Vladimir Vladimirovich Tsyganko (russian: Владимир Владимирович Цыганко; ro, Vladimir Vladimirovici Țîganco; also Țâganco, Tziganco, Tziganko or Țiganco; 1886/1887 – January 26, 1938)''Ленинградский мартиролог том 12. Цыганко Владимир Владимирович''

National Library of Russia The National Library of Russia (NLR, russian: Российская национальная библиотека}), located in Saint Petersburg, is the first, and one of three national public libraries in Russia. The NLR is currently ranked amo ...

Basciani, p. 128 was a

Bessarabia Bessarabia (; Gagauz: ''Besarabiya''; Romanian: ''Basarabia''; Ukrainian: ''Бессара́бія'') is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Be ...

n, and later

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

, politician. The son of a distinguished architect, and himself an engineer by vocation, Tsyganko entered politics shortly before the proclamation of a

Moldavian Democratic Republic The Moldavian Democratic Republic (MDR; ro, Republica Democratică Moldovenească, ), also known as the Moldavian Republic, was a state proclaimed on by the ''Sfatul Țării'' (National Council) of Bessarabia, elected in October–Novembe ...

, when he earned a seat in the republican legislature (''

Sfatul Țării ''Sfatul Țării'' ("Council of the Country"; ) was a council that united political, public, cultural, and professional organizations in the greater part of the territory of the Governorate of Bessarabia in the disintegrating Russian Empire, w ...

''). He sided with the parliamentary Peasants' Faction, which supported left-wing ideals and pushed for land reform, being generally, and radically, opposed to the more right-wing Moldavian Bloc. Tsyganko was skeptical of the Bloc's plan to unite Bessarabia with Romania, although he possibly supported a federation. His uncompromising stance divided his Faction and led the

Romanian Kingdom The Kingdom of Romania ( ro, Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed in Romania from 13 March ( O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian ...

's authorities to identify him as a major obstruction to the unionist cause. In November 1918, as the Bloc switched its support to unconditional unification and dissolved the regional government bodies, Tsyganko rejected the new regime and moved to

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

. Allying himself to members of the White movement, with whom he set up a Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia, attending the Paris Peace Conference to campaign for the reversal of the union. He later settled in Soviet territory, where he helped create a

Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic * ro, Proletari din toate țările, uniți-vă! (Moldovan Cyrillic: ) * uk, Пролетарі всіх країн, єднайтеся! * russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь! , title_leader = First Secr ...

. Other members of his family opted to stay behind in

Greater Romania The term Greater Romania ( ro, România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union. It also refers to a pan-nationalist idea. As a concept, its main goal is the creation ...

—where his brother Nikolai was marginally active in the Bessarabian regionalist caucus. Vladimir eventually left politics and returned to his first profession, holding a technical position at

Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (russian: Магнитогорский металлургический комбинат, Magnitogorskiy Metallurgicheskiy Kombinat), abbreviated as MMK, is an iron and steel company located in the city of Magnit ...

. He was persecuted during the imposition of

Stalinism Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory ...

and, in 1937, fell victim to the

Great Purge The Great Purge or the Great Terror (russian: Большой террор), also known as the Year of '37 (russian: 37-й год, translit=Tridtsat sedmoi god, label=none) and the Yezhovshchina ('period of Nikolay Yezhov, Yezhov'), was General ...

Biography

Early career

Tsyganko's paternal grandfather was a

Don Cossack Don Cossacks (russian: Донские казаки, Donskie kazaki) or Donians (russian: донцы, dontsy) are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Historically, they lived within the former Don Cossack Host (russian: До� ...

, Afanasy or Afanasie, who had reportedly deserted his post and made his way to the western reaches of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, in

Bessarabian Governorate The Bessarabia Governorate (, ) was a part of the Russian Empire from 1812 to 1917. Initially known as Bessarabia Oblast (Бессарабская область, ''Bessarabskaya oblast'') as well as, following 1871, a governorate, it included t ...

. Vladimir was born in Kishinev (Chișinău), regional capital of Bessarabia, and was a graduate of

Riga Polytechnicum Riga Technical University (RTU) ( lv, Rīgas Tehniskā universitāte) is the oldest technical university in the Baltic countries established on October 14, 1862. It is located in Riga, Latvia and was previously known as 'Riga Polytechnical Inst ...

."Fără clădirile arhitectului Țiganco Chișinăul ar arăta mult mai sărac"
in ''Construcții și Dezvoltare Regională'', Issue 1/2010, pp. 36–37 He returned to his native city where his father Vladimir Sr (? – 1919), an architect, designed such landmarks as the Ethnography Museum and Saint Nicholas Church; his brother Nikolai (Nicolai) Vladimirovich (born 1882) was the ''

zemstvo A ''zemstvo'' ( rus, земство, p=ˈzʲɛmstvə, plural ''zemstva'' – rus, земства) was an institution of local government set up during the great emancipation reform of 1861 carried out in Imperial Russia by Emperor Alexander ...

'' engineer in

Orhei Orhei (; Yiddish ''Uriv'' – אוריװ), also formerly known as Orgeev (russian: Орге́ев), is a city, municipality and the administrative centre of Orhei District in the Moldova, Republic of Moldova, with a population of 21,065. Orhei ...

, and from 1909 in Kishinev itself. By 1904, their father was the Director of Monastery Estates in Bessarabia, in which capacity he testified against Russian police after the

Kishinev pogrom The Kishinev pogrom or Kishinev massacre was an anti-Jewish riot that took place in Kishinev (modern Chișinău, Moldova), then the capital of the Bessarabia Governorate in the Russian Empire, on . A second pogrom erupted in the city in Octobe ...

