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The Villa Romana Prize, german: Villa-Romana-Preis, italic=no, is an art prize awarded by the
Deutscher Künstlerbund The Deutscher Kuenstlerbund (Association of German Artists) was founded in 1903 the initiative of Count Harry Kessler, promoter of arts and artists, Alfred Lichtwark, director of the Hamburg Art Gallery and the famous painters Lovis Corinth, Ma ...
. It was established in 1905 and is the oldest German art award. The prize consists of a one-year artistic residence in the Villa Romana, a nineteenth-century villa on the Via Senese in the southern outskirts of
Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...
, in Tuscany in central Italy.
Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...
, who in 1903 had become
vice-president A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on t ...
of the Deutscher Künstlerbund, established the Villa Romana as a study centre for artists in 1905. He had bought it that year for 60,000 gold lire. The prize was first awarded in that year also. Among the many recipients of the award are
Max Beckmann Max Carl Friedrich Beckmann (February 12, 1884 – December 27, 1950) was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement. In the 1920 ...
(1906),
Ernst Barlach Ernst Heinrich Barlach (2 January 1870 – 24 October 1938) was a German expressionist sculptor, medallist, printmaker and writer. Although he was a supporter of the war in the years leading to World War I, his participation in the war made him c ...
(1909),
Joseph Fassbender Joseph Fassbender (Faßbender) (14 April 1903, in Cologne – 5 January 1974, in Cologne) was a German painter and draughtsman. Life and art During the 1920s Fassbender was trained in painting by Richard Seewald at the Kölner Werkschulen. S ...
(1929),
Gerhard Marcks Gerhard Marcks (18 February 1889 – 13 November 1981) was a German artist, known primarily as a sculptor, but who is also known for his drawings, woodcuts, lithographs and ceramics. Early life Marcks was born in Berlin, where, at the age of 18, ...
, (1937),
Walter Stöhrer Walter Stöhrer (1937–2000) was a German painter born in Stuttgart. Between 1952 and 1954 he studied as a commercial graphical artist (''Werbegraphiker''), receiving a journeyman's certificate. In 1955 he began to study painting at the Academy ...
(1978), and
Georg Baselitz Georg Baselitz (born 23 January 1938) is a German painter, sculptor and graphic artist. In the 1960s he became well known for his figurative, expressive paintings. In 1969 he began painting his subjects upside down in an effort to overcome the ...
(1965).


