Vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of

vampire A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on the Vitalism, vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead, undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mi ...

s. The literary vampire first appeared in 18th-century poetry, before becoming one of the stock figures of

gothic fiction Gothic fiction, sometimes called Gothic horror in the 20th century, is a loose literary aesthetic of fear and haunting. The name is a reference to Gothic architecture of the European Middle Ages, which was characteristic of the settings of ea ...

with the publication of Polidori's ''

The Vampyre "The Vampyre" is a short work of prose fiction written in 1819 by John William Polidori taken from the story Lord Byron told as part of a contest among Polidori, Mary Shelley, Lord Byron, and Percy Shelley. The same contest produced the novel '' ...

'' (1819), which was inspired by the life and legend of

Lord Byron George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824), known simply as Lord Byron, was an English romantic poet and Peerage of the United Kingdom, peer. He was one of the leading figures of the Romantic movement, and h ...

. Later influential works include the

penny dreadful Penny dreadfuls were cheap popular serial literature produced during the nineteenth century in the United Kingdom. The pejorative term is roughly interchangeable with penny horrible, penny awful, and penny blood. The term typically referred to ...

Varney the Vampire ''Varney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood'' is a Victorian-era serialized gothic horror story variously attributed to James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest. It first appeared in 1845–1847 as a series of weekly cheap pamphlets of the ...

'' (1847); Sheridan Le Fanu's tale of a

lesbian vampire Lesbian vampirism is a trope in 20th-century exploitation film and literature. It was a way to hint at or titillate with the taboo idea of lesbianism in a fantasy context outside the heavily censored realm of social realism. Origins and earl ...

, ''

Carmilla ''Carmilla'' is an 1872 Gothic fiction, Gothic novella by Irish author Sheridan Le Fanu and one of the early works of vampire fiction, predating Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'' (1897) by 26 years. First published as a Serial (literature), serial in ' ...

'' (1872), and the most well known:

Bram Stoker Abraham Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author who is celebrated for his 1897 Gothic horror novel '' Dracula''. During his lifetime, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor Sir Henry Irving and busine ...

's ''

Dracula ''Dracula'' is a novel by Bram Stoker, published in 1897. As an epistolary novel, the narrative is related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist, but opens with solicitor Jonathan Harker taking ...

'' (1897). Some authors created a more "sympathetic vampire", with ''Varney'' being the first, and

Anne Rice Anne Rice (born Howard Allen Frances O'Brien; October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of gothic fiction, erotic literature, and Christian literature. She was best known for her series of novels ''The Vampire Chronicles''. B ...

's 1976 novel ''

Interview with the Vampire ''Interview with the Vampire'' is a gothic horror and vampire novel by American author Anne Rice, published in 1976. It was her debut novel. Based on a short story Rice wrote around 1968, the novel centers on vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac, w ...

'' as a more recent example.

History

18th century

Vampire fiction is rooted in the "vampire craze" of the 1720s and 1730s, which culminated in the somewhat bizarre official exhumations of suspected vampires

Petar Blagojevich Petar ( sr, Петар, bg, Петър) is a South Slavic masculine given name, their variant of the Biblical name Petros cognate to Peter. Derivative forms include Pero, Pejo, Pera, Perica, Petrica, Periša. Feminine equivalent is Petra. Pe ...

and

Arnold Paole Arnold Paole (''Arnont Paule'' in the original documents; an early German rendition of a Serbian name or nickname, perhaps Арнаут Павле, '' Arnaut Pavle''; died c. 1726) was a Serbian hajduk who was believed to have become a vampire afte ...

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian language, Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe, Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Bas ...

under the

Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy (german: Habsburgermonarchie, ), also known as the Danubian monarchy (german: Donaumonarchie, ), or Habsburg Empire (german: Habsburgerreich, ), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities ...

. One of the first works of art to touch upon the subject is the short German poem ''The Vampire'' (1748) by Heinrich August Ossenfelder, where the theme already has strong erotic overtones: a man whose love is rejected by a respectable and pious maiden threatens to pay her a nightly visit, drink her blood by giving her the seductive kiss of the vampire and thus prove to her that his teaching is better than her mother's

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.38 billion followers representing one-third of the global pop ...

. Furthermore, there have been a number of tales about a dead person returning from the grave to visit his/her beloved or spouse and bring them death in one way or another, the

narrative poem Narrative poetry is a form of poetry that tells a story, often using the voices of both a narrator and characters; the entire story is usually written in metered verse. Narrative poems do not need rhyme. The poems that make up this genre may be s ...

'' Lenore'' (1773) by

Gottfried August Bürger Gottfried August Bürger (31 December 1747 – 8 June 1794) was a German poet. His ballads were very popular in Germany. His most noted ballad, '' Lenore'', found an audience beyond readers of the German language in an English and Russian ada ...

being a notable 18th-century example (though the apparently returned lover is actually revealed to be death himself in disguise). One of its lines, ''Denn die Todten reiten schnell'' ("For the dead ride fast"), was to be quoted in Bram Stoker's classic ''Dracula''. A later German poem exploring the same subject with a prominent vampiric element was '' The Bride of Corinth'' (1797) by

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treat ...

, a story about a young woman who returns from the grave to seek her betrothed: The story is turned into an expression of the conflict between Heathendom and Christianity: the family of the dead girl are Christians, while the young man and his relatives are still pagans. It turns out that it was the girl's Christian mother who broke off her engagement and forced her to become a nun, eventually driving her to her death. The motive behind the girl's return as a "spectre" is that "e'en Earth can never cool down love". Goethe had been inspired by the story of '' Philinnion'' by

Phlegon of Tralles Phlegon of Tralles ( grc, Φλέγων ὁ Τραλλιανός ''Flegon o Trallianos'') was a Greek writer and freedman of the emperor Hadrian, who lived in the 2nd century AD. Works His chief work was the ''Olympiads'', an historical compendi ...

