''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nom ...

in the family

Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. The ...

. It contains about 150 species of

annual Annual may refer to: *Annual publication, periodical publications appearing regularly once per year ** Yearbook ** Literary annual *Annual plant *Annual report *Annual giving *Annual, Morocco, a settlement in northeastern Morocco *Annuals (band), ...

and

perennial A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also wid ...

herbaceous or semi-woody

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s. The majority of the species are

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to the Americas and Asia; however, ''

Verbena officinalis ''Verbena officinalis'', the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mau ...

'', the common vervain or common verbena, is the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specime ...

and native to Europe.

Naming

In English, the name ''Verbena'' is usually used in the United States and the United Kingdom, whereas elsewhere the terms ''verveine'' or ''vervain'' are in use. When used alone, the terms usually refer to common verbena.

Description

Verbena is an herbaceous flowering plant, belonging to the Verbenaceae

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

, and may be annual or perennial depending on the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

. The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowers are small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in

cultivar A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture ...

s. The genus can be divided into a diploid North American and a

polyploid Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of ( homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei ( eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes, where each set contain ...

South American lineage, both with a base

chromosome number Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectivel ...

of seven. The European species is derived from the North American lineage. It seems that verbena as well as the related

mock vervain ''Glandularia'', common name mock vervain or mock verbena, is a genus of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae. They are native to the Americas. Description These plants, like their relatives the vervains ( ...

s (''Glandularia'') evolved from the assemblage provisionally treated under the genus name ''

Junellia ''Junellia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the verbena and vervain family Verbenaceae, native to the Andes, Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands. Species Currently accepted species include: *'' Junellia alba'' (Moldenke) Molinari *'' Junelli ...

''; both other genera were usually included in the Verbenaceae until the 1990s. Intergeneric chloroplast

gene transfer Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). HG ...

by an undetermined mechanism – though probably not hybridization – has occurred at least twice from vervains to ''Glandularia'', between the ancestors of the present-day South American lineages and once more recently, between '' V. orcuttiana'' or '' V. hastata'' and '' G. bipinnatifida''. In addition, several species of verbena are of natural

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

origin; the well-known garden vervain/verbena has an entirely muddy history. The relationships of this close-knit group are therefore hard to resolve with standard methods of

computational phylogenetics Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic

Cultivation

Some species, hybrids and cultivars of verbena are used as ornamental plants. They are drought-resistant, tolerating full to partial sun, and enjoy well-drained, average soils. Plants are usually grown from seed. Some species and hybrids are not hardy and are treated as half-hardy annuals in

bedding Bedding, also known as bedclothes or bed linen, is the materials laid above the mattress of a bed for hygiene, warmth, protection of the mattress, and decorative effect. Bedding is the removable and washable portion of a human sleeping environm ...

schemes. They are valued in

butterfly gardening Butterfly gardening is a way to create, improve, and maintain habitat for lepidopterans including butterflies, skippers, and moths. Butterflies have four distinct life stages—egg, larva, chrysalis, and adult. In order to support and sustain ...

in suitable climates, attracting Lepidoptera such as the

Hummingbird hawk-moth The hummingbird hawk-moth (''Macroglossum stellatarum'') is a species of hawk moth found across temperate regions of Eurasia. The species is named for its similarity to hummingbirds, as they feed on the nectar of tube-shaped flowers using thei ...

, Chocolate albatross, or the Pipevine swallowtail, and also hummingbirds, especially ''V. officinalis'', which is also grown as a

honey plant Honeybees usually collect nectar, pollen, or both from the following species of plants, which are called honey plants, for making honey. Acanthaceae (Acanthus family) *'' Avicennia nitida'' Jacq. or Avicennia ger ...

. The hybrid cultivars "Silver Anne" and "

Sissinghurst Sissinghurst is a small village in the borough of Tunbridge Wells in Kent, England. Originally called ''Milkhouse Street'' (also referred to as ''Mylkehouse''), Sissinghurst changed its name in the 1850s, possibly to avoid association with the smu ...

" have gained the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...

's Award of Garden Merit.

Pests and diseases

For some verbena pathogens, see List of verbena diseases. Cultivated verbenas are sometimes parasitized by

sweet potato whitefly The silverleaf whitefly (''Bemisia tabaci'', also informally referred to as the sweet potato whitefly) is one of several species of whitefly that are currently important agricultural pests. A review in 2011 concluded that the silverleaf whitefly ...

(''Bemisia tabaci'') and spread this pest to other crops.

Uses

Although verbena ("vervain") has been used in

herbalism Herbal medicine (also herbalism) is the study of pharmacognosy and the use of medicinal plants, which are a basis of traditional medicine. With worldwide research into pharmacology, some herbal medicines have been translated into modern reme ...

and

traditional medicine Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...