, accusing them of passivity. In 1916, the Bessarabian journalist

Alexis Nour Alexis Nour (; born Alexei Vasile Nour,Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, ''Necropola Capitalei'', Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest, 1972, p.203 also known as Alexe Nour, Alexie Nour, As. Nr.;..Bessarabian intellectual of a Moldavian nationalist hue, but not a separatist n respect to Russia (''see

Moldovenism Moldovenism is a political term used to refer to the support and promotion of the Moldovan identity and Moldovan culture primarily by the opponents of such ideas. Some of its supporters ascribe this identity to the medieval Principality of Mol ...

''). Also according to Nour, Nikolai, whom he met personally, could speak only Russian.

Alexis Nour Alexis Nour (; born Alexei Vasile Nour,Gheorghe G. Bezviconi, ''Necropola Capitalei'', Nicolae Iorga Institute of History, Bucharest, 1972, p.203 also known as Alexe Nour, Alexie Nour, As. Nr.;Viața Romînească'', Issues 1–3/1916, p. 251 Romanian politician

Duiliu Zamfirescu Duiliu Zamfirescu (30 October 1858 – 3 June 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, Nationalism, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist. In 1909, he was elected a list of members of the Romanian Acade ...

, who met and debated with Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1918, claimed that the Tsygankos were " Ruthenian". He and his adversary talked in French, as Tsyganko "could not speak a word of Romanian". The same year, Tsyganko's political adversaries suggested that he was in fact of

Bulgarian Bulgarian may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria * Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group * Bulgarian language, a Slavic language * Bulgarian alphabet * A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria * Bul ...

heritage, though mixed with "some other nation". Some ten years later, geographer Eugeniu Giurgea referred to Tsyganko Jr as Ukrainian. According to notes left by

Gherman Pântea Gherman Vasile Pântea (; surname also spelled Pîntea; russian: Герман Васильевич Пынтя, translit=German Vasilyevich Pyntya; uk, Герман Васильович Пинтя, translit=Herman Vasylyovich Pyntia; May 13, 1894 ...

, Tsyganko spent much of his youth in the United States, working as an engineer.

, "Memorii, corespondență, însemnări. Mărturii ale unui participant la conferința româno–sovietică de la Viena (1924) (II)", in ''Revista Istorică'', Vol. I, Issue 5, 1990, p. 524 He had returned to Bessarabia by the time World War I, and reached political prominence after the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...

, which had left the region to administer itself independently, as a "Moldavian Democratic Republic". According to recollections published in 1937 by

Elena Alistar Elena Alistar-Romanescu (1 June 1873 – 1955) was a Bessarabian physician and politician who was part of Sfatul Țării from Bessarabia. She was the aunt of poet Magda Isanos. Biography Alistar was born on 1 June 1873 in Vasylivka, Bolhrad R ...

, Tsyganko was directly involved in the soldiers' congress and the November 1917 elections, which formed a regional assembly, or ''Sfatul Țării''. Alistar and Tsyganko both took seats during that race—the former as a

Romanian nationalist Romanian nationalism is the nationalism which asserts that Romanians are a nation and promotes the cultural unity of Romanians. Its extremist variation is the Romanian ultranationalism.Aristotle KallisGenocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive ...

, the latter as an affiliate of the Peasants' Faction, which was strictly about social and economic reform. According to Alistar, Tsyganko was a "smart boy", but his

anti-Romanian sentiment Anti-Romanian sentiment, also known as Romanophobia ( ro, antiromânism, ''românofobie'') is hostility, hatred towards, or prejudice against Romanians as an ethnic, linguistic, religious, or perceived ethnic group, and it can range from persona ...

was strong, second only to that espoused by another female deputy,

Nadejda Grinfeld Nadejda Evgenevna Grinfeld (1887–?) was a Bessarabian politician. Biography Nadejda Grinfeld served as Member of the Sfatul Țării, Moldovan Parliament (1917–1918). Sfatul Țării included only two women, Elena Alistar being the other wo ...

, "Acum 20 de ani. Amintiri dela 'Congresul Ostășesc' care a votat autonomia Basarabiei", in ''Gazeta Basarabiei'', October 21, 1937, p. 2 In January 1918, the local Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies began to override ''Sfatul Țării'' and attempted to bring about

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

rule. This move was swiftly suppressed by a punitive expedition of the

Romanian Army The Romanian Land Forces ( ro, Forțele Terestre Române) is the army of Romania, and the main component of the Romanian Armed Forces. In recent years, full professionalisation and a major equipment overhaul have transformed the nature of the Lan ...

. The 3rd Peasants' Congress, assembled few days after the occupation of Chișinău, adopted an anti-secessionist position, dismissed the Moldavian prime-minister

Pantelimon Erhan Pantelimon Erhan (1884 – April/May 1971) was a Bessarabian politician and prime minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918). Biography Pantelimon Erhan was born in 1884 in Tănătari, Căușeni District. He died in April or Ma ...

from the position of President of the Peasants' Soviet, and elected a new leadership from among the most vocal opponents of the Romanian intervention. According to the

Rumcherod Rumcherod () was a self-proclaimed and short-lived organ of Soviet power in the South-Western part of Russian Empire that functioned during May 1917–May 1918. The name stands as the Russian language abbreviation for its full name Central Exe ...

