The Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, or Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat (, , , ), was a

crownland Crown land, also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realm ...

of the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a Multinational state, multinational European Great Powers, great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the Habsburg monarchy, realms of the Habsburgs. Duri ...

that existed between 1849 and 1861, centered in Temeschwar. It was created by reorganization of administrative structures in regions of

Serbian Vojvodina The Serbian Vojvodina () was a short-lived self-proclaimed autonomous province within the Austrian Empire during the Revolutions of 1848, which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province named Voivodes ...

and Banat of Temeschwar. Its former area is now divided between

Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

and

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

. In 1860-1861, it was reincorporated into the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from 1000 to 1946 and was a key part of the Habsburg monarchy from 1526-1918. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the Coro ...

. The Voivodeship gave its name to the present Serbian

Vojvodina Vojvodina ( ; sr-Cyrl, Војводина, ), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an Autonomous administrative division, autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia, located in Central Europe. It lies withi ...

Names

In contemporary

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

, the crown land was officially known as Patent vom 18. November 1849, RGBl. 25/1849: ('Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat'; when

definite In linguistics, definiteness is a semantic feature of noun phrases that distinguishes between referents or senses that are identifiable in a given context (definite noun phrases) and those that are not (indefinite noun phrases). The prototypical ...

). The forms Patent vom 24. Juni 1857, RGBl. 121/1857: ('the Serbian Voivodeship and the Temes Banat') and Gesetz 1. Februar 1854, RGBl. 28/1854: ('the Serbian Voivodeship ''with'' the Temes Banat'; the ''-e'' on is a now mostly obsolete dative ending) also appeared frequently in official documents. Other variations also appear as a result of grammatical

inflection In linguistic Morphology (linguistics), morphology, inflection (less commonly, inflexion) is a process of word formation in which a word is modified to express different grammatical category, grammatical categories such as grammatical tense, ...

(see

German grammar The grammar of the German language is quite similar to that of the other Germanic languages. Although some features of German grammar, such as the formation of some of the verb forms, resemble those of English, German grammar differs from that o ...

), such as (

genitive case In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive ca ...

), but these should not be considered distinct. The spellings and are typographic variations; was used officially until 1852, from 1853. In contemporary Serbian it was known as () and (). In Hungarian it was known as , and in

Romanian Romanian may refer to: *anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania **Romanians, an ethnic group **Romanian language, a Romance language ***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language **Romanian cuisine, traditional ...

as . As in German, in Serbian sources there are two somewhat different variants of the name of the voivodeship; one could be translated into English as ''Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat'' and another as ''Serbian Voivodeship and Temes Banat''. Also in modern English use, the term ''Temes Banat'' or ''Banat of Temes'' is sometimes incorrectly replaced with term ''Banat of Temeschwar'' or ''Temeschwar Banat''. In the original name in all native languages, there is no mention of the city of Temeschwar (

Timișoara Timișoara (, , ; , also or ; ; ; see #Etymology, other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural center in Western Romania. Located on the Bega (Tisza), Bega River, Timișoara is consider ...

) in the title of Voivodeship. As shown above, the reference to the Temes region is always used, and should be translated into English as ''Temes Banat'' or ''Banat of Temes''.

History

Creation of the self-proclaimed autonomous province of

in 1848 was followed by the Imperial Patent of 4th March (1849), known as the March Constitution, that imposed constitutional reorganization of the Austrian Empire, and provided (in article 72) a formal base for the creation of an official administrative unit under the name: ''Voivodeship of Serbia'' (), also allowing the possibility for future association of that province with other crown lands. The

Voivodeship A voivodeship ( ) or voivodate is the area administered by a voivode (governor) in several countries of central and eastern Europe. Voivodeships have existed since medieval times and the area of extent of voivodeship resembles that of a duchy in ...

was oficially formed by a decision of the Austrian emperor in November 1849, after the Revolutions of 1848/1849. It was formed in accordance with privilege given to

Serbs The Serbs ( sr-Cyr, Срби, Srbi, ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian Cultural heritage, ancestry, Culture of Serbia, culture, History of Serbia, history, and Serbian lan ...

by the

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful dynasties in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout Europe d ...

emperor The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

in 1691, recognizing the right of Serbs to territorial autonomy within the

Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm (), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities (composite monarchy) that were ruled by the House of Habsburg. From the 18th century it is ...

