen, and encouraged the consideration of merger between the two national cooperative banking organizations, the and the . The negotiations were completed in 1972 with the creation of the Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) in Bonn. At the same time, many local cooperatives merged, and regional organizations were consolidated. In 1975, new federal legislation redefined the role of the DGK, renamed it DG Bank, and allowed it to gradually take over the Cooperative Group's regional financial institutions. The next year, DG Bank started developing an international network, with its first offices abroad established in New York and Hong Kong. In the mid-1980s the cooperative group's regional structures in Bavaria ran into financial difficulties, and were taken over by DG Bank. This triggered a debate on the structure of the group, either with two tiers (local and federal) or three (with an intermediate regional level). In December 1989, a compromise was adopted, known as the , which acknowledged the coexistence of two-tier and three-tier structures within the Cooperative Financial Group. In July 1990, with German reunification, DG Bank assumed the role of central financial institution for the still existing and new in East Germany. In 1998, DG Bank was converted into a joint-stock company, and the cooperatives purchased the shares owned by the German federal government. In 2000, two of the remaining regional entities, (SGZ-Bank) in Frankfurt, a successor to the of Darmstadt, and (GZB-Bank) in Stuttgart merged to form GZ-Bank.

21st century developments

In 2001, DG Bank and GZ-Bank merged to form DZ Bank (for ), headquartered in Frankfurt. In 2016, DZ Bank in turn absorbed WGZ Bank () of Düsseldorf, thus completing the Cooperative Group's transformation into a two-tier structure that had started in the 1980s.

File:Berlin, Am Zeughaus 1-2, Preussische Central-Genossenschafts-Casse.jpg, Building ''Am Zeughaus 2'' in Berlin (right), from 1899 seat of the , and 1906 extension on ''Am Zeughaus 1'' (left); now offices of the Deutsches Historisches Museum
File:Gedenktafel Am Zeughaus 2 (Mitte) Preußische Central-Genossenschaftskasse.jpg, Plaque on the building ''Am Zeughaus 2''
File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F027090-0003, Bonn, Adenauer-Allee, Raiffeisen Zentralbank.jpg, Regional in Bonn, Adenauerallee 121, photographed in 1968; now Bonn office of the Deutscher Genossenschafts- und Raiffeisenverband (DGRV)
File:Bonn-Gronau Adenauerallee 127 Raiffeisenhaus.jpg, in Bonn, Adenauerallee 127, next to the previous building and a stone's throw from the former Federal Chancellery, former head office (and now Bonn office) of the
File:2013-04-21 Schulze-Delitzsch-Haus, Heussallee 5, Bonn IMG 0087.jpg, , former seat of the and now Bonn office of the BVR
File:City-Haus I, Frankfurt, Northwest view 20170226 1.jpg, City-Haus in Frankfurt, head office of DG Bank (1976-1993) and still part of the DZ Bank head office complex
File:Frankfurt Westend Tower.Süd.20130616.jpg, Westendstrasse 1, head office of DG Bank (1993-2001) then of DZ Bank in Frankfurt, designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox
File:Bürogebäude am Potsdamer Platz 20150224 1.jpg, Building at Schellingstrasse 4 in Berlin, designed by Arata Isozaki and completed in 1997; current head office of the BVR and of the DGRV
File:DZ Bank Haus (Frank Gehry).jpg, DZ Bank building on Pariser Platz, initially DG Bank's Berlin office designed by Frank Gehry and completed in 2000
File:Inside the DZ Bank building in Berlin.jpg, Atrium inside the DZ Bank building in Berlin

Group structure and operations

The Cooperative Group's entities, which are also directly or indirectly member institutions of the BVR, include:
* hundreds of local cooperative banks generally called ("cooperative bank"), ("people's bank"), ("united people's bank"), , or or ;
* 14 PSD Banks, cooperative banks whose name is an acronym for "post, savings and loan associations" (german: Post-, Spar- und Darlehnsvereine);
* 11 Sparda-Banks, cooperative banks whose name is a portmanteau, , Bank im Bistum Essen, in Paderborn, Pax-Bank in Cologne, within , Steyler Bank in Sankt Augustin, KD-Bank in Dortmund, in Kassel, in Bad Homburg, and in Witten;
* Deutsche Apotheker- und Ärztebank, the cooperative banks of German physicians and pharmacists, headquartered in Dusseldorf;
* BBBank, a cooperative private banking specialist in Karlsruhe;
* in Munich.
* DZ Bank in Frankfurt, the group's central credit institution, which in turn owns cooperative mortgage banks Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall and in Hamburg and Münster, private banker in Luxembourg, insurer in Wiesbaden, liquidity manager in Nuremberg, asset manager Union Investment in Frankfurt, financing specialist (formerly VR Leasing) in Eschborn, and other specialized institutions.