's newspaper, during the opening session, Tsyganko's message on behalf of the local

Socialist Revolutionary The Socialist Revolutionary Party, or the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (the SRs, , or Esers, russian: эсеры, translit=esery, label=none; russian: Партия социалистов-революционеров, ), was a major politi ...

branch was met with applause and calls to support the Russian Revolution. The following day, after demanding the withdrawal of Romanian troops within 24 hours, and negotiating on the issue with the Romanian military, the Congress' Presidium was put under arrest. General

Ernest Broșteanu Ernest Broșteanu (January 24, 1869 June 6, 1932) was a Romanian general during World War I, best known for his leading role in the 1918 Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia. Early life He was born on January 24, 1869, in Roman, Neamț ...

dismissed the immunity of those Peasants' representatives who were also members of ''Sfatul'', and issued a strong warning against further anti-Romanian agitation. Consequently, the following days the Congress selected a new list of ''Sfatul'' representatives, headed by Tsyganko, which comprised mostly moderates.

Clashes with the unionists

Tsyganko, who was counted among the representatives of the Russian minority, remained with the left-wing Peasants' Faction, which stood in opposition to the Moldavian Bloc of Romanian nationalists.

Constantin Stere Constantin G. Stere or Constantin Sterea (Romanian; russian: Константин Егорович Стере, ''Konstantin Yegorovich Stere'' or Константин Георгиевич Стере, ''Konstantin Georgiyevich Stere''; also known u ...

, who helped with organizing the latter group after returning from his Romanian exile, was proposing a platform of both unionism and land reform. Alistar reports that Tsyganko had not opposed this compromise, telling his Faction colleagues that they should "each vote as you please." This in turn empowered Romanian peasant deputies such as Nicolae Mămăligă to openly support unification with Romania. Stere himself still viewed Tsyganko as a leading obstacle in reconciling the agrarian and nationalist agendas: "As for the Moldavian peasants, those whom I found united as a bloc under Țiganco, those who had seized the great estates with a revolution, they displayed strong feelings of fear and suspicion. They cast their leery sights across the

Prut The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth; , uk, Прут) is a long river in Eastern Europe. It is a left tributary of the Danube. In part of its course it forms Romania's border with Moldova and Ukraine. Characteristics The Prut originates ...

nto Romania which they believed was a feudal country, where peasants had no rights, not even voting rights, and no land of their own". During the debates on land reform, Tsyganko suggested postponing the discussion until a new government, "representative of the people's will", would be approved by a Moldavian Constituent Assembly. Presumably, he feared that pressure from the Romanian troops would affect the extent of the reform. Nevertheless, he became the first chairman of ''Sfatul''s Agrarian Commission, and in parallel presided upon the Peasants' Soviet.Clark, p. 200 According to Giurgea, during his tenure at the Commission, he "always sided with the Russians, blatantly so." Despite being involved in left-wing politics, Tsyganko would gradually develop a working relationship with A. N. Krupensky, the Polono-Bessarabian landowner and ex- Marshal of Nobility, and

Alexandr K. Schmidt Alexander Carol Schmidt ( ro, Alexander Karlovici Schmidt, russian: Александр Карлович Шмидт; 1879–1954) was a Bessarabian politician, mayor of Chișinău between 1917 and 1918. A Bessarabian German, he was a son of Carol ...

, who stood for the conservative side of anti-Romanian agitation; between 1918 and 1920 the three men issued calls for the end of Romanian occupation, and began popularizing their cause in Europe. When Romanian Premier

Alexandru Marghiloman Alexandru Marghiloman (4 July 1854 – 10 May 1925) was a Romanian conservative Diplomat, statesman who served for a short time in 1918 (March–October) as Prime Minister of Romania, and had a decisive role during World War I. Early career Bo ...

made his way into Bessarabia to canvass for the unionist cause, he found the Peasant Faction divided between followers of

Ion Inculeț Ion Constantin Inculeț (; 5 April 1884, Răzeni, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire, now the Republic of Moldova – 18 November 1940, Bucharest, Romania) was a Bessarabian and Romanian politician, the President of the Country Council of the ...

, who endorsed the Romanian viewpoint, and deputies who sided with Tsyganko. Zamfirescu, who traveled with Marghiloman, recalls that Tsyganko "thrice in one month" attempted to recall the Republic's Directorate, his moves resisted by Inculeț.Zamfirescu & Adam, pp. 57–58 He also protested the selection of pro-Romanian students from Kiev and Odessa as representatives of the

Transnistria Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester riv ...

n Moldavians, in which he saw efforts to shake the balance of power inside the ''Sfatul''. Zamfirescu claims to have saved Tsyganko from an undisclosed mortal danger, and then to have conversed with him, trying to gain insight into his political motivations. The latter, he concluded, were "most phantasmagorical socialist ideas", not dissuaded by the prospect of "death, suffering, military disaster, sheer destitution, or degeneracy". He adds: "It was late at night, I was experiencing chills, and so I believe I have insulted the convictions of this visionary youth, reassuring him that all opinions lead to a ministerial chair, provided one makes sure to discard them on cue." Despite proclaiming its independence in late February 1918, the Moldavian Republic was still seen in various circles as subordinate to the neighboring

Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), or Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was a country in Eastern Europe that existed between 1917 and 1920. It was declared following the February Revolution in Russia by the First Universal. In March 1 ...

