Vladimir Varićak

Vladimir Varićak (sometimes also spelled Vladimir Varičak; March 1, 1865 – January 17, 1942) was a Croatian mathematician and theoretical physicist of Serbian origin.Buljan I.; Paušek-Baždar, Snježana. "Hrvatski matematički velikan koji je otkrio Ruđera", ''Školske novine'', 8 May 2018, no. 17 (2018), p. 24Paušek-Baždar; Ilakovac, Ksenofont. "Akademik Vladimir Varićak u hrvatskoj i svjetskoj znanosti", Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2018., 247 p.

Biography

Varićak, an ethnic Serb, was born on March 1, 1865 in the village of Švica near Otočac, Austrian Empire (present-day Croatia). He studied physics and mathematics at the University of Zagreb from 1883 to 1887. He made his PhD in 1889 and got his habilitation in 1895. In 1899 he became professor of mathematics in Zagreb, where he gave lectures until his death in 1942.

From 1903 to 1908 he wrote on hyperbolic geometry (or Bolyai– Lobachevskian geometry). In 1910, following a 1909 publication of Sommerfeld, he applied hyperbolic geometry to the special theory of relativity. Sommerfeld, using the imaginary form of Minkowski space, had shown in his 1909 paper that the Einstein formula for combination of velocities is most clearly understandable as a formula for triangular addition on the surface of a sphere of imaginary radius. Varićak reinterpreted this result as showing that rapidity combines by the triangle rule in hyperbolic space. This is a fundamental result for the hyperbolic theory which was demonstrated later by other approaches by Robb (1911) and Borel (1913). The 1910 papers also dealt with several applications of the hyperbolic theory to optics. In 1911 Varićak was invited to speak to the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung in Karlsruhe on his work. He continued to develop the hyperbolic reinterpretation of Einstein's theory collecting his results in 1924 in a textbook, ''Darstellung der Relativitätstheorie im drei-dimensionalen Lobatschefskijschen Raume'' (''Relativity in Three-Dimensional Lobachevski Space''), now available in English. In the period 1909 to 1913 Varićak had correspondence with Albert Einstein concerning rotation and length contraction where Varićak's interpretations differed from those of Einstein. Concerning length contraction Varićak said that in Einstein's interpretation the contraction is only an "apparent" or a "psychological" phenomenon due to the convention of clock measurements whereas in the Lorentz theory it was an objective phenomenon. Einstein published a brief rebuttal, saying that his interpretation of the contraction was closer to Lorentz's.

Walter (1999) re-examined Minkowski's non-Euclidean geometry. He begins by analysis of "the tip of a four-dimensional velocity vector" and notes Minkowski's equations where "both hypersurfaces provide a basis for a well-known model of non-Euclidean space of constant negative curvature, popularized by Helmholtz." In fact it is known as the hyperboloid model of hyperbolic geometry.

Walter goes on to say:
: More than any other mathematician, Varićak devoted himself to the development of the non-euclidean style f relativity unfolding Minkowski's image of velocity-vector relations in hyperbolic space, and recapitulating a variety of results in terms of hyperbolic functions. The use of hyperbolic trigonometry was shown by Varićak to entail significant notational advantages. For example, he relayed the interpretation put forth by Hergloz and Klein of the Lorentz transformation as a displacement in hyperbolic space, and indicated simple expressions for proper time and the aberration of light in terms of a hyperbolic argument.

Varićak is also known as a high school teacher of Milutin Milanković and of Mileva Marić, the first wife of Einstein,Darko Veljan, 2020. "More on Croatian and Zagreb Mathematics," The Mathematical Intelligencer, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 49-54, March. and as a university instructor of Đuro Kurepa.

Varićak made scholarly contributions on the life and work of Ruđer Bošković (1711–1787) These are listed in the biography of Kurepa (1965) cited below.
Of special interest for the history of relativity is that Varićak also edited and published a little-known 1755 paper of Boscovich in Latin entitled "On absolute motion – if it is possible to distinguish it from relative motion" (" Of Space and Time"). Varićak said that the paper "contains many remarkably clear and radical ideas regarding the relativity of space, time and motion." (Quoted from Silberstein: ''Theory of Relativity'', 1912, footnote p. 38)

Although having a Serbian origin and being an Orthodox and later Greek Catholic, he disputed and dismissed the thesis that Ruđer Bošković was a Serb.

He was a member of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the ''Croatian Society for Natural Science'', and the ''Yugoslav Mathematical Society''.

Publications

*
*
* Varićak, V. (1908) "Zur nichteuklidischen analytischen Geometrie", ''Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians'', Bd. II, SS. 213–26.
*
:*Wikisource translation: Application of Lobachevskian Geometry in the Theory of Relativity
*
:*Wikisource translation: The Theory of Relativity and Lobachevskian Geometry
*
:*Wikisource translation: The Reflection of Light at Moving Mirrors
*
*
:*Wikisource translation: On Ehrenfest's Paradox
*
:*Wikisource translation: On the Non-Euclidean Interpretation of the Theory of Relativity
*
*
*
*
* Varićak, V.(1924) ''Darstellung der Relativitatstheorie im drei=dimensionalen Lobatschefskijschen Raume'', Zagreb (Narodni Novini); English translation (2007) ''Relativity in three dimensional Lobachevski Space'', A.F. Kracklauer translator , at Amazon.com.
*
A complete list of Varićak's publications on all subjects is given in the following paper:
*

Notes

External links

*
*

"Vladimir Varićak"
at the University of Zagreb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Variczak, Vladimir
Croatian mathematicians
Croatian physicists
Yugoslav mathematicians
Yugoslav scientists
Austro-Hungarian mathematicians
Mathematical physicists
Relativity theorists
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb alumni
University of Zagreb faculty
Rectors of the University of Zagreb
1865 births
1942 deaths
People from Otočac
Members of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Serbs of Croatia
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts