![VicariusFiliiDeiHelwigCalculationfinal](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/VicariusFiliiDeiHelwigCalculationfinal.png)
''Vicarius Filii Dei'' (
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
: ''
Vicar
A vicar (; Latin: ''vicarius'') is a representative, deputy or substitute; anyone acting "in the person of" or agent for a superior (compare "vicarious" in the sense of "at second hand"). Linguistically, ''vicar'' is cognate with the English pref ...
'' or ''Representative of the Son of God'') is a phrase first used in the forged medieval ''
Donation of Constantine
The ''Donation of Constantine'' ( ) is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. Composed probably in t ...
'' to refer to
Saint Peter
Saint Peter; he, שמעון בר יונה, Šimʿōn bar Yōnāh; ar, سِمعَان بُطرُس, translit=Simʿa̅n Buṭrus; grc-gre, Πέτρος, Petros; cop, Ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ, Petros; lat, Petrus; ar, شمعون الصفـا, Sham'un ...
, who is regarded as the first
Pope
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
by the Catholic Church.
Origins and uses of the phrase
The earliest known instance of the phrase ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' is in the ''
Donation of Constantine
The ''Donation of Constantine'' ( ) is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope. Composed probably in t ...
'', now dated between the eighth and the ninth centuries AD.
Johann Peter Kirsch
Johann Peter Kirsch (3 November 1861 – 4 February 1941) was a Luxembourgish ecclesiastical historian and biblical archaeologist.
Life
Johann Peter Kirsch was born in Dippach, Luxembourg, the son of Andreas and Katherine Didier Kirsch. At ...
states that "many of the recent critical students of the document
.e. Donation of Constantinelocate its composition at Rome and attribute the forgery to an ecclesiastic, their chief argument being an intrinsic one: this false document was composed in favour of the popes and of the Holy Catholic Roman Church, therefore the Christ Church itself must have had the chief interest in a forgery executed for a purpose so clearly expressed".
However, it goes on to state, "Grauert, for whom the forger is a Frankish subject, shares the view of
Hergenröther, i.e. the forger had in mind a defence of the new Western Empire from the attacks of the
Eastern Romans
The Byzantine Greeks were the Greek-speaking Eastern Romans of Orthodox Christianity throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. They were the main inhabitants of the lands of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), of Constantinople ...
. Therefore it was highly important for him to establish the legitimacy of the newly founded empire, and this purpose was especially aided by all that the document alleges concerning the elevation of the pope."
[Kirsch, Johann Peter.]
Donation of Constantine
. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
Despite the Donation later being recognized as a forgery, initially the whistleblower
Laurentius Valla who discovered the forgery had his work suppressed by the
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia), and Catholics were forbidden ...
Gratian
Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and wa ...
included the phrase in his "
Decretum" in Distinctio 96 chapter 14. The title was also included in some collections of Greek canons. Though it was derived from a forgery (
The Donation of Constantine) and some
have said it carried no dogmatic or canonical authority, protestants pointed to the weight and authority proscribed within Gratian's Decretal Distinctio 19 Chapter 6 which stated that the decretal epistles were reckoned part of the canonical scriptures. It was previously also used as such for hundreds of years in the past.
Documented Usage
Several popes used the phrase and quoted it throughout their documents including the following:
*
Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (21 June 1002 – 19 April 1054), born Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054. Leo IX is considered to be one of the most historically ...
in his ''In Terra Pax Hominibus'', 1054
*
Pope Nicholaus IV in his ''letter to Caydonius the Tartar'', 1289
*
Pope John XXII
Pope John XXII ( la, Ioannes PP. XXII; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death in December 1334.