. Its

Central Rada The Central Council of Ukraine ( uk, Українська Центральна Рада, ) (also called the Tsentralna Rada or the Central Rada) was the All-Ukrainian council (soviet) that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputie ...

wished to represent Bessarabia in the preliminary negotiation of the Bucharest peace treaty, imposed by the

Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...

on Romania. ''Sfatul'' reacted by reaffirming its independence and rejecting the division of Bessarabia—against the

Akkerman Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi ( uk, Бі́лгород-Дністро́вський, Bílhorod-Dnistróvskyy, ; ro, Cetatea Albă), historically known as Akkerman ( tr, Akkerman) or under different names, is a city, municipality and port situated on ...

and

Khotin Khotyn ( uk, Хотин, ; ro, Hotin, ; see #Name, other names) is a city in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine and is located south-west of Kamianets-Podilskyi. It hosts the administration of Khotyn urban hromada, one o ...

''zemstva'', which had proclaimed their accession to the Ukraine. A Moldavian delegation was therefore selected to head to

Kiev Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the List of European cities by populat ...

and obtain from the Central Rada official recognition of Moldavia's independence. The delegation, which included the interior minister

Vladimir Cristi Vladimir Cristi (1880–1956) was a Romanian publicist and politician who served as State Minister in the Nicolae Iorga government between 16 January and 6 June 1932. Cristi was Mayor of Chișinău between 1938 and 1940. Biography Cristi was ...

, nationalists

Nicolae Secară __NOTOC__ Nicolae Sacară (Secară) (Rudi, 19 May 1894 – Penza, 24 February 1942) was a Bessarabian politician. Biography He served as Member of the Moldovan Parliament (1917–1918). Gallery Image:Sfatul Tarii, 10 December 1918.jpg, Sfa ...

and Teodor Neaga, and Tsyganko as representative of the Peasants' Faction, was prevented from leaving. According to the unionist Gheorghe Andronachi, it was

Daniel Ciugureanu Daniel Ciugureanu (; 9 December 1885 – 19 May 1950) was a Romanian politician from Bessarabia, deputy in Sfatul Țării from Chișinău, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic from –, Minister for Bessarabia in four Romanian Gove ...

, the Republic's pro-Romanian prime minister, who intervened with the Romanian Army to hamper the departure, fearing that an international recognition of independence would hinder nationalist plans for union with Romania.

March union vote

On March 27, 1918, when ''Sfatul'' voted to support the union with Romania, Tsyganko effectively abstained. In April, the pro-Romanian newspaper '' Cuvânt Moldovenesc'' attacked Tsyganko for his obstructionism and his perceived lack of political legitimacy, claiming that his Peasant Faction was a personal party, the "Tsygankists". Zamfirescu found it "unbelievable" that Romanian-speaking peasants had ever endorsed Tsyganko, who, he claimed, "systematically opposes Bessarabia's government and Romania's policies, endeavoring for its annexation to the Ukraine"; however, he also notes that Tsyganko himself accused the Romanians of wanting to hand over Bessarabia to the Ukrainians. Historian Theodor Codreanu believes that Tsyganko actually supported the latter option, and therefore that he "saluted the presence of Romanian troops" as long as they seemed to fulfill that requirement.Codreanu, pp. 34–35 A radical project for land reform had received pledges of support from ''Sfatul'' secretary

Ion Buzdugan Ion Alion Buzdugan ( Romanian Cyrillic and russian: Ион Буздуган, born Ivan Alexandrovici Buzdâga;Onisifor Ghibu, "Trei luni din viața Basarabiei", in '' Societatea de Mâine'', Nr. 13/1924, p. 283Constantin Poenaru, "Viața bucovine ...

, and also from Marghiloman himself; consequently, according to historian Alberto Basciani, Tsyganko's critique of unionism became marginal within his own party and Soviet. On behalf of the Peasant Faction, Tsyganko denied the Assembly even had the authority to discuss such an issue, declaring his group would refrain from voting on the union, since they considered this a matter for a Constitutional Convention; furthermore, he stated the only admissible terms for a union between the Moldavian and Romanian peoples would be in a federation. Five members of his faction decided to side with the nationalists and voted for the union, while the other 17 present abstained. According to ''Cuvânt Moldovenesc'', this was an ethnic split, with the five being "Moldavian" or Romanian natives rather than Slavs; according to this report, only one or two of those abstaining were "Moldavian". The newspaper dismissed Tsyganko's claim that ''Sfatul'' had no say in the matter of union, claiming that what really upset the deputy was "seeing these good Moldavians, who voted for unification with Romania, emerging from this as the true lords and masters of this land that has up to now been dragged down by Tsygankolings". This account was backed in 1921 by Stere, who took personal credit for having "plucked the Moldavian peasants out of Țiganco's peasant bloc". More modern researchers are divided in their assessments of Tsyganko's political stance at that early stage. Basciani describes him as one of those who "opposed with great vehemence the union of Bessarabia with Romania". However, according to Svetlana Suveică, Tsyganko did not object to union with autonomy, and in fact saw it as "the only solution for avoiding the Bolshevik invasion of the region." In November, after the generalization of Romanian military rule in Bessarabia, Tsyganko, as putative "president" of the

Bessarabian Peasants' Party The Bessarabian Peasants' Party ( ro, Partidul Țărănesc din Basarabia, PȚB or PȚ-Bas; also ''Partidul Țărănesc Basarabean'', ''Partidul Țărănist Basarabean'') or Moldavian National Democratic Party (''Partidul Național-Democrat Moldove ...

, with

Nicolae Alexandri __NOTOC__ Nicolae N. Alexandri (17 May 1859, Chişinău - 17 November 1931, Chişinău) was a Bessarabian politician. Biography Nicolae N. Alexandri graduated from Saint Petersburg State University. He was the first editor in chief of Cuvân ...