, a tale from

classical Greece Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." ( Thomas R. Marti ...

. However, in that tale, the youth is not the girl's betrothed, no religious conflict is present, no actual sucking of blood occurs, and the girl's return from the dead is said to be sanctioned by the gods of the

Underworld The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld. ...

. She relapses into death upon being exposed, and the issue is settled by burning her body outside of the city walls and making an

apotropaic Apotropaic magic (from Greek "to ward off") or protective magic is a type of magic intended to turn away harm or evil influences, as in deflecting misfortune or averting the evil eye. Apotropaic observances may also be practiced out of supersti ...

sacrifice to the deities involved.

19th century

The first mention of vampires in English literature appears in

Robert Southey Robert Southey ( or ; 12 August 1774 – 21 March 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, and Poet Laureate from 1813 until his death. Like the other Lake Poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Southey began as a ra ...

's monumental oriental epic poem ''

Thalaba the Destroyer ''Thalaba the Destroyer '' is an 1801 epic poem composed by Robert Southey. The origins of the poem can be traced to Southey's school boy days, but he did not begin to write the poem until he finished composing ''Madoc (poem), Madoc'' at the ag ...

'' (1801), where the main character Thalaba's deceased beloved Oneiza turns into a vampire, although that occurrence is actually marginal to the story. It has been argued that

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Samuel Taylor Coleridge (; 21 October 177225 July 1834) was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poe ...

's poem '' Christabel'' (written between 1797 and 1801, but not published until 1816) has influenced the development of vampire fiction: the heroine Christabel is seduced by a female supernatural being called Geraldine who tricks her way into her residence. Though Coleridge never finished the poem, some argue that his intended plot had Geraldine eventually trying to marry Christabel after having assumed the appearance of Christabel's absent lover. The story bears a remarkable resemblance to the overtly vampiric story of

by Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1872). In a passage in his

epic poem An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe for their descendants. ...

The Giaour ''The Giaour'' is a poem by Lord Byron first published in 1813 by John Murray and printed by Thomas Davison. It was the first in the series of Byron's Oriental romances. ''The Giaour'' proved to be a great success when published, consolidati ...

'' (1813),

alludes to the traditional folkloric conception of the vampire as a being damned to suck the blood and destroy the life of its nearest relations:

But first, on earth as vampire sent,
Thy corpse shall from its tomb be rent:
Then ghostly haunt thy native place,
And suck the blood of all thy race; There from thy daughter, sister, wife,
At midnight drain the stream of life;
Yet loathe the banquet which perforce
Must feed thy livid living corpse:
Thy victims ere they yet expire
Shall know thy demon for their sire,
As cursing thee, thou cursing them,
Thy flowers are withered on the stem.

Byron also composed an enigmatic fragmentary story, published as " A Fragment" in 1819 as part of the '' Mazeppa'' collection, concerning the mysterious fate of an aristocrat named Augustus Darvell whilst journeying in the Orient—as his contribution to the famous ghost story competition at the

Villa Diodati The Villa Diodati is a mansion in the village of Cologny near Lake Geneva in Switzerland, notable because Lord Byron rented it and stayed there with John Polidori in the summer of 1816. Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley, who had rented a house ...

Lake Geneva , image = Lake Geneva by Sentinel-2.jpg , caption = Satellite image , image_bathymetry = , caption_bathymetry = , location = Switzerland, France , coords = , lake_type = Glacial lak ...

in the summer of 1816, between him,

Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley ( ; 4 August 17928 July 1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets. A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achie ...

Mary Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (; ; 30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English novelist who wrote the Gothic fiction, Gothic novel ''Frankenstein, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus'' (1818), which is considered an History of scie ...

and

John William Polidori John William Polidori (7 September 1795 – 24 August 1821) was a British writer and physician. He is known for his associations with the Romantic movement and credited by some as the creator of the vampire genre of fantasy Fantasy is a ...

(who was Byron's personal physician). This story provided the basis for ''

'' (1819) by Polidori. Byron's own wild life became the model for Polidori's undead protagonist Lord Ruthven. According to A. Asbjorn Jon, "the choice of name

or Polidori's Lord Ruthven Or or OR may refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television * "O.R.", a 1974 episode of List of M*A*S*H episodes (Season 3), M*A*S*H * Or (My Treasure), a 2004 movie from Israel (''Or'' means "light" in Hebrew) Music * Or (album), ''Or ...

is presumably linked to Lady

Caroline Lamb Caroline Lamb has served as the Chief Executive of NHS Scotland and Director General of Health and Social Care directorates since 2021. Early life Lamb studied at the King's College London, before training as a chartered accountant with K ...

's earlier novel ''

Glenarvon ''Glenarvon'' was Lady Caroline Lamb's first novel. It created a sensation when published on 9 May 1816. Set in the Irish rebellion of 1798, the book satirized the Whig Holland House circle, while casting a sceptical eye on left-wing politicking. ...

'', where it was used for a rather ill disguised Byronesque character". An unauthorized sequel to Polidori's tale by Cyprien Bérard called ''Lord Ruthwen ou les Vampires'' (1820) was attributed to

Charles Nodier Jean Charles Emmanuel Nodier (29 April 1780 – 27 January 1844) was a French author and librarian who introduced a younger generation of Romanticists to the ''conte fantastique'', gothic literature, and vampire tales. His dream related writings ...

. Nodier himself adapted "The Vampyre" into the first vampire stage melodrama, ''Le Vampire''. Unlike Polidori's original story, Nodier's play was set in Scotland. This, in turn, was adapted by the English melodramatist

James Planché James Robinson Planché (27 February 1796 – 30 May 1880) was a British dramatist, antiquary and officer of arms. Over a period of approximately 60 years he wrote, adapted, or collaborated on 176 plays in a wide range of genres including ...

as '' The Vampire; or, the Bride of the Isles'' (1820) at the

Lyceum The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Generally in that type of school the th ...

(then called the English Opera House), also set in Scotland. Planché introduced the "vampire trap" as a way for the title fiend to appear in a dream at the beginning and then to vanish into the earth at his destruction. Nodier's play was also the basis of an opera called ''

Der Vampyr '' Der Vampyr '' (''The Vampire'') is a Romantic opera in two acts by Heinrich Marschner. The German libretto by Wilhelm August Wohlbrück (Marschner's brother-in-law) is based on the play ''Der Vampir oder die Totenbraut'' (1821) by Heinrich Lud ...

'' by the German composer

Heinrich Marschner Heinrich August Marschner (16 August 1795 – 14 December 1861) was the most important composer of German opera between Weber and Wagner.

, who set the story in a more plausible

Wallachia Wallachia or Walachia (; ro, Țara Românească, lit=The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country, ; archaic: ', Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and so ...

. Planché in turn translated the libretto of this opera into English in 1827, where it was performed at the Lyceum also. Alexandre Dumas, ''père'' later redramatized the story in a play also entitled ''Le Vampire'' (1851). Another theatrical vampire of this period was "Sir Alan Raby", who is the lead character of ''The Vampire'' (1852), a play by

Dion Boucicault Dionysius Lardner "Dion" Boucicault (né Boursiquot; 26 December 1820 – 18 September 1890) was an Irish actor and playwright famed for his melodramas. By the later part of the 19th century, Boucicault had become known on both sides of the ...

. Boucicault himself played the lead role to great effect, though the play itself had mixed reviews. Queen Victoria, who saw the play, described it in her diary as "very trashy". An important later example of 19th-century vampire fiction is the

epic ''

'' (1847), featuring

Sir Francis Varney ''Varney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood'' is a Victorian-era serialized gothic horror story variously attributed to James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest. It first appeared in 1845–1847 as a series of weekly cheap pamphlets of the ...

as the vampire. In this story, we have the first example of the standard trope in which the vampire comes through the window at night and attacks a maiden as she lies sleeping. Heathcliff in

Emily Brontë Emily Jane Brontë (, commonly ; 30 July 1818 – 19 December 1848) was an English novelist and poet who is best known for her only novel, ''Wuthering Heights'', now considered a classic of English literature. She also published a book of poet ...

's ''

Wuthering Heights ''Wuthering Heights'' is an 1847 novel by Emily Brontë, initially published under her pen name Ellis Bell. It concerns two families of the landed gentry living on the West Yorkshire moorland, moors, the Earnshaws and the Lintons, and their tur ...

'' (1847) is suspected of being a vampire by his housekeeper at one point, which he immediately laughs off as "absurd nonsense". Fascinating erotic fixations are evident in Sheridan Le Fanu's classic novella ''

'' (1872), which features a female vampire with lesbian inclinations who seduces the heroine Laura while draining her of her vital fluids. Le Fanu's story is set in the

Duchy of Styria The Duchy of Styria (german: Herzogtum Steiermark; sl, Vojvodina Štajerska; hu, Stájer Hercegség) was a duchy located in modern-day southern Austria and northern Slovenia. It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire until its dissolution in 180 ...

. Such central European locations became a standard feature of vampire fiction. Another important example of the development of vampire fiction can be found in three seminal novels by

Paul Féval Paul may refer to: *Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name) *Paul (surname), a list of people People Christianity *Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chris ...

: ''Le Chevalier Ténèbre'' (1860), ''La Vampire'' (1865) and ''La Ville Vampire'' (1874).

Marie Nizet Marie Nizet (19 January 1859 – 15 March 1922), married name Marie Mercier, was a Belgian writer. Life Marie Nizet was born in Brussels into a literary family. She was a student at Isabelle Gatti de Gamond's secondary girls' school (''Cours ...

's ''Le Capitaine Vampire'' (1879) features a Russian officer, Boris Liatoukine, who is a vampire. In German literature, one of the most popular novels was Hans Wachenhusen's ''Der Vampyr – Novelle aus Bulgarien'' (1878), which, on account of the author's first-hand experience of Ottoman society, includes a detailed description of the multicultural society of Bulgaria, and which contains an atmosphere that is "in some parts comparable to ''Dracula''". The most famous Serbian vampire was

Sava Savanović Sava Savanović ( sr-cyr, Сава Савановић) is one of the most famous vampires in Balkan and Serbian folklore. Legend Sava Savanović was said to have lived in an old watermill on the Rogačica river, at Zarožje village in the m ...

, from a folklore-inspired novel, ''Ninety Years Later'', by

Milovan Glišić Milovan Glišić (6 January 1847 – 20 January 1908) was a Serbian writer, dramatist, translator, and literary theorist. He is sometimes referred to as ''the Serbian Gogol''. Legacy Glišić is considered to be one of the best translator ...

, first published in 1880. Serbian vampires—albeit depicted first in French (1839) and then Russian (1884)—also appear in Count Tolstoy's novella ''

The Family of the Vourdalak ''The Family of the Vourdalak'' is a gothic novella by Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, written in 1839 in French and originally entitled ''La Famille du Vourdalak. Fragment inedit des Memoires d'un inconnu''. Tolstoy wrote it on a trip to Fran ...

''.

''Dracula''

Bram Stoker's ''

'' (1897) has been the definitive description of the vampire in popular fiction for the last century. Its portrayal of vampirism as a disease (contagious demonic possession), with its undertones of sex, blood, and death, struck a chord in a Victorian Britain where

tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by '' Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in ...

and

syphilis Syphilis () is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium ''Treponema pallidum'' subspecies ''pallidum''. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, an ...

were common. Although it has been claimed that the character of

Count Dracula Count Dracula () is the title character of Bram Stoker's 1897 gothic horror novel '' Dracula''. He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction. Aspects of the character are believed by som ...

is based upon Vlad Dracula III (

Vlad the Impaler Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler ( ro, Vlad Țepeș ) or Vlad Dracula (; ro, Vlad Drăculea ; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most imp ...

), also known as Vlad Ţepeş', a notorious 15th-century

n (Romanian) warlord, or

Voivode Voivode (, also spelled ''voievod'', ''voevod'', ''voivoda'', ''vojvoda'' or ''wojewoda'') is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the me ...

, this has been debunked by multiple scholars. Unlike the historical personage, however, Stoker located his Count Dracula in a castle near the

Borgo Pass Borgo may refer to the following places: Finland * Borgå France * Borgo, Haute-Corse Italy * Borgo (rione of Rome), a ''rione'' in the City of Rome. *Borgo a Mozzano, in the province of Lucca *Borgo d'Ale, in the province of Vercelli *Borgo di ...

Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...

, and ascribed to that area the supernatural aura it retains to this day in the popular imagination. Stoker likely drew inspiration from

Irish myths Irish mythology is the body of myths native to the island of Ireland. It was originally passed down orally in the prehistoric era, being part of ancient Celtic religion. Many myths were later written down in the early medieval era by C ...

of blood-sucking creatures. He was also influenced by Le Fanu's ''Carmilla''. Le Fanu was Stoker's editor when Stoker was a theater critic in

Dublin Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...

, Ireland. Like Le Fanu, Stoker created compelling female vampire characters such as

Lucy Westenra Lucy Westenra is a fictional character in the 1897 novel ''Dracula'' by Bram Stoker. The 19-year-old daughter of a wealthy family, she is Mina Murray's best friend and Count Dracula's first English victim. She subsequently transforms into a vam ...

and the

Brides of Dracula The Brides of Dracula are fictional characters in Bram Stoker's 1897 novel ''Dracula''. They are three seductive female vampire "sisters" who reside with Count Dracula in his castle in Transylvania, where they entrance men with their beauty an ...

. Stoker's vampire hunter

Abraham Van Helsing Professor Abraham Van Helsing, a fictional character from the 1897 gothic horror novel ''Dracula'', is an aged Dutch polymath doctor with a wide range of interests and accomplishments, partly attested by the string of letters that follows his ...

was a strong influence on subsequent vampire literature.

20th century

Though Stoker's Count Dracula remained an iconic figure, especially in the new medium of cinema, as in the film ''

Nosferatu ''Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror'' (German: ''Nosferatu – Eine Symphonie des Grauens'') is a 1922 silent German Expressionist horror film directed by F. W. Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlok, a vampire who preys on the wife ...

'', 20th-century vampire fiction went beyond traditional Gothic horror and explored new genres such as science fiction. An early example of this is

Gustave Le Rouge Gustave Henri Joseph Le Rouge (22 July 1867 - 24 February 1938) was a French writer who embodied the evolution of modern science fiction at the beginning of the 20th century, by moving it away from the juvenile adventures of Jules Verne and in ...

's ''Le prisonnier de la planète Mars'' (1908) and its sequel ''La guerre des vampires'' (1909), in which a native race of bat-winged, blood-drinking humanoids is found on

Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...

. In the 1920 novella ''La Jeune Vampire'' (''The Young Vampire''), by J.-H. Rosny aîné, vampirism is explained as a form of possession by souls originating in another universe known simply as the Beyond. Possibly the most influential example of modern vampire science fiction is

Richard Matheson Richard Burton Matheson (February 20, 1926 – June 23, 2013) was an American author and screenwriter, primarily in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres. He is best known as the author of '' I Am Legend'', a 1954 science ficti ...

's '' I Am Legend'' (1954). The novel is set in a future Los Angeles overrun with undead cannibalistic/bloodsucking beings. The protagonist is the sole survivor of a

pandemic A pandemic () is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has spread across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. A widespread endemic (epidemiology), endemic disease wi ...

of a

bacterium Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

that causes

vampirism A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on the Vitalism, vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead, undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mi ...

. He must fight to survive attacks from the hordes of nocturnal creatures, discover the secrets of their biology, and develop effective countermeasures. The novel was adapted into three movies: '' The Last Man on Earth'' starring Vincent Price in 1964, ''

The Omega Man ''The Omega Man'' (stylized as ''The Ωmega Man'') is a 1971 American post-apocalyptic action film directed by Boris Sagal and starring Charlton Heston as a survivor of a pandemic. It was written by John William Corrington and Joyce Corrington, b ...

'' starring

Charlton Heston Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4, 1923April 5, 2008) was an American actor and political activist. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in almost 100 films over the course of 60 years. He played Moses in the epic film ''The Ten C ...

in 1971, and ''I am Legend'' (film) starring

Will Smith Willard Carroll Smith II (born September 25, 1968), also known by his stage name The Fresh Prince, is an American actor and rapper. He began his Will Smith filmography, acting career starring as Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air), a ...

in 2007. The latter part of the 20th century saw the rise of multi-volume vampire epics. The first of these was Gothic romance writer Marilyn Ross's ''

Barnabas Collins Barnabas Collins is a fictional character, a featured role in the ABC daytime serial ''Dark Shadows'', which aired from 1966 to 1971. Barnabas is a 175-year-old vampire in search of fresh blood and his lost love, Josette. The character, original ...

'' series (1966–71) loosely based on the contemporary American TV soap opera ''

Dark Shadows ''Dark Shadows'' is an American gothic soap opera that aired weekdays on the ABC television network, from June 27, 1966, to April 2, 1971. The show depicted the lives, loves, trials, and tribulations of the wealthy Collins family of Collinsport ...