, usually as an

herbal tonic In herbal medicine, an herbal tonic (also tonic herbs, tonic herbalism) is used to help restore, tone and invigorate systems in the body or to promote general health and well-being. An herbal tonic is a solution or other preparation made from a ...

, there is no high-quality evidence for its effectiveness. Verbena has been listed as one of the 38 plants used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its effect on health. According to

Cancer Research UK Cancer Research UK (CRUK) is the world's largest independent cancer research organization. It is registered as a charity in the United Kingdom and Isle of Man, and was formed on 4 February 2002 by the merger of The Cancer Research Campaign and t ...

, "essence therapists believe that using essences can help to increase your mental, emotional and spiritual wellbeing. However, essences are not used to prevent, control, or cure cancer or any other physical condition." The essential oil of various species, mainly common vervain, is traded as "Spanish verbena oil". Considered inferior to oil of

lemon verbena ''Aloysia citrodora'', lemon verbena, is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family Verbenaceae, native to South America. Other common names include lemon beebrush. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 17th ce ...

(''Aloysia citrodora'') in

perfumery Perfume (, ; french: parfum) is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds (fragrances), fixatives and solvents, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable scent. Th ...

, it is of some commercial importance for herbalism.

In culture

Verbena has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces. It was called "tears of

Isis Isis (; ''Ēse''; ; Meroitic: ''Wos'' 'a''or ''Wusa''; Phoenician: 𐤀𐤎, romanized: ʾs) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kin ...

" in ancient Egypt, and later called "Hera's tears". In ancient Greece it was dedicated to Eos Erigineia. The generic name is the Latin term for a plant sacred to the ancient Romans.

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ' ...

describes ''verbena'' presented on

Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, but slightly less than one-thousandth t ...

altars; it is not entirely clear if this referred to a verbena rather than the general term for prime sacrificial herbs. Pliny the Elder notes "the Magi especially make the maddest statements about the plant: that mong other thingsa circle must be drawn with iron round the plant". The common names of verbena in many Central and Eastern European languages often associate it with

iron Iron () is a chemical element with Symbol (chemistry), symbol Fe (from la, Wikt:ferrum, ferrum) and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 element, group 8 of the periodic table. It is, Abundanc ...

. These include for example the Dutch ' ("iron-hard"), Danish ' ("medical ironwort"), German ' ("true ironherb"), Slovak ' ("medical ironherb"), and Hungarian ' ("iron grass"). In the early Christian era, folk legend stated that ''V. officinalis'' was used to staunch Jesus' wounds after his removal from the cross. It was consequently called "holy herb" or (e.g. in Wales) "Devil's bane". According to the Wiccan writer

Doreen Valiente Doreen Edith Dominy Valiente (4 January 1922 – 1 September 1999) was an English Wiccan who was responsible for writing much of the early religious liturgy within the tradition of Gardnerian Wicca. An author and poet, she also published five b ...

, Vervain flowers signify the goddess Diana and are often depicted on ''

cimaruta The cimaruta ("''-mah--tah''"; plural cimarute) is an Italian folk amulet or talisman, traditionally worn around the neck or hung above an infant's bed to ward off the evil eye ( it, mal'occhio). Commonly made of silver, the amulet itself consist ...

'', traditional Italian amulets. In the 1870 ''The History and Practice of Magic'' by "Paul Christian" (Jean-Baptiste Pitois) it is employed in the preparation of a mandragora charm. The book also describes its antiseptic capabilities (p. 336), and use as a protection against spells (pp. 339, 414). While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and for example the

Pawnee Pawnee initially refers to a Native American people and its language: * Pawnee people * Pawnee language Pawnee is also the name of several places in the United States: * Pawnee, Illinois * Pawnee, Kansas * Pawnee, Missouri * Pawnee City, Nebraska ...

have adopted it as an

entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoac ...

enhancer and in

oneiromancy Oneiromancy (from the , and ) is a form of divination based upon dreams, and also uses dreams to predict the future. Oneirogen plants may also be used to produce or enhance dream-like states of consciousness. Occasionally, the dreamer feels as if ...

(dream divination), much as '' Calea zacatechichi'' is used in Mexico. An indeterminate vervain is among the plants on the eighth panel of the New World Tapestry (''Expedition to Cape Cod''). In the Victorian

language of flowers Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...

, verbena held the dual meaning of enchantment and sensibility.