, Ion Păscăluță, and 37 other ''Sfatul'' members, sent a letter of protest to the Romanian government of

Constantin Coandă Constantin Coandă (4 March 1857 – 30 September 1932) was a Romanian soldier and politician. Biography Constantin Coandă was born in Craiova. He reached the rank of general in the Romanian Army, and later became a mathematics professo ...

. This coalition of Romanian Bessarabians and White Russians demanded the immediate recognition and restoration of autonomy, as well as the lifting of the

martial law Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to an emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory. Use Marti ...

; however, its imperatives were rejected as illegitimate by the central authorities. According to Clark: "We cannot but applaud the admirable aims of the 40 Deputies, in most of their requests; but at the same time we must wonder at their ingenuousness; they did not foresee the constant turbulence on the Eastern frontier, which even at that time impressed the Roumanians".

November union vote

The protest arose controversy in political circles. Tsyganko reported a private interview with the Romanian envoy

Artur Văitoianu Artur or Arthur Văitoianu (14 April 1864 in Izmail – 17 June 1956) was a Romanian general who served as a Prime Minister of Romania for about two months in 1919 (27 September – 30 November). During his mandate, the first elections of ...

. He quoted the latter as offering a deal: "You must renounce utonomyif only for this sole reason—that you no good Roumanian officials in Bessarabia—that is to say, none who are good nationalists. If you give up autonomy, you will not have a Commissioner-General, but you will have a Bessarabian Chargé d'Affaires, a man of your own character, who will be nominated by the Central Power. The new essarabianDirectorate will remain in office until the meeting of the Pan-Roumanian Constitutional Assembly. Does this appeal to you as attractive?" Also according to Tsyganko, Văitoianu informed the group that they needed to coalesce with Romanian nationalists in front of

Great Russia Great Russia, sometimes Great Rus' (russian: Великая Русь, , , , , ), is a name formerly applied to the territories of "Russia proper", the land that formed the core of Muscovy and later Russia. This was the land to which the eth ...

n revivalism, and that "the national idea takes precedence over everything", implicitly threatening ''Sfatul'' dignitaries. As Suveică writes, it was only at this stage that Tsyganko became an adversary of the unionist camp, placing his hopes in a reestablishment of the

Russian Republic The Russian Republic,. referred to as the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. in the Decree on the system of government of Russia (1918), 1918 Constitution, was a short-lived state (polity), state which controlled, ''de jure'', the territ ...

, and her re-annexation of Bessarabia.Suveică, "Between the Empire...", p. 42 At the last ''Sfatul'' session, on November 25, 1918, unconditional union was proposed for ratification, as one of several measures being voted on, alongside the allocation of offices and a land-reform-law. According to the Peasants' Faction account, also supported by many of the Moldavian nationalists who had signed the earlier protest, the Moldavian Bloc kept the opposition uniformed about there being a ''Sfatul'' session: "only Mr. V. Tziganko was aware of the fact, and he was informed privately, two hours before the opening of the sitting." The Tsyganko group confronted the assembly's president,

Pan Halippa Pantelimon "Pan" Halippa (1 August 1883 – 30 April 1979) was a Bessarabian and later Romanian journalist and politician. One of the most important promoters of Romanian nationalism in Bessarabia and of this province's union with Romania, he wa ...

(a Romanian who was also their party colleague), arguing that his election was illegal. They announced another walk-out, to which voices of the Moldavian Bloc responded with rhetorical questions ("Is this how you intend to solve the agrarian issue?") and taunts of "Good riddance!" The opposition maintained that the walk-out resulted in a lack of

quorum A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to ''Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised'', the ...

: only 48 of 160 deputies were reportedly present, which made the voting results questionable. Tsyganko and his colleagues accused the Bloc of putting up unconditional union for the vote as a rider, at 2.30 AM on the morning of November 26, and of counting votes during considerable and purposeful commotion. Some of the Fraction deputies in the opposition, including Tsyganko and Gavril Buciușcan, actually returned in time to cast their Nay votes. Clark claims that one of the Moldavian Bloc representatives testified that there were enough deputies present. According to Halippa, Tsyganko's walk-out from the

Assembly Hall An assembly hall is a hall to hold public meetings or meetings of an organization such as a school, church, or deliberative assembly. An example of the last case is the Assembly Hall (Washington, Mississippi) where the general assembly of the st ...

proved to be a miscalculation, as the Peasant Faction's other members returned to vote on land reform, and, subsequently, on the unconditional union.Constantin & Negrei (2009), p. 96 Marghiloman nevertheless gave a contrasting account. He complained that "not even 30 deputies" had been present for the vote abrogating the conditions, in spite of "all the money spent".

Salvation Committee

In early 1919, Tsyganko emigrated from what was then being recognized as Romanian territory. He settled in

, a Ukrainian port city, where he established the Peasants' Faction in exile, alongside a dozen other former ''Sfatul'' deputies.Basciani, pp. 128–129 He joined efforts with Krupensky and Schmidt, affiliating with their Committee for the Salvation of Bessarabia, whose activities were closely monitored by Romania's secret police, the

Siguranța Siguranța was the generic name for the successive secret police services in the Kingdom of Romania. The official title of the organization changed throughout its history, with names including Directorate of the Police and General Safety ( ro, Di ...

. According to the Moldavian Bloc's

Petru Cazacu Petru Cazacu ( was a politician from Bessarabia (Moldova). Biography He served as the prime minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic The Moldavian Democratic Republic (MDR; ro, Republica Democratică Moldovenească, ), also known ...

, they answered indirectly to

Anton Denikin Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...

, commander of the

Volunteer Army The Volunteer Army (russian: Добровольческая армия, translit=Dobrovolcheskaya armiya, abbreviated to russian: Добрармия, translit=Dobrarmiya) was a White Army active in South Russia during the Russian Civil War from ...