''. It also set the trend for seeing vampires as poetic, tragic heroes rather than as the traditional embodiment of evil. This formula was followed in the popular ''

Vampire Chronicles ''The Vampire Chronicles'' is a series of gothic horror novels and a media franchise, created by American writer Anne Rice, that revolves around the fictional character Lestat de Lioncourt, a French nobleman turned into a vampire in the 18 ...

'' (1976–) series of novels by

and

Chelsea Quinn Yarbro Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (born September 15, 1942) is an American writer. She is known for her series of historical horror novels about the vampire Count Saint-Germain. Biography Yarbro was born in Berkeley, California. She attended Berkeley schoo ...

's massive Saint-Germain series (1978–). Ross, Rice and Yarbro set the trend for multi-volume vampire sagas which are now a stock feature of mass-market fiction (see below for list). Rice's work also saw the beginning of the convergence of traditional Gothic ideas with the modern

Gothic subculture Goth is a music-based subculture that began in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s. It was developed by fans of Gothic rock, an offshoot of the post-punk music genre. The name ''Goth'' was derived directly from the genre. Notable post-pu ...

and a more explicit exploration of the transgressive sexualities which had always been implicit in vampire fiction.

Stephen King Stephen Edwin King (born September 21, 1947) is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, crime, science-fiction, and fantasy novels. Described as the "King of Horror", a play on his surname and a reference to his high s ...

, while not a writer of multi-volume epics on vampires, has become a very influential horror writer of the late 20th and early 21st century, evidenced by the nearly sixty books he has published over the past 50 years selling around the world in multiple languages. King's repertoire often hybridizes traditional vampire folklore with the coy charm inspired by Bela Lugosi's performance while increasing the physical violence, carnage, and overall butchery. His work describes very graphically in detail the ruthlessness of what essentially is a supernatural, parasitic predator that unleashes itself and intrudes on ordinary life for ordinary people, a recurring theme of his books. According to King himself, he was still a teacher at a high school when one of the books the class was studying was Bram Stoker's ''Dracula.'' Over dinner, he asked his wife,

Tabitha Tabitha () is an English feminine given name, originating with (or made popular through) Saint Tabitha, mentioned in the New Testament. In the Bible Tabitha or Dorcas is a woman mentioned in the New Testament. The English name is derived from ...

, what would happen if Dracula came back in the 20th century. "He'd probably be run over by a Yellow Cab on Park Avenue and killed," his wife replied, and it was from there that she suggested a different, rural setting. ''

Salem's Lot ''Salem's Lot'' is a 1975 horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, where he ...

,'' the book that resulted from that conversation, was published in 1975 as the follow up to ''

Carrie Carrie may refer to: People * Carrie (name), a female given name and occasionally a surname Places in the United States * Carrie, Kentucky, an unincorporated community * Carrie, Virginia, an unincorporated community * Carrie Glacier, Olympic Nati ...

'''';'' as of 2022, the process of weaving vampires into his stories is still ongoing. King's overall body of work spans both the late 20th and early 21st centuries and ''Salem's Lot'' has over the years become one of his most important works. The title references a Maine town called Jerusalem's Lot and it is the centerpiece of 2 full novels and one short story, plus twelve other books that reference the town's existence within the multiverse that runs through all Stephen King books. King also has written several other works with vampires included in them in both long and short form including '' The Little Sisters of Elluria'' (1998), '' The Nightflier'' (1993, in ''Nightmares and Dreamscapes''), and several books in his series '' The Dark Tower'' (1982-2012) which also contains at least one character from ''Salem's Lot''. Many of these have been brought to film and television as well as comic books. The 1981 novel '' The Hunger'' (adapted as a film in 1983) continued the theme of open sexuality and examined the biology of vampires, suggesting that their special abilities were the result of physical properties of their blood. The novel suggested that not all vampires were undead humans, but some were a separate species that had evolved alongside humans. This interpretation of vampires has since then been used in several science-fiction stories dealing with vampires, most famously the ''

Blade A blade is the portion of a tool, weapon, or machine with an edge that is designed to puncture, chop, slice or scrape surfaces or materials. Blades are typically made from materials that are harder than those they are to be used on. Historic ...

'' movie series. The 1982 novel ''

Fevre Dream ''Fevre Dream'' is a 1982 vampire novel written by American author George R. R. Martin. It is set on the antebellum Mississippi River, beginning in 1857, and has been described by critics and Martin himself as "Bram Stoker meets Mark Twain". Abou ...

'' by notable author

George R. R. Martin George Raymond Richard Martin (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948), also known as GRRM, is an American novelist, screenwriter, television producer and short story writer. He is the author of the series of epic fantasy novels ''A Song ...

tells the tale of a race of living vampires, extremely human-like but

obligate {{wiktionary, obligate As an adjective, obligate means "by necessity" (antonym ''facultative'') and is used mainly in biology in phrases such as: * Obligate aerobe, an organism that cannot survive without oxygen * Obligate anaerobe, an organism that ...

predators on humans, set in the Mississippi

Riverboat A riverboat is a watercraft designed for inland navigation on lakes, rivers, and artificial waterways. They are generally equipped and outfitted as work boats in one of the carrying trades, for freight or people transport, including luxury un ...

era, where one of them has developed a

dietary supplement A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement one's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid. A supplement can provide nutrients either extracted from food sources or that are synthetic in order ...

to "cure" them, and is fighting for the right and opportunity to distribute it.

Kim Newman Kim James Newman (born 31 July 1959) is an English journalist, film critic and fiction writer. Recurring interests visible in his work include film history and horror fiction—both of which he attributes to seeing Tod Browning's ''Dracula (1931 ...