Species

The following species are accepted: (See also '' Aloysia'', '' Glandularia'' and ''

'' for species formerly placed here.) *''

Verbena alata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Otto ex Sweet *'' Verbena alejandrana'' (B.L.Turner) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena × allenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena amoena'' Paxton *'' Verbena andalgalensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena angustilobata'' (Moldenke) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena araucana'' Phil. *'' Verbena aristigera'' S.Moore *'' Verbena atacamensis'' Reiche *'' Verbena aurantiaca'' Speg. *'' Verbena bajacalifornica'' Moldenke *'' Verbena balansae'' Briq. *'' Verbena barbata'' Graham *'' Verbena berteroi'' (Meisn.) Schauer *'' Verbena × bingenensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena bipinnatifida'' Schauer *'' Verbena × blanchardii'' Moldenke *''

Verbena bonariensis :''This is about the ''Verbena bonariensis'' described by Linnaeus. See also below for a common misapplication of this taxon.'' ''Verbena bonariensis'', the purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, Argentinian vervain, tall verbena or pretty verbe ...

'' L. – purpletop vervain, clustertop vervain, tall verbena, pretty verbena, South American vervain *'' Verbena brachyrhynchos'' (G.L.Nesom & Vorobik) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena bracteata'' Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr. – prostrate vervain, large-bracted vervain *''

Verbena brasiliensis ''Verbena brasiliensis'', the Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is a flowering plant species from the vervain family (Verbenaceae). It is native to parts of South America, namely Brazil, but has spread its range in recent times and has occa ...

'' Vell. – Brazilian verbena, Brazilian vervain *'' Verbena cabrerae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena californica'' Moldenke – California vervain, Red Hills vervain *'' Verbena calinfera'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena canadensis'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena canescens'' Kunth – gray vervain *'' Verbena caniuensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena carnea'' Medik. *'' Verbena carolina'' L. *'' Verbena catharinae'' Moldenke *''

Verbena cheitmaniana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual plant, annual and perennial plant, perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the speci ...

'' Moldenke *'' Verbena chiricahensis'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena × clemensiorum'' Moldenke *'' Verbena cloverae'' Moldenke *'' Verbena corymbosa'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena cuneifolia'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena dalloniana'' Quézel *'' Verbena × deamii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena delicatula'' Mart. & Zucc. *'' Verbena delticola'' Small ex Perry *'' Verbena demissa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena dissecta'' Willd. ex Spreng. *'' Verbena dusenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ehrenbergiana'' Schauer *'' Verbena elegans'' Kunth *'' Verbena × engelmannii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ephedroides'' Cham. *'' Verbena falcata'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena filicaulis'' Schauer *'' Verbena flava'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena glabrata'' Kunth *'' Verbena gooddingii'' Briq. *'' Verbena × goodmanii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena goyazensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena gracilescens'' (Cham.) Herter *'' Verbena gracilis'' Desf. *'' Verbena grisea'' B.L.Rob. & Greenm. *'' Verbena guaibensis'' (P.Peralta & V.Thode) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena guaranitica'' (Tronc.) Moldenke *'' Verbena gynobasis'' Wedd. *''

Verbena halei ''Verbena halei'', commonly known as Texas vervain, Texas verbena, or slender verbena, is a flowering plant in the vervain family, Verbenaceae. It is native to much of the southern United States and Mexico. Scattered populations have been found a ...

'' Small – Texas vervain *'' Verbena hassleriana'' Briq. *''

Verbena hastata ''Verbena hastata'', commonly known as American vervain, blue vervain, simpler's joy, or swamp verbena, is a perennial flowering plant in the vervain family Verbenaceae. It grows throughout the continental United States and in much of southern ...

'' L. – swamp verbena, blue vervain *'' Verbena hatschbachii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena herteri'' Moldenke *'' Verbena hirta'' Spreng. *'' Verbena hispida'' Ruiz & Pav. *'' Verbena humifusa'' Cham. *'' Verbena × illicita'' Moldenke *'' Verbena incompta'' P.W.Michael *'' Verbena intermedia'' Gillies & Hook. *'' Verbena jessicae'' Nesom & G.S.Hinton *'' Verbena jordanensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena kuntzeana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena laciniata'' (L.) Briq. *'' Verbena landbeckii'' Phil. *'' Verbena lasiostachys'' Link – western vervain *'' Verbena lilacina'' Greene *'' Verbena lilloana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindbergii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena lindmanii'' Briq. *'' Verbena lipozygioides'' Walp. *'' Verbena litoralis'' Kunth – seashore vervain *'' Verbena livermorensis'' B.L.Turner & G.L.Nesom *''

Verbena lobata ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' Vell. *'' Verbena macdougalii'' A.Heller *'' Verbena macrosperma'' Speg. *''