. The various groups of Bessarabian autonomists and White loyalists agreed to send a common delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris, where the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

were debating on recognizing the union. On February 10, the Committee issued a common platform for these organizations, sharing two goals: "the liberation of Bessarabia from the Romanian annexation and the realization of the aspirations of the people of Bessarabia." The latter referred to the region's reintegration into Russia. In April, together with Krupensky and Schmidt, later followed by

Mark Slonim Mark Lvovich Slonim (russian: Марк Льво́вич Сло́ним, also known as Marc Slonim and Marco Slonim; March 23, 1894 Giuseppina Giuliano"Mark L'vovič Slonim"Mihail Savenco, Tsyganko had arrived in Paris. In its addresses to the international media, the group insisted that the union was a putsch by urban intellectuals against the other social classes. It also circulated a protest against the Romanian land reform project, which the Salvation Committee saw as a chauvinistic attack against the landed gentry and the Russian patriots. As noted by Suveică, Tsyganko was the only delegation member to belong to a non-aristocratic elite, and nominally an appointee of the "Central Committee of the Peasants of Bessarabia". He therefore took some distance from the conservative demands of the Salvation Committee, and in various contexts presented himself as an independent emissary, united with the others mainly in their common support for a

plebiscite A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

clause in Bessarabia. However, his autonomism and Krupensky's loyalism were mostly endorsed by the

White émigré White Russian émigrés were Russians who emigrated from the territory of the former Russian Empire in the wake of the Russian Revolution (1917) and Russian Civil War (1917–1923), and who were in opposition to the revolutionary Bolshevik commun ...

lobby in Paris, including the likes of

Georgy Lvov Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...

Vasily Maklakov Vasily Alekseyevich Maklakov (Russian: Васи́лий Алексе́евич Маклако́в; , Moscow – July 15, 1957, Baden, Switzerland) was a Russian student activist, a trial lawyer and liberal parliamentary deputy, an orator, and on ...

Sergey Sazonov Sergei Dmitryevich Sazonov GCB (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Сазонов; 10 August 1860 in Ryazan Governorate 11 December 1927) was a Russian statesman and diplomat who served as Foreign Minister from November 1910 to July 1916. ...

, and

Nikolai Tchaikovsky Nikolai Vasilyevich Tchaikovsky (7 January 1851 Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe.html" ;"title="/nowiki> O.S._26_December_1850.html" ;"title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe">O.S. 26 De ...

. In his papers, Halippa commented that Tsyganko, the self-proclaimed "socialist and revolutionary", had arrived in Paris as a propagandist of

Russian nationalism Russian nationalism is a form of nationalism that promotes Russian cultural identity and unity. Russian nationalism first rose to prominence in the early 19th century, and from its origin in the Russian Empire, to its repression during early ...

, "with no connection to the people f Bessarabia. Cazacu also notes that the "bizarre association" comprising Tsyganko, Maklakov and Schmidt propagated the contradictory claim that ''Sfatul'' was a "Bolshevik" assembly. In June 1919, the French communist organ, ''

L'Humanité ''L'Humanité'' (; ), is a French daily newspaper. It was previously an organ of the French Communist Party, and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, ''L'Humanité'' would not exist." History and profile Pre-World Wa ...

'', gave exposure to Slonim and Tsyganko's allegations regarding political repression and "atrocities" in Bessarabia, as a common protest of the "democrats and socialists". Such allegations were responded to by the Peasant Party's

Ion Pelivan Ion Gheorghe Pelivan (April 1, 1876 in Răzeni – January 25, 1954 in Sighetu Marmației) was a Romanian politician. In 1898, Ion Pelivan graduated from the Theological Seminary of Chișinău and in 1903 from the University of Tartu. Then ...

, who wrote the newspaper to argue that Romania's intervention had first of all restored "liberty and democracy" in Bessarabia, and that the union expressed "the free will of the Bessarabian populace, with no outside intervention." Marghiloman was also critical of "the separatist" Tsyganko, dismissing the accusations. Although he acknowledged some abuse of powers by Romanian administrators, including the "destruction of villages", he argued that it was "nothing compared" to what was being done by the

French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed For ...

, also present in the region ''(see

Southern Front of the Russian Civil War The Southern Front of the Russian Civil War was a theatre of the Russian Civil War. Don revolts and formation of the Volunteer Army In the aftermath of the October Revolution, politicians and army officers hostile to the Bolsheviks gravitated ...

)''. Countering Tsyganko's claim to speak for the peasants, the pro-Romanian delegation grew to include peasant members such as

Ion Codreanu Ion Codreanu (23 June 1891–8 January 1960) was a Romanian major general during World War II. Biography He started his education at the elementary school in Bălăbănești, and then at the Gheorghe Roșca Codreanu High School in Bârlad, ...

, Gheorghe Năstase, and Sergiu Victor Cujbă.

Later life

Making his split from the White Russian community a definitive one, Tsyganko remained for a while in Paris. He made efforts to settle in Switzerland, but was reportedly expelled as an "undesirable".Artaxerxe, "Republica moldovenească. Constituirea guvernului provizoriu al republicei moldovenești de peste Nistru. Noui amănunte", in ''

Adevărul ''Adevărul'' (; meaning "The Truth", formerly spelled ''Adevĕrul'') is a Romanian daily newspaper, based in Bucharest. Founded in Iași, in 1871, and reestablished in 1888, in Bucharest, it was the main left-wing press venue to be published dur ...