Recipients


1905 to 1914

* 1905:
Ulrich Hübner Ulrich Hübner (17 June 1872, Berlin - 29 April 1932, Neubabelsberg) was a German painter. Biography He was born into a family of artists and began his academic training 1892 in Karlsruhe with Robert Poetzelberger, Gustav Schönleber, and Car ...
,
Georg Kolbe Georg Kolbe (15 April 1877 – 20 November 1947) was a German sculptor. He was the leading German figure sculptor of his generation, in a vigorous, modern, simplified classical style similar to Aristide Maillol of France. Early life and educa ...
, , ,
Max Kurzweil Maximilian Franz Viktor Zdenko Marie Kurzweil (12 October 1867, Bisenz – 9 May 1916, Vienna) was an Austrian painter and printmaker. He moved near Vienna in 1879. Maximillian or Max Kurzweil studied at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna wit ...
* 1906:
Max Beckmann Max Carl Friedrich Beckmann (February 12, 1884 – December 27, 1950) was a German painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, and writer. Although he is classified as an Expressionist artist, he rejected both the term and the movement. In the 1920 ...
,
Dora Hitz Dora Hitz (30 March 1856, Altdorf bei Nürnberg - 20 November 1924, Berlin) was a Court Painter to the Romanian Royal Family, a member of the November Group and co-founder of the Berlin Secession. Life When she was six years old, her family ...
,
Käthe Kollwitz Käthe Kollwitz ( born as Schmidt; 8 July 1867 – 22 April 1945) was a German artist who worked with painting, printmaking (including etching, lithography and woodcuts) and sculpture. Her most famous art cycles, including ''The Weavers'' and ''T ...
, * 1907:
Martin Brandenburg Martin Brandenburg (8 May 1870 in Poznań, Posen – 19 February 1919 in Stuttgart) was a German Impressionist painter, draftsman and graphic artist, best known for his landscapes filled with fantastical figures. Life From 1889 to 1892, he st ...
, Georg Burmester,
Fritz Mackensen Fritz Mackensen (born 8 April 1866 in Greene, near Kreiensen, Duchy of Brunswick – 12 May 1953 in Bremen) was a German painter of the Düsseldorf school of painting and Art Nouveau. He was a friend of Otto Modersohn and Hans am Ende, and w ...
* 1908:
Ernst Barlach Ernst Heinrich Barlach (2 January 1870 – 24 October 1938) was a German expressionist sculptor, medallist, printmaker and writer. Although he was a supporter of the war in the years leading to World War I, his participation in the war made him c ...
, , , * 1909: Paul Baum, Willi Geiger,
Adolf Schinnerer Adolf Schinnerer (15 September 1876 in Schwarzenbach an der Saale – 30 January 1949 in Ottershausen, part of Haimhausen in Oberbayern) was a German artist, active in painting, drawing and graphic design. He was also an instructor at the Academy ...
* 1910:
Karl Albiker Karl Albiker (16 September 1878 – 26 February 1961) was a German sculptor, lithographer and teacher of fine arts. Albiker studied with Auguste Rodin in Paris. From 1919 to 1945 he was a professor at the Dresden Academy of Fine Arts. His monu ...
,
Otto Höger Otto is a masculine German given name and a surname. It originates as an Old High German short form (variants ''Audo'', '' Odo'', '' Udo'') of Germanic names beginning in ''aud-'', an element meaning "wealth, prosperity". The name is recorded ...
, * 1911:
Ludwig Cauer Ludwig Cauer (28 May 1866, Bad Kreuznach - 27 December 1947, Bad Kreuznach) was a German sculptor. Life He was born into a family of sculptors who operated a workshop founded by his grandfather Emil Cauer the Elder. After Emil's death in 1867 ...
,
Otto Höger Otto is a masculine German given name and a surname. It originates as an Old High German short form (variants ''Audo'', '' Odo'', '' Udo'') of Germanic names beginning in ''aud-'', an element meaning "wealth, prosperity". The name is recorded ...
, * 1912: Theo von Brockhusen, Alexander Gerbig, * 1913: Karl Caspar, , * 1914: Otto Richard Bossert, ,


1928 to 1943

* 1928:
Gerhard Marcks Gerhard Marcks (18 February 1889 – 13 November 1981) was a German artist, known primarily as a sculptor, but who is also known for his drawings, woodcuts, lithographs and ceramics. Early life Marcks was born in Berlin, where, at the age of 18, ...
* 1929:
Joseph Fassbender Joseph Fassbender (Faßbender) (14 April 1903, in Cologne – 5 January 1974, in Cologne) was a German painter and draughtsman. Life and art During the 1920s Fassbender was trained in painting by Richard Seewald at the Kölner Werkschulen. S ...
* 1930:
Josef Henselmann Josef Henselmann (16 August 1898 in Sigmaringen – 19 January 1987) was a German sculptor and professor. Henselmann was born in Sigmaringen, Province of Hohenzollern. After studying at the Gymnasium he completed an apprenticeship to be a woo ...
* 1931: * 1932: * 1933:
John Sass John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...
* 1934: * 1935: , William Maly * 1936:
Emy Roeder Emy Roeder (30 January 1890 – 7 February 1971) was a modern German sculptor born in Würzburg, Germany. During the first third of the twentieth century she was one of a number of women that were associated with the German Expressionist movement ...
, Arthur Degner * 1937: Toni Stadler * 1938: Helmut Ruhmer * 1939: Fritz Bernuth * 1940: Rudolf Riester * 1941: Hans Breker, Karl Clobes, Walter Rossler * 1942: Oscar Kreibich, Hubert Nikolaus Lang, Karl Paul, Egon Schiffers * 1943: Wilhelm Hausmann, Kurt Lambert, Walter Wichmann