Verbena madrensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena malmii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena malpaisana'' (T.Van Devender & G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *'' Verbena maritima'' Small *'' Verbena marrubioides'' Cham. *'' Verbena megapotamica'' Spreng. *'' Verbena mendocina'' Phil. *'' Verbena menthifolia'' Benth. – mint vervain *'' Verbena microphylla'' Kunth *'' Verbena moctezumae'' G.L.Nesom & T.Van Devender *'' Verbena × moechina'' Moldenke *''

Verbena montevidensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Spreng. – Uruguayan verbena *'' Verbena moranii'' G.L.Nesom *'' Verbena multiglandulosa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena nana'' Moldenke *''

Verbena neomexicana ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas ...

'' (A.Gray) Briq. – hillside vervain *''

'' L. – common vervain, simpler's joy, holy herb, mosquito plant, wild hyssop, herb of the cross (type species) *'' Verbena × ostenii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ovata'' Cham. *'' Verbena paraguariensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena paranensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena parodii'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena paulensis'' Moldenke *'' Verbena perennis'' Wooton – pinleaf vervain *'' Verbena × perriana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena × perturbata'' Moldenke *'' Verbena peruviana'' (L.) Britton *'' Verbena phlogiflora'' Cham. *'' Verbena pinetorum'' Moldenke *'' Verbena platensis'' Spreng. *'' Verbena plicata'' Greene *'' Verbena polyantha'' (Umber) Moldenke *'' Verbena porrigens'' Phil. *'' Verbena pumila'' Rydb. *'' Verbena quadrangulata'' A.Heller *'' Verbena racemosa'' Eggert *'' Verbena radicata'' Moldenke *'' Verbena recta'' Kunth *'' Verbena rectiloba'' Moldenke *'' Verbena regnelliana'' Moldenke *'' Verbena reitzii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena ribifolia'' Walp. *'' Verbena rigida'' Spreng. – tuberous vervain *'' Verbena rugosa'' Mill. *'' Verbena × rydbergii'' Moldenke *'' Verbena sagittalis'' Cham. *'' Verbena santiaguensis'' (Covas & Schnack) Moldenke *'' Verbena scabra'' Vahl – sandpaper vervain *'' Verbena scabrella'' Sessé & Moc. *'' Verbena scrobiculata'' Griseb. *'' Verbena selloi'' Spreng. *'' Verbena sessilis'' (Cham.) Kuntze *'' Verbena simplex'' Lehm. – narrow-leaved vervain *'' Verbena sphaerocarpa'' L.M.Perry *'' Verbena stellarioides'' Cham. *'' Verbena stricta'' Vent. – hoary vervain *'' Verbena strigosa'' Cham. *'' Verbena × stuprosa'' Moldenke *'' Verbena subincana'' (Tronc.) Shinners *'' Verbena sulphurea'' D.Don *'' Verbena supina'' L. *''

Verbena tampensis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Nash *''

Verbena tecticaulis ''Verbena'' (), also known as vervain or verveine, is a genus in the family Verbenaceae. It contains about 150 species of annual and perennial herbaceous or semi-woody flowering plants. The majority of the species are native to the Americas a ...

'' Tronc. *'' Verbena tenera'' Spreng. *'' Verbena teucriifolia'' M.Martens & Galeotti *'' Verbena thymoides'' Cham. *'' Verbena tomophylla'' Briq. *'' Verbena townsendii'' Svenson *'' Verbena tumidula'' L.M.Perry *''Verbena turneri'' (G.L.Nesom) Christenh. & Byng *''Verbena tweedieana'' Niven ex Hook. *''Verbena urticifolia'' L. – white vervain *''Verbena × uruguayensis'' Moldenke *''Verbena valerianoides'' Kunth *''Verbena venturii'' Moldenke *''Verbena verecunda'' (Umber) Moldenke *''Verbena villifolia'' Hayek *''Verbena xutha'' Lehm. – gulf vervain

Gallery

File:Verbena obsession cascade pink 163940 02.jpg , Verbena obsession cascade pink File:Verbena bracteata NPS-1.jpg, Large-bracted Vervain (''Verbena bracteata, V. bracteata'') File:Verbena rigida0.jpg, '' Verbena rigida'' File:Verbena speciosa1.jpg, ''Verbena speciosa'' File:Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry.jpg, Superbena® Scarlet Star or Superbena® Raspberry File:Verbena stricta NPS-001.jpg, Hoary Vervain (''Verbena stricta, V. stricta'')

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q165290 Verbena, Garden plants Verbenaceae genera Medicinal plants