'', October 30, 1924, p. 4 He eventually emigrated into the

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

. In September 1921, he wrote a memorandum on Bessarabia and

Romania–Russia relations Romania–Russia relations are the foreign relations between Romania and Russia. Romania has an embassy in Moscow and consulates-general in Rostov-on-Don and Saint Petersburg. Russia has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Con ...

, which he sent to

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...

, the Commissar for Military Affairs. His text informed the Russian viewpoint at the negotiations in

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

between the Soviets and the Romanians, but also presented personal observations on the social makeup of Bessarabia. Tsyganko argued that the Moldavian Republic's creation and union were attributable to left-wing "agitators" such as Inculeț and

. He claimed that multi-ethnic Bessarabia was naturally "

internationalist Internationalist may refer to: * Internationalism (politics), a movement to increase cooperation across national borders * Liberal internationalism, a doctrine in international relations * Internationalist/Defencist Schism, socialists opposed to ...

", but also rural and "well-off", concluding that an anti-Romanian revolt could happen if sustained from across the border. Cazacu noted in 1924 that the dossier compiled by the Bolsheviks and the earlier Salvation Committee drafts used as sources the same documents, including statements by private individuals. Nikolai Vladimirovich, meanwhile, remained behind in Romania, working as a conservator for the Historical Monuments Commission, then as Department head for Chișinău City Hall. He rallied with the Bessarabian Democratic League, a minor party formed around Alexandri,

Zamfir Arbore Zamfir Constantin Arbore (; born Zamfir Ralli, russian: Земфирий Константинович Арборе-Ралли, ''Zemfiriyi Konstantinovich Arborye-Ralli''; also known as Zamfir Arbure, Zamfir Rally, Zemphiri Ralli and Aivaza;Felea ...

and Vasile Ghenzul, afterwards presenting himself as a candidate in the legislative elections of March 1922. In April 1924, Vladimir Tsyganko and Schmidt attended the Romanian–Soviet diplomatic conference in

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

. They were joined there by Nicolae Ferendino and peasant Gheorghe Broască, as the "delegation of Bessarabian refugees in the Soviet Union". Tsyganko read out the delegation's Russian-language memorandum, which underscored his loyalty toward the Soviet Union. The Romanian newspaper ''Opinia'' noted on April 1924 that the "known renegade Tziganco, who had followed the Soviet delegation to the conference in Vienna" was present at Odessa with the "so-called Bessarabian refugees", and was issuing renewed calls for a territorial plebiscite. The same month, Romania's government clamped down on the newly formed

Romanian Communist Party The Romanian Communist Party ( ro, Partidul Comunist Român, , PCR) was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that woul ...

(PCdR), arresting, among others, activists Marcel and

Ana Pauker Ana Pauker (born Hannah Rabinsohn; 13 February 1893 – 3 June 1960) was a Romanian communist leader and served as the country's foreign minister in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Ana Pauker became the world's first female foreign minister whe ...

. According to the government paper '' Viitorul'', the authorities alleged that the Paukers were directly assisting Tsyganko with engineering "a revolution in Bessarabia", which was to overlap with the Vienna affair. ''Viitorul'' described Tsyganko as the leader of the propaganda committee in Odessa, which had pushed the PCdR into endorsing a Bessarabian plebiscite. In June 1924, ''

Universul ''Universul'' was a mass-circulation newspaper in Romania. It existed from 1884 to 1953, and was run by Stelian Popescu from 1914 to 1943 (with a two-year break during World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbrevi ...

'' daily described Tsyganko as linked to the

Krestintern The Peasant International (russian: Крестьянский Интернационал), known most commonly by its Russian abbreviation Krestintern (Крестинтерн), was an international peasants' organization formed by the Communist ...

, claiming that his agenda was "the Bolshevization of Romanian peasantry start ngfrom Bessarabia." The same source noted that he was assisted in this by a Stanko Trifanoff, formerly a member of the

Bulgarian Agrarian National Union The Bulgarian Agrarian National Union Bulgarian Agrarian National U ...

. Later that year, Tsyganko became a founding figure of the

(MASSR), created on Soviet territory as a Bessarabian

rump state A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state, left with a reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory. In the last case, ...

;Basciani, p. 129 a notice published by the Romanian newspaper ''Cuvântul Poporului'' in November wrongly credited him as MASSR "president", and further claimed that

Mikhail Frunze Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze (russian: Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе; ro, Mihail Frunză; 2 February 1885 – 31 October 1925) was a Bolshevik leader during and just prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Born in the modern-day ...

was organizing the

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...

in that part of

Soviet Ukraine The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

. In September 1926, Tsyganko was again at Odessa, where, together with

Ivan Krivorukov Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulgari ...

, he issued a formal protest against

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

's recognition of the Bessarabian union with Romania, and therefore against her "passage into the anti-Soviet camp". In early 1929, Nikolai supported the Bessarabian regionalist platform for administrative reform (an initiative spearheaded by Erhan and Alexandru Mîță). He died some five years later, at age 52, while reading a book. On the 10th anniversary of the union in 1928, Vladimir was still being called upon by the Soviets to champion Bessarabian separatism. His and Alexandri's views were publicized in a special edition of ''

Pravda ''Pravda'' ( rus, Правда, p=ˈpravdə, a=Ru-правда.ogg, "Truth") is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the co ...

'' of

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

, alongside articles by exiled figures of the PCdR—

Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea or Alexandru Gherea (rendered in Russian as ''Александр Доброджану-Геря'' or ''Доброжану-Гере'' - ''Aleksandr Dobrodzhanu-Gerya'' /''Dobrozhanu-Gere''; July 7, 1879 —November 4 ...