From 1959

* 1959: Theo Bechteler, Peter Herkenrath, Carl-Heinz Kliemann, Toni Stadler * 1960: John Geccelli, Jochen Hiltmann, Guido Jendritzko, Harry Koegler * 1961: Peter Brüning, Erwin Eichbaum, Wilhelm Hausmann, Wolfgang vom Schemm * 1962:
Horst Antes Horst Antes (born 28 October 1936 Heppenheim, Germany) is a German artist and sculptor. After his Abitur, he studied from 1957 to 1959 under the important woodcutter HAP Grieshaber at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste (today known as the Sta ...
, Gerson Fehrenbach, Paran G'schrey,
Hans Kock Hans may refer to: __NOTOC__ People * Hans (name), a masculine given name * Hans Raj Hans, Indian singer and politician ** Navraj Hans, Indian singer, actor, entrepreneur, cricket player and performer, son of Hans Raj Hans ** Yuvraj Hans, Punjabi ...
* 1963: Friedrich Karl Gotsch, Günter Ferdinand Ris, Ursula Sax, Horst Skodlerrak * 1964: Clemens Fischer, Winfred Gaul, Utz Kampmann, Rolf Szymanski * 1965:
Georg Baselitz Georg Baselitz (born 23 January 1938) is a German painter, sculptor and graphic artist. In the 1960s he became well known for his figurative, expressive paintings. In 1969 he began painting his subjects upside down in an effort to overcome the ...
,
Franz Bucher Franz Bucher (born 15 January 1940) is a Swiss artist. He has produced paintings, drawings, woodcuts, etchings, sculptural objects, reliefs, murals, and stained glass. Biography Early life and education Franz Bucher was born in 1940 in Sarnen, ...
, Rainer Küchenmeister,
Ludwig Meidner Ludwig Meidner (18 April 1884 – 14 May 1966) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker born in Bernstadt, Silesia. Meidner is best known for his painted, drawn, and printed portraits and landscapes, but is especially noted for h ...
* 1966: Hans Baschang, Dietlinde Stengelin, Helmut Sundhaußen, Gota Tellesch * 1967: Bernd Berner, Buja Bingemer, Horst Lark, Michael Black * 1968: Franz Bernhard, Rolf-Gunter Dienst, Hildegart Lutze, Gatja Helgart Rothe * 1969: Henry Brummack, Bernd Damke, Wolf Kahlen, Joachim Schmettau * 1970:
Markus Lüpertz Markus Lüpertz (born 25 April 1941) is a German painter, sculptor, graphic artist, and writer. He also publishes a magazine, and plays jazz piano. He is one of the best-known German contemporary artists. His subjects are characterized by suggest ...
, Ansgar Nierhoff, Michael Schoenholtz, Ben Willikens * 1971:
Peter Ackermann Peter may refer to: People * List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name * Peter (given name) ** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church * Peter (surname), a su ...
, Hermann Albert,
Christa Dichgans Christa Dichgans (1940-2018) was a German painter, associated with the Pop Art movement. Biography Dichgans was born in Berlin, Germany in 1940 and studied painting at the Hochschule der Künste, Berlin and the German National Academic Founda ...
, Jürgen Paatz * 1972: Klaus Fußmann, Edgar Gutbub, Max G. Kaminski, Hansjerg Maier-Aichen * 1973:
Hede Bühl Hede Bühl (8 June 1940, Haan, near Düsseldorf) is a German sculptor who lives and works in Düsseldorf. She studied under Joseph Beuys and worked in the studio of Ewald Mataré. Her work has received numerous awards, including the Villa Roma ...
, Nino Malfatti, Jobst Meyer, Hans Peter Reuter * 1974:
Kurt Koch , alt = , caption = Koch pictured in December 2016. , church = Roman Catholic Church , archdiocese = , province = , metropolis = , diocese = , see = , appointed = 1 July 2010 , ended = , predecessor = Walter Kasper , successor = , ...