He was the second and longest-reigning Avignon Pope, elected by ...
in his ''Licet juxta doctrinam'', 1327
*
Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI ( la, Paulus VI; it, Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his ...
in his ''Rivi Muniensis,'' 1965 and in his ''Bafianae,'' 1968
Lawyers
Catholic documents used the phrase as well including those from Canon Lawyer
Augustinus Triumphus
Augustinus Triumphus ( it, Agostino Trionfo; 1243 – 2 April 1328), also known as Augustinus of Ancona, was a Hermit of St. Augustine and writer. He is celebrated for his work ''Summa de potestate ecclesiastica'', printed in 1473. The ''Summa'' b ...
in his ''Summa de potestate ecclesiastica.'' Others such as Venetian lawyer Alphonsus Alvarez Guerrero, a Spanish civil and canon lawyer (1559) used the phrase in his ''Thesaurus Christianae Religiones.'' Venetian jureconsult and author (16th century) Giovanni Battista Ziletti (1577) also used the phrase in his work ''Consiliorum Seu Responsorum, Ad Causas Criminales, Recens Editorum''
Cardinals and Bishops
In 1561
Dominican and Spanish theologian
Juan de Torquemada used the phrase in his monumental ''Summa de Ecclesia.'' In 1581, Antonino (Archbishop of Florence) in Volume 3 of his ''Summa Theologicae'' quotes the phrase and applies it to the pope. The acclaimed Cardinal
Henry Edward Manning
Henry Edward Manning (15 July 1808 – 14 January 1892) was an English prelate of the Catholic church, and the second Archbishop of Westminster from 1865 until his death in 1892. He was ordained in the Church of England as a young man, but con ...
used an english equivalent "Vicar of the Son of God" to refer to the pope. In his "Vindication of the Popes against opponents of all kinds" ''Vindiciae Summorum Pontificum adversus omnis generis adversarios,'' Wilibald Heiss (1755) also used the title.
Jesuit
, image = Ihs-logo.svg
, image_size = 175px
, caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits
, abbreviation = SJ
, nickname = Jesuits
, formation =
, founders ...
Vincent Houdry
Vincent Houdry (23 January 1631, Tours – 21 March 1729, Paris) was a French Jesuit preacher and writer on ascetics.
Biography
According to the catalogues of the Society of Jesus, Houdry entered the Society of Jesus at Paris on 10 October 1 ...
also used the title in his work ''Bibliotheca Concionatoria Complectens Panegyricas Orationes Sanctorum'' where he described the win of
Innocent II
Pope Innocent II ( la, Innocentius II; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. His election as pope was controversial and the fi ...
over
antipope
An antipope ( la, antipapa) is a person who makes a significant and substantial attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. At times between the 3rd and mid- ...
Anaclectus II
Ecclesiastical Anthology
In his ''Polyanthea Sacrorum,'' Giovanni Paolo Paravicini and also Laurentius Brancati in his ''Epitome Canonum Omnium,'' enumerated papal names or claims to authority and stated that the "Papa Est Vicarius Filii Dei Sicut Petris" "The Pope is Vicarius Filii Dei like Peter".. Wolfgang Frölich in his 1790 work (''Who is Peter) Quis est Petrus seu qualis Petri Primatus?: Liber theologico-canonico catholicus'' described Peter's successor with the phrase "Christi Filii Dei Vicarius". The French catechism ''Catéchisme de persévérance'', also used the french version of the title "vicaire du Fils de Dieu".. Italian
Franciscan
The Franciscans are a group of related Mendicant orders, mendicant Christianity, Christian Catholic religious order, religious orders within the Catholic Church. Founded in 1209 by Italian Catholic friar Francis of Assisi, these orders include t ...
canonist
Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...
Lucius Ferraris
Lucius Ferraris (18 April 1687 – 24 February 1763) was an Italian Franciscan canonist of the 18th century. He was born at Solero, near Alessandria in Northern Italy. He was also professor, provincial of his order, and consultor of the Holy Off ...
also used the title in his ''Prompta Bibliotheca Canonica, Juridica, Moralis.'' Theologian D'Utrecht in his work ''Défense de L'Eglise Romaine et des Souverains Pontifes'' also used the title.
Papal title?
![Papežská tiára](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Pape%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_ti%C3%A1ra.JPG)
The Protestant writer
Andreas Helwig
Andreas Helwig (Helwich, Helvigius) (1572–1643) was a German classical scholar and linguist. His ''Origenes dictionum germanicarum'' (1622) was a pioneer etymological work of the German language.