. It consisted of the regions of

Banat Banat ( , ; ; ; ) is a geographical and Historical regions of Central Europe, historical region located in the Pannonian Basin that straddles Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. It is divided among three countries: the eastern part lie ...

Bačka Bačka ( sr-Cyrl, Бачка, ) or Bácska (), is a geographical and historical area within the Pannonian Plain bordered by the river Danube to the west and south, and by the river Tisza to the east. It is divided between Serbia and Hungary. ...

and northern

Syrmia Syrmia (Ekavian sh-Latn-Cyrl, Srem, Срем, separator=" / " or Ijekavian sh-Latn-Cyrl, Srijem, Сријем, label=none, separator=" / ") is a region of the southern Pannonian Plain, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers. It is div ...

n municipalities of

Ilok Ilok () is the easternmost town in Croatia forming a geographic salient surrounded by Vojvodina. Located in the Syrmia region, it lies on the Fruška Gora hill overlooking the Danube river, which forms the border with the Bačka region of Serbi ...

and

Ruma Ruma (; ) is a town and municipality in the Srem District of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, Serbia. As of 2022, the town has a population of 27,747, while the municipality has a population of 48,621. History Traces of organized human life ...

. An Austrian governor seated in Temeschwar ruled the area, and the title of

Voivode Voivode ( ), also spelled voivod, voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( ), voivoda, vojvoda, vaivada or wojewoda, is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Mid ...

belonged to the emperor himself. The full title of the emperor was " Grand Voivod of the Voivodeship of Serbia" (). Even after the Voivodeship was abolished, the emperor kept this title until the end of

Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...

in 1918. In 1860, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat was abolished and most of its territory (Banat and Bačka) was incorporated into the Habsburg

, although direct Hungarian rule began only in 1867, after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. Unlike Banat and Bačka, in 1860 Syrmia was incorporated into the

Kingdom of Slavonia The Kingdom of Slavonia (, , , , sr-Cyrl, Краљевина Славонија) was a kingdom of the Habsburg monarchy and the Austrian Empire that existed from 1699 to 1868. The kingdom included northern parts of present-day regions of Sla ...

, another separate Habsburg crown land. The Kingdom of Slavonia subsequently merged with the Kingdom of Croatia, forming the new kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, which concluded an agreement with the

in 1868, becoming an autonomous region of the Kingdom of Hungary within

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

Languages

The two official languages of the Voivodeship were German and "Illyrian" (what would come to be known as Serbian).

Demographics

The Voivodeship was ethnically very mixed, since the southern parts of Syrmia, Banat and Bačka with compact Serbian settlements were not included in it, while eastern Banat, with a Romanian majority was added to it. Timisoara - Piata Unirii

1846

According to the 1846 census, the territory that in 1849 formed the voivodeship included: Lazo M. Kostić, Srpska Vojvodina i njene manjine, Novi Sad, 1999. *

Vlachs Vlach ( ), also Wallachian and many other variants, is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula ...

(

Romanians Romanians (, ; dated Endonym and exonym, exonym ''Vlachs'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a Culture of Romania, ...

) = 417,000 *

= 402,000 *

Germans Germans (, ) are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language. The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, constitution of Germany, imple ...

= 352,000 *

Hungarians Hungarians, also known as Magyars, are an Ethnicity, ethnic group native to Hungary (), who share a common Culture of Hungary, culture, Hungarian language, language and History of Hungary, history. They also have a notable presence in former pa ...

= 233,000 *

Slovaks The Slovaks ( (historical Sloveni ), singular: ''Slovák'' (historical: ''Sloven'' ), feminine: ''Slovenka'' , plural: ''Slovenky'') are a West Slavic ethnic group and nation native to Slovakia who share a common ancestry, culture, history ...

= 27,000 *

Bulgarians Bulgarians (, ) are a nation and South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry, culture, history and language. They form the majority of the population in Bulgaria, ...

= 24,000 *

Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

= 16,000 * Romani = 12,000 *

Rusyns Rusyns, also known as Carpatho-Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians, Ruthenians, or Rusnaks, are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group from the Carpathian Rus', Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe. They speak Rusyn language, Rusyn, an East Slavic lan ...

= 7,000 *

Croats The Croats (; , ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central Europe, Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian Cultural heritage, ancest ...

= 3,000 *

Greeks Greeks or Hellenes (; , ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Greek Cypriots, Cyprus, Greeks in Albania, southern Albania, Greeks in Turkey#History, Anatolia, parts of Greeks in Italy, Italy and Egyptian Greeks, Egypt, and to a l ...