, Christiane Maether, Heinz-Günter Prager,
Arthur Stoll Arthur Stoll (8 January 1887 – 13 January 1971) was a Swiss biochemist. Education and career The son of a teacher and school headmaster, he studied chemistry at the ETH Zurich, with a PhD in 1911, where he studied with Richard Willstätter. ...
* 1975: Claudia Kinast, Bernd Klötzer, Alf Schuler, Dorothee von Windheim * 1976: Michael Bette,
Michael Buthe Michael Buthe (1 August 1944 – 15 November 1994) was a German artist who lived and worked between Germany and Morocco. He exhibited widely throughout Europe during his life and is known for his eclectic and prolific oeuvre which encompasses pa ...
, Nikolaus Lang, Bertram Weigel * 1977: Jakob Mattner,
Anna Oppermann Anna may refer to: People Surname and given name * Anna (name) Mononym * Anna the Prophetess, in the Gospel of Luke * Anna (wife of Artabasdos) (fl. 715–773) * Anna (daughter of Boris I) (9th–10th century) * Anna (Anisia) (fl. 1218 to 1221) ...
, Heinz Schanz, Gottfried Wiegand * 1978: Abraham David Christian, Elena Engel, Christiane Mobius,
Walter Stöhrer Walter Stöhrer (1937–2000) was a German painter born in Stuttgart. Between 1952 and 1954 he studied as a commercial graphical artist (''Werbegraphiker''), receiving a journeyman's certificate. In 1955 he began to study painting at the Academy ...
* 1979: Johannes Brus, Friedemann Hahn, Inge Higher, Mechtild Nemeczek * 1980: Fritz Gilow, Rainer Mang, Reinhard Pods, Gerd Rohling * 1981: Frank Dornseif, Bruno Erdmann,
Dieter Kraemer Dieter or dieter may refer to: * A person committed to dieting People Dieter is a German given name (), a short form of Dietrich, from ''theod+ric'' "people ruler", see Theodoric. Given name * Dieter Althaus (born 1958), German politician ...
, Guenter Tužina * 1982: Gundi Bindernagel, Karl Bohrmann, Marina Makowski, Eva-Maria Schön * 1983: Martin Rosz, Norbert Tadeusz, Nicole van den Plas,
Michael Witlatschil Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian and ...
* 1984: Rolf Behm, Doris Hadersdorfer, George Meissner, Marianne Pohl * 1985: Cordula Giidemann, Paul Herberg, Sabine Krasel, William Weiner * 1986: Andreas Bindl, Dietz Eilbacher, Andreas Grunert, Max Neumann * 1987: Lisa Hoever, Bernd Minnich,
Thomas Virnich Thomas may refer to: People * List of people with given name Thomas * Thomas (name) * Thomas (surname) * Saint Thomas (disambiguation) * Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, and Doctor of the Church * Thomas the A ...
, Jochen Zellmann, Karl-Heinz Krause * 1988: Nikifor Brueckner,
Gabriela Dauerer Gabriela Dauerer (born 1958 in Nuremberg, West Germany) is a contemporary German painter. She is representative of a kind of minimalistic painting. Life From 1979 to 1986, Dauerer studied painting and graphic arts at the ''Akademie der Bild ...
, Walter Kütz, Klaus Schmetz * 1989: Jörg Eberhard, Bernd Jünger, Gisela Kleinlein, Berthold Langnickel * 1990: Albert Borchardt, Galli (artist), Hermann Josef Mispelbaum, Norbert Radermacher * 1991: Vera Leutloff, Eberhard Wagner, Barbara Wille, Carl Emanuel Wolff * 1992: Sybille Berke,
Katharina Grosse Katharina Grosse (born 2 October 1961) is a German artist. As an artist, Grosse's work employs a use of architecture, sculpture and painting. She is known for her large-scale, site-related installations to create immersive visual experiences. Sh ...
, Klaus Gärtner, Bernd Mechler * 1993: Andreas Bee,
Jochem Hendricks Jochem Hendricks (born ) is a contemporary artist from Frankfurt, Germany.''The Independent'', "Art and man-made diamonds", 13 August 2007 One of his works which asked "far-reaching questions about the value and meaning of labour" involved payin ...