Life
Helwig was rector of the University of Berli ...
suggested that ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' was an expansion of the historical title ''Vicarius Christi'', rather than an official title used by the Popes themselves. His interpretation did not become common until about the time of the
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...
. Some later Protestant figures asserted that ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' was an official title of the Pope, with some saying that this title appeared on the
papal tiara
The papal tiara is a crown that was worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid-20th. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963 and only at the beginning of his reign.
The name "tiara" refers to the entire h ...
and/or a
mitre
The mitre (Commonwealth English) (; Greek: μίτρα, "headband" or "turban") or miter (American English; see spelling differences), is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in ...
. Some Catholic converts to protestantism such as Balthasar Hoffman also testified to witnessing the title engraved with 100 diamonds on the 1845 tiara of
Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI ( la, Gregorius XVI; it, Gregorio XVI; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in 1 June 1846. He h ...
Catholic
apologist
Apologetics (from Greek , "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and ...
Patrick Madrid answers the Protestant assertions by claiming that ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' has never been an official Papal title. Catholics answer the claims that "Vicarius Filii Dei" is written on the
Papal Tiara
The papal tiara is a crown that was worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid-20th. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963 and only at the beginning of his reign.
The name "tiara" refers to the entire h ...
by stating that a simple inspection of the more than 20 papal tiaras still in existence—including those in use in 1866 during the reign of
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
when
Uriah Smith
Uriah Smith (May 3, 1832 – March 6, 1903) was a Seventh-day Adventist author, minister, educator, and theologian who is best known as the longest serving editor of the ''Review and Herald'' (now the ''Adventist Review'') for over 50 years.
Ur ...
made his claim—shows that none have this inscription, nor is there any evidence that any of the earlier papal tiaras destroyed by invading French troops in 1798 had it.
[Patrick Madrid.]
Pope Fiction
. ''Envoy'' magazine, March/April 1998 Though other Catholic Sources such as
Our Sunday Visitor
Our Sunday Visitor (OSV) is a Catholic publishing company in Huntington, Indiana, which prints the American national weekly newspaper of that name, as well as numerous Catholic periodicals, religious books, pamphlets, catechetical materials, i ...
did in fact admit to the title being inscribed on a tiara. While Catholic scholars such as Professor Emeritus at the Catholic University of America Dr Johannes Quasten (1900-1987) stated that "The title Vicarius Filii Dei as well as the title vicarius christi is very common as the title of the pope"
Protestant view
Many Protestants have the view that ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' can be applied to the
Bishop of Rome
A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...
.
Origins of a controversy
The earliest extant record of a
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
writer on this subject is that of Professor
Andreas Helwig
Andreas Helwig (Helwich, Helvigius) (1572–1643) was a German classical scholar and linguist. His ''Origenes dictionum germanicarum'' (1622) was a pioneer etymological work of the German language.
Life
Helwig was rector of the University of Berli ...
in 1512. In his work ''Antichristus Romanus'' he took fifteen titles in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin and computed their numerical equivalents using the principle of
Isopsephy Isopsephy (; ''isos'' meaning "equal" and ''psephos'' meaning "pebble") or isopsephism is the practice of adding up the number values of the letters in a word to form a single number. The total number is then used as a metaphorical bridge to othe ...
in those languages, arriving at the number
666
666 may refer to:
* 666 (number)
* 666 BC, a year
* AD 666, a year
* The number of the beast, a reference in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament
Places
* 666 Desdemona, a minor planet in the asteroid belt
* U.S. Route 666, an America ...
mentioned in the
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament (and consequently the final book of the Christian Bible). Its title is derived from the first word of the Koine Greek text: , meaning "unveiling" or "revelation". The Book of R ...
. Out of all these titles, he preferred to single out ''Vicarius Filii Dei'', for the reason that it met "all the conditions which
ardinal Bellarmine had thus far demanded."