's ''Anno Dracula'' series (1992–) returns to Stoker's Count Dracula, looking at an alternate world where Dracula defeated Van Helsing's group and conquered Britain, and gives the genre a somewhat

postmodern Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourseNuyen, A.T., 1992. The Role of Rhetorical Devices in Postmodernist Discourse. Philosophy & Rhetoric, pp.183–194. characterized by skepticism toward the " grand narratives" of moderni ...

spin. The television series ''

Buffy the Vampire Slayer ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' is an American supernatural fiction, supernatural drama television series created by writer and director Joss Whedon. It is based on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film), 1992 film of the same name, also written by W ...

'', created and largely written by

Joss Whedon Joseph Hill Whedon (; born June 23, 1964) is an American filmmaker, composer, and comic book writer. He is the founder of Mutant Enemy Productions, co-founder of Bellwether Pictures, and is best known as the creator of several television series: ...

, also explored vampire folklore in the light of

and

feminist theory Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's and men's social roles, experiences, interests, chores, and feminist ...

, defining the 'condition' as humans who were made to drink vampire blood after the vampire drinks from them, with turned vampires being essentially demons possessing human corpses; ''Buffy'' and its spin-off, ''

Angel In various theistic religious traditions an angel is a supernatural spiritual being who serves God. Abrahamic religions often depict angels as benevolent celestial intermediaries between God (or Heaven) and humanity. Other roles include ...

'', also feature the character of

in a prominent role, with Angel being a vampire who was cursed with his

soul In many religious and philosophical traditions, there is a belief that a soul is "the immaterial aspect or essence of a human being". Etymology The Modern English noun ''soul'' is derived from Old English ''sāwol, sāwel''. The earliest attes ...

, restoring his capacity for compassion, but also forcing him to live with the guilt of what he did as a regular vampire.

Post-Colonial Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the impact of human control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands. More specifically, it is a ...

perspectives on the vampire legend are provided in

Nalo Hopkinson Nalo Hopkinson (born 20 December 1960) is a Jamaican-born Canadian speculative fiction writer and editor. Her novels ('' Brown Girl in the Ring'', ''Midnight Robber'', '' The Salt Roads'', ''The New Moon's Arms'') and short stories such as thos ...

's novel ''Brown Girl In The Ring'' (1998), which features the

Soucouyant The soucouyant or soucriant in Dominica, St. Lucian, Trinidadian, Guadeloupean folklore (also known as Loogaroo or Lougarou) in Haiti, Louisiana, Grenada and elsewhere in the Caribbean or Ole-Higue (also Ole Haig) in Guyana, Belize and Jamaica o ...

, a vampire of Caribbean folklore, and in

Tananarive Due Tananarive Priscilla Due ( ) (born January 5, 1966) is an American author and educator. Due won the American Book Award for her novel '' The Living Blood''. She is also known as a film historian with expertise in Black horror. Due teaches a cours ...

's '' My Soul to Keep'' (1995) and its sequel '' The Living Blood'' (2001). One of the more traditional vampire works of the 20th century is

's ''

'Salem's Lot ''Salem's Lot'' is a 1975 horror fiction, horror novel by American author Stephen King. It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (Stephen King), Jerusalem's Lot (o ...

'' (1975), which re-imagines the archetypal ''Dracula''-type story in a modern American small town setting. King acknowledged the influence of ''Dracula'' on the work, as well as the violent, pre-

Comics Code The Comics Code Authority (CCA) was formed in 1954 by the Comics Magazine Association of America as an alternative to government regulation. The CCA allowed the comic publishers to self-regulate the content of comic books in the United States. T ...

vampires portrayed in horror comics such as those released by

E.C. Comics Entertaining Comics, more commonly known as EC Comics, was an American publisher of comic books, which specialized in horror fiction, crime fiction, satire, military fiction, dark fantasy, and science fiction from the 1940s through the mid-195 ...

. In 1989, a comprehensive bibliography of vampire literature was published – Margaret L. Carter's ''The Vampire in Literature. A Critical Bibliography'' (Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A.: Umi Research Press).

21st century

Many books based on vampires are still being published, including several continuing series.

Paranormal romance Paranormal romance is a subgenre of both romantic fiction and speculative fiction. Paranormal romance focuses on romantic love and includes elements beyond the range of scientific explanation, blending together themes from the speculative fiction ...

, inspired by Anne Rice, but mostly dropping the open sexuality of her characters in favor of more conventional sexual roles, is a remarkable contemporary publishing phenomenon. Romances with handsome vampires as the male lead include

Lynsay Sands Lynsay Sands (born Leamington, Ontario) is a Canadian author of over 30 books. She is noted for the humor she injects into her stories. While she writes both historical and paranormal romance novels, she is best known for her Argeneau series abou ...

' Argeneau family series (2003–),

Charlaine Harris Charlaine Harris Schulz (born November 25, 1951) is an American author who specializes in Mystery fiction, mysteries. She is best known for her book series ''The Southern Vampire Mysteries'', which was adapted as the TV series ''True Blood''. The ...

The Southern Vampire Mysteries ''The Southern Vampire Mysteries'', also known as ''The True Blood Novels'' and ''The Sookie Stackhouse Novels'', is a series of books written by bestselling author Charlaine Harris. The first installment, ''Dead Until Dark'' (2001), won the Ant ...

'' series (2001–2013), and

Christine Feehan Christine Feehan (born Christine King in Ukiah, California) is an American author of paranormal romance, paranormal military thrillers, and fantasy. She is a #1 ''New York Times'', #1 ''Publishers Weekly'', and International bestselling author ...

's Carpathian series (1999–). However,

Laurell K. Hamilton Laurell Kaye Hamilton (born February 19, 1963) is an American fantasy and romance writer. She is best known as the author of two series of stories. Her The New York Times Best Seller list, ''New York Times''-bestselling ''Anita Blake: Vampire H ...