, Marko Lehanka, Hans-Willi Notthoff * 1994: Herbert Barden, Karin Sander, Michel Sauer, Martin Steiner * 1995: Isa Dahl, Wolfgang Hambrecht, Andreas Sansoni, Jörg Spamer * 1996: Irene Blume, Christiane Dellbrügge and Ralf de Moll, Maik Löbbert, Dirk Löbbert, Michael Munding * 1997: Franz Baumgartner, Martin Schmidt, Walter Schreiner, Barbara von Wienskowski * 1998: Brunner/Ritz, Tobias Gerber, Peter Herrmann,
Andreas Schön Andreas Schön (born 9 August 1989) is a German professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for FC Astoria Walldorf FC Astoria Walldorf is a German association football club from the town of Walldorf, Baden-Württemberg. ...
* 1999: Heiner Blumenthal, Andreas Bunte, Daniel Knorr, Gregor Schneider, Vincent Tavene * 2000:
Thomas Eller Thomas Eller (born 8 September 1964) is a German visual artist and writer. Born and raised in the German district of Franconia he left Nuremberg in 1985 to study fine art at the Berlin University of the Arts. After his forced dismission he studie ...
, Michael Kutzner, Simon Vogel, Amelie von Wulffen * 2002: Simone Böhm, Dorothea Goldschmidt, Stephan Gripp, Dieter Viegen * 2002: Barbara Heim, Hannes Norberg, Daniela Trixl, Christina Zück * 2003: Sven-Ole Frahm, Gelke Gaycken, Norbert Kuepper, Markus Vater, Christian Frosch * 2004: Ralf Brück, Monika Kapfer, Christian Black, Jörg Wagner * 2005:
Robert Klümpen Robert Klümpen (born 1973 in Issum, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German painter. In 2001, he graduated from Academy of Arts, Düsseldorf, where he studied with A. R. Penck and . He lives and works in Düsseldorf Düsseldorf ( , , ; oft ...
, Alexander Laner, Ulla Irina Rossek, Constantin Wallhäuser * 2006:
Andrea Hanak Andrea Hanak (born 1969 Wolfratshausen) is a German painter. In 2000, she studied at the Erasmus programme, Ireland. In 2005, she graduated from Academy of Fine Arts Munich, where she studied with Günther Förg. She lives and works in Munich. ...
,
Simon Dybbroe Møller Simon Dybbroe Møller (born 1976 Aarhus, Denmark) is a visual artist. In 1999-2001, he attended Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, where he studied with Magdalena Jetelowa. In 2001-2005, he studied with Tobias Rehberger at Städelschule Academy of Fine A ...
, Anna Kerstin Otto, Stefan Thater * 2007:
Andrea Faciu Andrea Faciu (born 1977 in Bucharest) is a Romanian artist who has lived in Germany since 1991. She graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, where she studied with Olaf Metzel. She lives in Munich, Germany and Berlin. Awards *2007 Villa ...
, Barbara Kussinger, Silke Markefka, Mikhail Pirgelis * 2008: Dani Gal, Julia Schmidt, Asli Sungu, Clemens von Wedemeyer * 2009:
Olivier Foulon Olivier Foulon (born 1976 Brussels) is a Belgian artist. From 1991 to 1995, he studied at the Institut Saint-Luc, Brussels; from 1995 to 1999, he studied at the Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels; from 2001 to 2002, he studied at the Jan van ...
, Kalin Lindena, Eske Schluter, Benjamin Yavuzsoy * 2010: Anna Heidenhain,
Sebastian Dacey Sebastian Dacey (born 1982 London) is a German artist. He studied at the Wimbledon College of Art, and at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Munich. He has exhibited at the Kunstverein Heilbronn and the Kunstbau Lenbachhaus in Munich, Jacky ...
, Anna Möller, Martin Pfeifle * 2011: Nora Schultz, Rebecca Ann Tess,