Helwig's criteria was as follows:
# must yield the required number
# must agree with the papal order
# must not be a vile name applied by enemies, but acceptable to Antichrist himself
# must be one of which he can boast.
Helwig suggested that the supposed title was an expansion of the historical title ''
Vicarius Christi'', rather than an official title used by the Popes themselves. Additionally, he said nothing about the title appearing on tiaras or mitres. Helwig's interpretation did not become a common one until about the time of the French Revolution. Some later Protestant figures directly claimed that ''Vicarius Filii Dei'' was an official title of the Roman Catholic Pope, some claimed that this title appeared on the
papal tiara
The papal tiara is a crown that was worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid-20th. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963 and only at the beginning of his reign.
The name "tiara" refers to the entire h ...
and/or a
mitre
The mitre (Commonwealth English) (; Greek: μίτρα, "headband" or "turban") or miter (American English; see spelling differences), is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in ...
.
Some Protestants view the Pope as the Antichrist. This view was common at the time of Helwig and is still part of the confession of faith of some Protestant churches, such as those within
Confessional Lutheranism
Confessional Lutheranism is a name used by Lutheranism, Lutherans to designate those who believe in the doctrines taught in the ''Book of Concord'' of 1580 (the Lutheran confessional documents) in their entirety. Confessional Lutherans maintain th ...
and the London Baptist confession of 1689.
Historical Seventh-day Adventist views
In 1866,
Uriah Smith
Uriah Smith (May 3, 1832 – March 6, 1903) was a Seventh-day Adventist author, minister, educator, and theologian who is best known as the longest serving editor of the ''Review and Herald'' (now the ''Adventist Review'') for over 50 years.
Ur ...
was the first to propose the interpretation to the
Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church is an Adventist Protestant Christian denomination which is distinguished by its observance of Saturday, the seventh day of the week in the Christian (Gregorian) and the Hebrew calendar, as the Sabbath, and ...
.
['']Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary
The ''Seventh-day Adventist Commentary Reference Series'' is a set of volumes produced primarily by Seventh-day Adventist scholars, and designed for both scholarly and popular level use. It includes the seven-volume ''Seventh-day Adventist Bibl ...
'', 223 In ''The United States in the Light of Prophecy'', he wrote: "The pope wears upon his pontifical crown in jeweled letters, this title: ''Vicarius Filii Dei'', 'Viceregent of the Son of God'; the numerical value of which title is just six hundred and sixty-six. The most plausible supposition we have ever seen on this point is that here we find the number in question. It is the number of the beast, the papacy; it is the number of his name, for he adopts it as his distinctive title; it is the number of a man, for he who bears it is the 'man of sin'."
Uriah Smith maintained his interpretation in the various editions of ''Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation'', which was influential in the church.
In November 1948,
Le Roy Froom
Le Roy Edwin Froom (October 16, 1890 – February 20, 1974) was a Seventh-day Adventist minister and historian whose writings and interpretations are a cause of much debate in the Adventist Church. He also was a central figure in the meetings w ...
, a Seventh-day Adventist ministerial leader, editor of the church's ''
Ministry
Ministry may refer to:
Government
* Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister
* Ministry (government department), a department of a government
Religion
* Christian ...
'', and a church historian, wrote an article to correct the mistaken use of some of the denomination's evangelists who continued to claim that the Latin words ''"Vicarius Filii Dei"'' were written on a papal tiara.
Froom also stated in the 1948 article that at one point a prominent Adventist went to Rome to take some pictures of the papal tiaras, but "the photographs were without any wording of any sort on any one of the three crown, front or back." Later, an Adventist artist who wanted to illustrate a standard Adventist text on prophecies added the words "Vicarius", "Filii", and "Dei", one word on each of the three tiaras in the photograph taken. He submitted his image for publishing in a standard church text on Bible prophecy; the image was to serve as an illustration in the book, not as a visual proof. However, when an Adventist publishing house and the Adventist General Conference received it, they "emphatically rejected it as misleading and deceptive, and refused to allow its use. (All honor to them!)." Froom concluded his 1948 article with the following words: "Truth does not need fabrication to aid or support it. Its very nature precludes any manipulation or duplicity. We cannot afford to be party to any fraud. The reflex action upon our own souls should be a sufficient deterrent. We must never use a quotation or a picture merely because it sounds or looks impressive. We must honor the truth, and meticulously observe the principle of honesty in the handling of evidence under all circumstances."