's '' Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter'' series has again shifted the genre boundaries from romance back toward the territory of erotica. The

occult detective Occult detective fiction is a subgenre of detective fiction that combines the tropes of the main genre with those of supernatural, fantasy and/or horror fiction. Unlike the traditional detective who investigates murder and other common crimes ...

subgenre is represented by

Jim Butcher Jim Butcher (born October 26, 1971) is an American author., He has written the contemporary fantasy ''The Dresden Files'', ''Codex Alera'', and ''Cinder Spires'' book series. Personal life Butcher was born in Independence, Missouri, in 1971. He ...

's ''

The Dresden Files ''The Dresden Files'' is a series of contemporary fantasy/mystery novels written by American author Jim Butcher. The first novel, '' Storm Front''—which was also Butcher's writing debut—was published in 2000 by Roc Books. The books are wri ...

'' fantasy series (2000–), and

's ''

'' (2001–). In the field of juvenile and young adult literature,

Darren Shan Darren O'Shaughnessy (; born 2 July 1972), is an Irish writer and novelist. He is best known for his young adult fiction series ''The Saga of Darren Shan'', ''The Demonata'', and ''Zom-B'', published under the pseudonym Darren Shan. The former w ...

wrote a 12-book series (''

The Saga of Darren Shan ''The Saga of Darren Shan'' (known as ''Cirque Du Freak: The Saga of Darren Shan'' in the United States) is a young adult 12-part book series written by Darren O'Shaughnessy about the struggle of Darren Shan, a boy who has become involved in ...

'') about a boy who becomes a vampire's assistant, beginning with ''

Cirque Du Freak ''Cirque du Freak'' (also known as ''Cirque du Freak: A Living Nightmare'') is the first of twelve novels in ''The Saga of Darren Shan'' by Darren Shan (real name Darren O'Shaugnessy), published in January 2000. A feature film adaptation of ...

'' (2000) and ending with ''

Sons of Destiny ''The Saga of Darren Shan'' (known as ''Cirque Du Freak: The Saga of Darren Shan'' in the United States) is a young adult 12-part book series written by Darren O'Shaughnessy about the struggle of Darren Shan, a boy who has become involved in ...

'' (2006). A film adaptation has been made of the first three books called '' Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant'' (2009). He is also currently writing a prequel to the ''Saga'', a series of four books all about

Larten Crepsley The book series ''The Saga of Darren Shan'' features humans, vampires and fantasy characters of other types. Overview * A dark grey cell indicates that the character was not in the property or that the character's presence in the property h ...

(one of the main characters) starting with ''Birth of a Killer'' (2010) and finishing with ''Brothers to the Death'' (2012).

Ellen Schreiber Ellen Schreiber is an American young adult fiction author. Biography Ellen Schreiber is a New York Times Best Selling author and former actress. She performed in a two-woman show before going on her own to become a stand-up comedian She studi ...

created a young adult series about Raven Madison and her vampire boyfriend Alexander Sterling, starting with ''Vampire Kisses'' (2005). In

Scott Westerfeld Scott David Westerfeld (born May 5, 1963) is an American writer of young adult fiction, best known as the author of the ''Uglies'' and the ''Leviathan'' series. Early life Westerfeld was born in Dallas, Texas. As a child he moved to Connecticu ...

's young adult novel ''

Peeps Peeps are a marshmallow confection marketed since 1953 in the United States and Canada in the shape of chicks, bunnies and other animals as well as holiday shapes — by Pennsylvania-headquartered Just Born Quality Confections. Originally ...

'' (2005), the protagonist carries a contagious parasite that causes vampire-like behavior. Count Dracula also continues to inspire novelists, for example

Elizabeth Kostova Elizabeth Johnson Kostova (born December 26, 1964) is an American author best known for her debut novel ''The Historian''. Early life Elizabeth Johnson Kostova was born Elizabeth Johnson in New London, Connecticut, and raised in Knoxville, Tenne ...

in ''

The Historian ''The Historian'' is the 2005 debut novel of American author Elizabeth Kostova. The plot blends the history and folklore of Vlad Țepeș and his fictional equivalent Count Dracula. Kostova's father told her stories about Dracula when she was a c ...

'' (2005). Swedish author

John Ajvide Lindqvist John Ajvide Lindqvist (; born 2 December 1968) is a Swedish writer of horror novels and short stories. Early life Lindqvist was born and raised in the Stockholm suburb of Blackeberg. Before becoming a published writer, Lindqvist worked for 12 ...

's critically praised vampire story ''Låt den rätte komma in'' (2004), about the relationship of a 12-year-old boy with a 200-year-old vampire child, has now been translated into English as '' Let the Right One In'' (2007) and a film adaptation has been produced. The story takes place in

Blackeberg Blackeberg is a suburb of Stockholm built in the 1950s, and is part of the Bromma borough. Blackeberg was originally a croft first mentioned in 1599. The croft was demolished in 1861 by Knut Ljunglöf, who built a house, a stable, a mill and a sa ...

, a suburb of Stockholm. This particular novel does not follow the modern romantic trend, and instead focuses on a human-vampire friendship. Crucially, it retains many of the vampire traits popularized by ''

''.

Dimitris Lyacos Dimitris Lyacos ( el, Δημήτρης Λυάκος; born 19 October 1966) is a contemporary Greek poet and playwright. He is the author of the ''Poena Damni'' trilogy. Lyacos's work is characterised by its genre-defying form and the avant-garde ...

's second book of the ''

Poena Damni In Greek mythology, Poena or Poine () is the spirit of punishment and the attendant of punishment to Nemesis, the goddess of divine retribution. Sometimes mentioned as one being, and sometimes in the plural as Poenai (Ποιναί) and are akin ...

'' trilogy ''

With the People from the Bridge ''With the People from the Bridge'' (Greek: ''Με τους ανθρώπους από τη γέφυρα'') is the second part of the ''Poena Damni'' trilogy by Greek author Dimitris Lyacos. The book deals with the theme of loss and the return of ...