—and by the Red-Army veteran

Ion Dic Dicescu Ion Dic-Dicescu (born Ion Dicescu; russian: Ива́н О́сипович Дик, translit=Ivan Osipovich Dik; May 1893 – January 4, 1938) was a Romanian socialist journalist and officer and later Bolshevik activist who held command positions in t ...

."Ultima oră. Știri diverse", in '' Lupta'', February 10, 1928, p. 4 Moving to

Leningrad Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

, he also fell back on his professional career. He served as deputy technical director of the State Institute for the Design of Metallurgical Plants, and was then head of the

technical control department In economy of the Soviet Union and economy of Russia, Technical Control Departments (russian: Отдел технического контроля, ОТК, OTK) were and are in charge of quality assurance of production and services.''Large Encyclop ...

of the

. Nevertheless, in 1937 he was singled out as a political suspect by the

Stalinist Stalinism is the means of governing and Marxist-Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union from 1927 to 1953 by Joseph Stalin. It included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state, rapid industrialization, the theory o ...

regime, at the height of the

. Arrested on November 29, he was sentenced to death on December 2 and executed shortly after, in January 1938.

Notes

References

*''The Roumanian Occupation in Bessarabia. Documents''. Paris: Imprimerie Lahure,

920 __NOTOC__ Year 920 ( CMXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byzan ...

*Alberto Basciani, ''La difficile unione. La Bessarabia e la Grande Romania, 1918–1940''. Rome: Aracne Editore, 2007. *

, ''Moldova dintre Prut și Nistru, 1812—1918''. Iași: Viața Romînească,

924 __NOTOC__ Year 924 (Roman numerals, CMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, Byzantine–Bulg ...

Charles Upson Clark Charles Upson Clark (1875–1960) was a professor of history at Columbia University. He discovered the Barberini Codex, the earliest Aztec writings on herbal medicines extant. Biography Clark was born in 1875 to Edward Perkins Clark and Cat ...

, ''Bessarabia. Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea''. New York City:

Dodd, Mead and Company Dodd, Mead and Company was one of the pioneer publishing houses of the United States, based in New York City. Under several names, the firm operated from 1839 until 1990. History Origins In 1839, Moses Woodruff Dodd (1813–1899) and John S. Ta ...

, 1927. *Theodor Codreanu, "Constantin Stere și Marea Unire", in

Sergiu Musteață Sergiu Musteață (born May 11, 1972, Săiți) is a historian from the Moldova, Republic of Moldova and Dean of History and Geography Faculty, "Ion Creangă" State Pedagogical University. Biography Sergiu Musteață is a historian from the Repub ...

, Alexandru Corduneanu (eds.), ''Identitățile Chișinăului: Orașul interbelic. Materialele Conferinței Internaționale, Ediția a 5-a, 1–2 noiembrie 2018'', pp. 29–36. Chișinău: Editura ARC, 2020. *Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, ''Pantelimon Halippa: tribun al Basarabiei''. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2009. *Ion Constantin, Ion Negrei, Gheorghe Negru, ''Ion Pelivan, părinte al mișcării naționale din Basarabia''. Bucharest: Editura Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2011. *Eugeniu N. Giurgea, ''Din trecutul și prezentul Basarabiei''. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice Bucovina, I. E. Torouțiu, 1928. * Izeaslav Levit, ''Год судьбоносный: от провозглашения Молдавской республики до ликвидации автономии Бессарабии (ноябрь 1917 – ноябрь 1918 г.)''. Chișinău: Tipografia Centrală, 2000. *

, ''Note politice'', Vol. 3. 1917–1918; Vol. 4. 1918–1919. Bucharest: Editura Institutului de Arte Grafice Eminescu, 1927. *Marcel Mitrașcă, ''Moldova: a Romanian Province under Russian Rule''. New York City: Algora Publishing, 2002. *Svetlana Suveică, **''Basarabia în primul deceniu interbelic (1918–1928): modernizare prin reforme. Monografii ANTIM VII''. Chișinău: Editura Pontos, 2010.
"Between the Empire and the Nation-State: Metamorphoses of the Bessarabian Elite (1918)"
in ''Euxeinos'', Issues 15–16/2014, pp. 34–45. **"For the 'Bessarabian Cause'. The Activity of Odessa Committee for Saving Bessarabia (1918–1920)", in ''Archiva Moldaviae'', Vol. VI, 2014, pp. 139–169. *Boris Vizer, Gheorghe Bordeiu, "Conferința de pace de la Paris din 1919–1920", in ''Revistă de Științe Socioumane'', Issue 2/2009, pp. 35–38. *Diana Vrabie, ''Unirea din 1918 în presa din regiunea Moldovei (Basarabia)''. Iași: Asachiana, 2018. *

, Ioan Adam, ''În Basarabia''. Bucharest: Editura Bibliotecii Bucureștilor, 2012. {{DEFAULTSORT:Tsyganko, Vladimir Moldovan MPs 1917–1918 Left socialist-revolutionaries Politicians from the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Moldovan engineers Moldovan propagandists Soviet propagandists Politicians from Chișinău Don Cossacks People of Cossack descent Moldovan people of Russian descent Moldovan people of Ukrainian descent Riga Technical University alumni Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States Russian expatriates in France Russian expatriates in Switzerland Moldovan expatriates in France Moldovan expatriates in Switzerland People deported from Switzerland Moldovan emigrants to Ukraine Moldovan emigrants to Russia Soviet engineers White movement people executed by the Soviet Union Great Purge victims from Moldova 1880s births 1938 deaths