= 3,000

1857

In 1857, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,526,105 inhabitants, including: *

Latin Catholics The Latin Church () is the largest autonomous () particular church within the Catholic Church, whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics. The Latin Church is one of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches in full communion wi ...

= 698,189 (45.75%) *

Eastern Orthodox Christians Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism. Like the Pentarchy of the first millenni ...

= 691,828 (45.33%) * Evangelic-

Lutherans Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched the Reformation in 15 ...

= 56,871 (3.73%) * Evangelic-

Reformists Reformism is a political tendency advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political establishment , political or religion , religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution. ...

= 29,281 (1.92%) *

Greek Catholics Greek Catholic Church or Byzantine-Catholic Church may refer to: * The Catholic Church in Greece * The Eastern Catholic Churches that use the Byzantine Rite, also known as the Greek Rite: ** The Albanian Greek Catholic Church ** The Belarusian Gre ...

and Armenian Catholics = 26,244 (1.72%) *

= 23,203 (1.52%) * others = 489 (0.03%)

1850/51

According to the 1850/51 census, ethnic composition of the voivodeship was as follows: *

= 347,459 *

= 335,080 *

= 321,110 (*) *

= 221,845 *

Bunjevci Bunjevci ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Bunjevci, Буњевци, ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, label=, separator=" / ", Bunjevac, Буњевац, sh-Latn-Cyrl, label=, separator=" / ", Bunjevka, Буњевка) are a South Slavs, South Slavic sub-ethnic ...

and

Šokci Šokci ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Šokci, Шокци, , ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, label=, separator=" / ", Šokac, Шокац, sh-Latn-Cyrl, label=, separator=" / ", Šokica, Шокица; ) are a South Slavs, South Slavic ethnic group native t ...

= 62,936 (*) *

Rusins Rusyns, also known as Carpatho-Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians, Ruthenians, or Rusnaks, are an East Slavic ethnic group from the Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe. They speak Rusyn, an East Slavic language variety, treated variously as either ...

= 39,914 *

= 25,607 *

= 22,780 *

= 15,507 *

Gypsies {{Infobox ethnic group , group = Romani people , image = , image_caption = , flag = Roma flag.svg , flag_caption = Romani flag created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress , ...

= 11,440 *

Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular Czech, masculine: ''Čech'' , singular feminine: ''Češka'' ), or the Czech people (), are a West Slavs, West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common Bohemia ...

= 7,530 *

= 2,860 (*) *

and Cincars = 2,820 (*) Total number of "Illyrian Slavs" (

, and

) was 386,906. According to another source, in 1850/1851, the population of the voivodeship numbered 1,426,221 inhabitants, including: * 397,459 (27.87%)

* 335,080 (23.49%)

* 321,110 (22.52%)

* 221,845 (15.56%)

* others. By religious makeup: In 1851, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,426,221 inhabitants, including: *

= 694,029 (48.66%) *

Roman Catholics The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...

= 624,839 (43.81%) * Evangelic-

= 51,724 (3.63%) * Evangelic-

= 26,621 (1.87%) *

= 16,252 (1.14%) *

and Armenian Catholics = 12,756 (0.89%)

1860

In 1860, population of the voivodeship numbered 1,525,523 inhabitants, including: *432,523

*414,490

*396,156

*256,164

Administrative divisions

At first, the crown land was divided into two districts: # Batschka-Torontal (Bačka-Torontal) # Temeschwar-Karasch (Timișoara-Caraș) Later, it was divided into five districts (contemporary , modern spelling ), which were largely based on the pre-1849 Hungarian counties which made the majority of the crown land.Gesetz vom 17. August 1851, 192/1851: From 1851 they were subdivided into political districts (). In the reforms of 1853, implemented in the crown land in 1854, the became , which were subdivided into (formally but of a different type than in 1851). These reforms also separated the capital, the city of Temesvár, from district-administration, placing it under the direct authority of the . } , pre-1849 Temes County , * Neu-Arad * Lippa * Temesvár * Csakova * Werschetz , # Temesvár (environs) # Neu-Arad # Lippa # Csakova # Werschetz # Buziasch , 316,565, including: * 159,292 Romanians * 101,339 Germans * 34,263 Serbs * 12,412 Hungarians * 3,664 Bulgarians * 2,307 Šokci * 1,650 Slovaks , - , , , , , pre-1849 Krassó County , * Lugos * Facset * Oravitza * Boksan , # Lugos # Facset # Oraviza # Bogsan , 229,363, including: * 197,363 Romanians * 21,179 Germans * 8,305 Bulgarians * 1,505 Hungarians * 612 Serbs , - , , , , , modern , pre-1849 Torontál County , * St. Miklos * Hatzfeld * Türkisch-Kanisá * Gross-Kikinda *