It is worth noting however that the equivalent title "Vicarius Christi" is indeed known to be inscribed upon the Belgium Tiara given to
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
on 18 June 1871 by the Ladies of the Royal Court of the King of the Belgians and designed by
Jean Baptist Bethune of Ghent. Adventists have proposed that the alternate "Vicarius Christi" is no better than Vicarius Filii Dei, because of the correlation in Leviticus 24:18 between the substitute ''Vicarium'' in the Vulgate and the substitute ἀντί "life for life" in the greek text. They have proposed ''Vicarius Christi'' therefore means "Antichrist".
Catholic response
Catholic
apologist
Apologetics (from Greek , "speaking in defense") is the religious discipline of defending religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers (c. 120–220) who defended their beliefs against critics and ...
Patrick Madrid answers the Protestant claims by claiming that "Vicarius Filii Dei" has never been an official Papal title. He also argue that even if it were a Papal title, that would not be sufficient to associate the Pope with the number of the Beast, as, for example, the name of
Ellen Gould White can also be similarly manipulated to get the same number (ELLen GoVLD VVhIte 50+50+5+50+500+5+5+1=666). He answers the claims that "Vicarius Filii Dei" is not written on
Papal Tiara
The papal tiara is a crown that was worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid-20th. It was last used by Pope Paul VI in 1963 and only at the beginning of his reign.
The name "tiara" refers to the entire h ...
by stating that merely looking at any of the more than 20 papal tiaras still in existence—including those in use in 1866 during the reign of
Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
when Uriah Smith made his claim—plainly shows that not even one of them has any such inscription, nor is there any evidence that any of the earlier papal tiaras destroyed by invading French troops in 1798 had any such inscription either.
Adventists Samuele Bacchiocchi responded to those claims, by pointing out that "interpreting 666 on the basis of the numerical values of the letters of names can give absurd results". He also notes the Donation of Constantine was considered as true to the point "this forged document was used by 10 popes over a period of six centuries to assert, not only their
ecclesiastical supremacy over all the churches, but also their political sovereignty over what became known the
Papal States
The Papal States ( ; it, Stato Pontificio, ), officially the State of the Church ( it, Stato della Chiesa, ; la, Status Ecclesiasticus;), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope fro ...
, which included most of
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
." He also states the title "Vicarius Filii Dei" was considered as an official title of the pope.
[THE MARK AND NUMBER OF THE BEAST]
, Samuele Bacchiocchi Samuele is the Italian spelling of Samuel.
Samuele may also refer to:
* Asteroid 11622 Samuele, named after Italian amateur astronomer Samuele Marconi
* ''Samuele'' (Mayr), oratorio
{{Disambiguation
Italian masculine given names ...
, Ph. D., ENDTIME ISSUES NEWSLETTER No. 139
See also
*
Chronogram
A chronogram is a sentence or inscription in which specific letters, interpreted as numerals (such as Roman numerals), stand for a particular date when rearranged. The word, meaning "time writing", derives from the Greek words ''chronos'' (χ ...
*
Vicar of Jesus Christ
Vicar of Christ (from Latin ) is a term used in different ways and with different theological connotations throughout history. The original notion of a vicar is as an "earthly representative of Christ", but it's also used in the sense of "person a ...
References
Further reading
* Bruinsma, Reinder. (1994). Seventh-day Adventist Attitudes Toward Roman Catholicism 1844–1965, Berrien Springs, Michigan. .
* Heim, Bruno (1978). Heraldry in the Catholic Church: Its Origins, Customs and Laws, Gerrards Cross, Eng.: Van Duren. .
* Noonan, James-Charles. (1996). The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, New York: Viking. .
* Smith, Uriah (1881). Thoughts, Critical and Practical on the Book of Revelation, Battle Creek, Mich.
* Froom, Le Roy (1948). "Dubious Pictures of the Tiara." The Ministry, vol.10, no.21. November, 1948.
* Smithe, Jefferson (1902). Roman Catholic Ritual, London.
{{Papal symbols and rituals
Catholicism-related controversies
History of the papacy
Latin religious words and phrases