Vincent Vulsma Vincent ( la, Vincentius) is a male given name derived from the Roman name Vincentius, which is derived from the Latin word (''to conquer''). People with the given name Artists *Vincent Apap (1909–2003), Maltese sculptor *Vincent van Gogh ...
, Thomas Kilpper,
Henrik Olesen Henrik Olesen (b. 1967) is a Danish artist working in Berlin. He has been featured in exhibitions in New York City, Sweden, and Austria. Olesen was born in Esbjerg. He studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen from 1989 to 1 ...
* 2012: Nine Budde, Wolfgang Breuer, Sophie Reinhold, Yorgos Sapountzis * 2013:
Shannon Bool Shannon Bool (born 1972) is a Canadian artist. Bool lives and works in Berlin. Education Bool was born in 1972 in Comox, British Columbia. She received a Master's degree from the Städelschule, Frankfurt. Career In 2005, her work was featured in ...
, Heide Hinrichs, Daniel Maier-Reimer, Mariechen Danz * 2014:
Ei Arakawa EI or Ei may refer to: Arts and media * "E.I." (song), a single by Nelly * E/I, a type of children's television programming shown in the United States * ''Ei'' (album), an album by Maija Vilkkumaa ** "Ei" (song), its first single * '' Eerie, In ...
, Natalie Czech, Loretta Fahrenholz, Petrit Halilaj, Sergei Tcherepnin, Alvaro Urbano * 2015:
Alisa Margolis Alisa Margolis (born 1975 in Kiev, Ukraine) is an artist based in Berlin. Margolis graduated at the Columbia University in New York in 1997 and her MFA fellowship at de Ateliers in Amsterdam in 2003. Her work has been shown internationally in m ...
, Johannes Paul Raether, Judith Raum, Anike Joyce Sadiq * 2016: Flaka Haliti, Stefan Vogel, Nico Joana Weber, Jonas Weichsel * 2017: Andrea Bellu, Matei Bellu, Carina Brandes, Kasia Fudakowski, Stefan Pente, Farkhondeh Shahroudi * 2018: Jeewi Lee, Christophe Ndabananiye, Lerato Shadi, Viron Erol Vert * 2019:
KAYA Kaya may refer to: People *Kaya (given name) *Kaya (surname) Places *Kaya, Burkina Faso, a town in Burkina Faso, capital of the department *Kaya Airport, serving the town * Kaya Department, a department or commune of Sanmatenga Province in centr ...
, Marcela Moraga, Christian Naujoks,
Rajkamal Kahlon Rajkamal Kahlon is an American artist based in Germany whose work draws on legacies of colonialism, often using the material culture, documentary material, and aesthetics of Western colonial archives. Biography Kahlon was raised in California, t ...
* 2020: Özlem Altin, Lydia Hamann and Kaj Osteroth, Alice Peragine, Amelia Umuhire * 2021:
Pauline Curnier Jardin Pauline Curnier Jardin (born 1980, Marseille, France) is a visual artist working mainly in film, installation, performance and drawing. She lives in Rome and Berlin. In her work, Curnier Jardin has revisited Joan of Arc, Bernadette Soubirous, the ...
, Lene Markusen, Musa Michelle Mattiuzzi,
Giuseppe Stampone Giuseppe Stampone (born in Cluses, France) is a visual artist who lives and works between Rome and Brussels. His artistic production ranges from multimedia installations and videos to drawings made with Bic pen,
* 2022: Haure Madjid, Jasmina Metwaly, Neda Saeedi, Alexander Skorobogatov


See also

*
List of European art awards This list of European art awards covers some of the main art awards given by organizations in Europe. Some are restricted to artists in a particular genre or from a given country or region, while others are broader in scope. The list is organized ...


References


External links

{{coord, 43, 45, 15, N, 11, 14, 21, E, region:IT-FI_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki, display=title Awards established in 1905 German art awards 1905 establishments in Germany