Moros In Greek mythology, Moros /ˈmɔːrɒs/ or Morus /ˈmɔːrəs/ (Ancient Greek: Μόρος means 'doom, fate') is the personified spirit of impending doom, who drives mortals to their deadly fate. It was also said that Moros gave people the abi ...

* Becskerek , # Gross-Becskerek # Türkisch-(Neu-)Becse # Modos (Modosch) # Gross-Kikinda # Türkisch-(Neu-)Kanischa # Gross-St.-Miklos # Hatzfeld #

Billet In European militaries, a billet is a living-quarters to which a soldier is assigned to sleep. In American usage, it refers to a specific personnel position, assignment, or duty station to which a soldier can be assigned. Historically, a billet w ...

, 388,704, including: * 126,730 Germans * 124,111 Serbs * 60,781 Hungarians * 58,292 Romanians * 11,045 Bulgarians * 3,752 Croats * 2,562 Slovaks * 1,421 Jews , - , , , , , the northern part of the pre-1849

Bács-Bodrog County Bács-Bodrog County (, , ) was an administrative county () of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1802 to 1920. Most of its territory is currently part of Serbia, while a smaller part belongs to Hungary. The capital of the county was Zombor (present-day ...

, * Zombór * Baja * Theresiopel * Kula , # Zombor # Apathin # Kula # Baja # Maria-Theresiopel # Zenta , 376,366, including: * 160,016 Hungarians * 103,886 Germans * 53,908 Bunjevci * 40,054 Serbs * 7,830 Jews , - , , , , , the southern part of the pre-1849 Bács-Bodrog County and the formerly Syrmian districts of

and Illok , * Neusatz * Palanka * Becse * Illok * Ruma , # Neusatz # Alt-Becse # Palanka # Ruma # Illok , 236,943, including: * 100,382 Serbs * 45,936 Germans * 30,450 Hungarians * 20,683 Slovaks * 13,665 Šokci * 2,098 Jews File:Vojvodstvo srbija okruzi 1849 01.png, Districts of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat (1849-1850). File:Vojvodstvo srbija okruzi 1850 01.png, Districts of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat (1850-1860).

Administration

Great Voivodes

Francis Joseph I Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( ; ; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 until his death in 1916. In the early part of his reig ...

, (1849–1916) *

Charles I Charles I may refer to: Kings and emperors * Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings * Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily * Charles I of ...

, (1916–1918) :''Note: the voivodeship was abolished in 1860, but Francis Joseph kept the title of "Great Voivode" until his death in 1916, and the title was also inherited by the last

Emperor of Austria The emperor of Austria (, ) was the ruler of the Austrian Empire and later the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The hereditary imperial title and office was proclaimed in 1804 by Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorr ...

, Charles I.''thomasgraz.net
/ref>

Governors

Ferdinand Mayerhofer Ferdinand is a Germanic name composed of the elements "journey, travel", Proto-Germanic , abstract noun from root "to fare, travel" (PIE , "to lead, pass over"), and "courage" or "ready, prepared" related to Old High German "to risk, ventu ...

, (1849–1851) * Johann Coronini-Cronberg, (1851–1859) *

Josip Šokčević Baron Josip Šokčević (; 7 March 1811 – 16 November 1896), was a Croatian lieutenant marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army who served as the ban of Croatia and as the governor of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Temes Banat. Biography Early l ...

, (1859–1860) * Karl Bigot de Saint-Quentin, (1860)

References

Sources

* * * * * * * * * *

External links

Bahovo doba - Vojvodstvo Srbija i Tamiški Banat
(in Serbian) {{DEFAULTSORT:Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar, Voivodeship of Vojvodina under Habsburg rule 19th century in Romania 19th century in Serbia History of Banat History of Bačka History of Syrmia 1849 establishments in the Austrian Empire 1860 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire Subdivisions of the Austrian Empire (1804–1867)