Institutional Protection Scheme

The core financial structure of the Cooperative Financial Group is its Institutional Protection Scheme (IPS), a mutual support arrangement in accordance to Article 113(7) of the EU Capital Requirements Regulation. As of end-March 2022, the Cooperative IPS included a total of 781 entities.

As with the Sparkassen-Finanzgruppe, the interventions of the Cooperative Group IPS are generally not made public. The International Monetary Fund disclosed in 2016 that the IPS had provided support to member banks in two cases in 2011, for a total intervention amount of €114 million, and again in 2013 and 2014 for €11 million in each case.

National representation

The Bundesverband der Deutschen Volksbanken und Raiffeisenbanken (BVR) represents the Cooperative Financial Group nationally and before European institutions.

Supervision

The entities of the Cooperative Financial Group are separately supervised, unlike other cooperative groups with similar structures such as Groupe BPCE and Crédit Mutuel in France, OP Financial Group in Finland, and Rabobank in the Netherlands, whose name also refers to Raiffeisen. As of early April 2022, DZ Bank, Deutsche Apotheker- und Ärztebank and were designated as significant institutions under the Single Supervisory Mechanism and thus directly supervised by the European Central Bank (ECB), whereas the other banks within the group were supervised by BaFin under the ECB's supervisory oversight. The ECB and BaFin work together on the assessment of the Cooperative IPS.

Deposit insurance

As a consequence of the EU Deposit Guarantee Scheme Directive (DGSD) and the broader policy of European Banking union, the BVR has set up a statutory deposit insurance scheme, in addition to its pre-existing IPS and operated by a separate legal entity, (BVR-ISG). BVR-ISG is recognized as a deposit guarantee scheme under DGSD; it operates alongside the IPS and in coordination with it, with a liability arrangement that ensures that the IPS funds are readily available to BVR-ISG.

Accounting

The BVR publishes consolidated financial statements of the Cooperative Financial Group, in line with the reporting requirements for institutional protection schemes set out in Article 113(7)(e) of the EU Capital Requirements Regulation. These financial statements are prepared in line with International Financial Reporting Standards. They are not reviewed by an external auditor. Separately, DZ Bank publishes audited consolidated financial statements.

International activities

The Cooperative Financial Group's operations are predominantly domestic in Germany. Even for the central financial institution DZ Bank, Germany represented 88.3 percent of total operating income in 2020.

Branding

Many of the group's local member banks use the or name or variants thereof, reflected in the abbreviations "VR" or "R+V" in the names of some of the 's entities. Other local banks have kept a pre-existing name that predates the constitution of the Cooperative Group as a national network.

With the increased integration of the formerly separate Volksbanken and Raiffeisenbanken networks, the Cooperative Group has created a blue-orange color code that blends features of the two previous logos, respectively a stylized "V" and a house gable motif with sculpted horseheads, the latter already present during Raiffeisen's lifetime. The new logo has been adopted by most of the group's cooperative member banks, with few exceptions such as Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall which has kept its historic red-yellow logo.

File:Volksbank-Mosaik.jpg, Former logo of the , displayed on a pavement in Freiburg im Breisgau
File:Logo-Raiffeisenbank-1877.svg, Former Raiffeisen logo with the house gable motif
File:Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall logo.svg, Logo of Bausparkasse Schwäbisch Hall

See also

* List of co-operative banks in Germany
Banking networks or groups inspired by Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen in other countries:
* Raiffeisen Bankengruppe in Austria
* KBC Group in Belgium
* Crédit Mutuel in France
* Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol – Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige in Italy
* Banque Raiffeisen in Luxembourg
* Rabobank in the Netherlands
* Raiffeisen (Switzerland)

Notes

{{reflist

External links

* https://www.vr.de/

Banking in Germany
Cooperative banks of Germany