'' handles the vampire legend in the context of a ritualistic post-theatrical drama performance. In a dystopian setting, under the arches of a derelict bridge, a group of social outcasts present an unconventional, non-Gothic version of a vampire drawing from ancient Greek religion and literature,

Christian eschatology Christian eschatology, a major branch of study within Christian theology, deals with "last things". Such eschatology – the word derives from two Greek roots meaning "last" () and "study" (-) – involves the study of "end things", whether of ...

as well as traveler reports of vampire epidemics in the Balcans. The story is recounted in a

minimalist In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Don ...

style that makes no explicit mention to vampires, the undead, graves or the Underworld, conveying, nevertheless, the underlying theme unambiguously and in striking physical detail. Peter Watts' novel ''

Blindsight Blindsight is the ability of people who are cortically blind to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see due to lesions in the primary visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann Area 17. The term was coined by ...

'' has explored a scientific basis for vampires, depicting them as an evolutionary offshoot from humanity who were not the dominant species on the planet solely due to an evolutionary glitch making them averse to Euclidean geometry (right angles cause seizures in what is called "Crucifix Glitch", leading to them dying out when modern technology with all its structures swept the world). Implied to have vastly superior intelligence and problem-solving capabilities, they were recreated from gene snippets for special tasks, with special drugs alleviating their crucifix glitch. One particularly important vampire trait is their ability to hibernate for extended periods of time, which makes cryogenic stasis possible and is applied to astronauts via gene-therapy. At the end of the novel it is implied the vampires have taken control of earth and may be exterminating baseline humanity. In recent years, vampire fiction has been one of many supernatural fiction genres used in the creation of mashups. These works combine either a pre-existing text or a historic figure with elements of genre fiction. One of the best-known of these works is ''

Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter ''Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter'' is a 2012 American action horror film directed by Timur Bekmambetov and based on the Abraham Lincoln, Vampire Hunter (novel), novel of the same name by Seth Grahame-Smith, depicting a fictionalized history of ...

'' by

Seth Grahame-Smith Seth Grahame-Smith (born Seth Jared Greenberg; January 4, 1976) is an American writer and film producer, best known as the author of ''The New York Times'' best-selling novels '' Pride and Prejudice and Zombies'' and '' Abraham Lincoln, Vampire ...

, in which the historic

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...

has a fictional secret identity as a hunter of evil vampires. The 21st century brought more examples of vampire fiction, such as J. R. Ward's

Black Dagger Brotherhood The Black Dagger Brotherhood is an ongoing series of paranormal romance books by author J. R. Ward. The series focuses on a society (the "Black Dagger Brotherhood") of vampire A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on ...

series, and other highly popular vampire books which appeal to teenagers and young adults. Such vampiric

paranormal romance Paranormal romance is a subgenre of both romantic fiction and speculative fiction. Paranormal romance focuses on romantic love and includes elements beyond the range of scientific explanation, blending together themes from the speculative fiction ...

novels and allied vampiric

chick-lit Chick lit is a term used to describe a type of popular fiction targeted at younger women. Widely used in the 1990s and 2000s, the term has fallen out of fashion with publishers while writers and critics have rejected its inherent sexism. Novels id ...

and vampiric

stories are a remarkably popular and ever-expanding contemporary publishing phenomenon. L. A. Banks' ''

The Vampire Huntress Legend Series The Vampire Huntress Legend Series (VHLS) is a twelve book series written by Leslie Esdaile Banks under the pen name L.A. Banks. The series centers around a young "twenty-something" year old woman named Damali Richards who is a spoken word artist ...

'',

's erotic '' Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter'' series, and

Kim Harrison Kim Harrison (born 1966) is a pen name of American author Dawn Cook. Kim is best known as the author of the ''New York Times'' #1 best selling Hollows series, but she has written more than urban fantasy and has published over two dozen books span ...

's ''

The Hollows The Hollows series (also called the Rachel Morgan series) is a series of 16 urban fantasy novels, eight short stories, two graphic novels, and one compendium resource by Kim Harrison, published by HarperCollins Publishers, in an alternate history ...

'' series, portray the vampire in a variety of new perspectives, some of them unrelated to the original legends. Vampires in the ''Twilight'' series (2005–2008) by

Stephenie Meyer Stephenie Meyer (; née Morgan; born December 24, 1973) is an American novelist and film producer. She is best known for writing the vampire literature, vampire romance series ''Twilight (novel series), Twilight'', which has sold over 100 mill ...

ignore the effects of garlic and crosses and are not harmed by sunlight, although it does reveal their supernatural status.

Richelle Mead Richelle Mead (born November 12, 1976) is an American fantasy author. She is known for the ''Georgina Kincaid'' series, ''Vampire Academy'', ''Bloodlines'' and the '' Dark Swan'' series. Education and career Richelle Mead was born in Michigan, an ...

further deviates from traditional vampires in her ''

Vampire Academy ''Vampire Academy'' is a series of six young adult paranormal romance novels by American author Richelle Mead. It tells the story of Rosemarie "Rose" Hathaway, a dhampir girl, who is training to be a guardian of her moroi best friend, Vasilisa " ...

'' series (2007–2010), basing the novels on Romanian lore with two races of vampires, one good and one evil, as well as half-vampires.

Traits of vampires in fiction

The traits of the literary vampire have evolved from the often repulsive figures of folklore. Fictional vampires can be romantic figures, often described as elegant and sexy (compare demons such as

succubi A succubus is a demon or supernatural entity in folklore, in female form, that appears in dreams to seduce men, usually through sexual activity. According to religious tradition, a succubus needs male semen to survive; repeated sexual activity ...

and

incubi An incubus is a demon in male form in folklore that seeks to have Sexuality in Christian demonology, sexual intercourse with sleeping women; the corresponding spirit in female form is called a succubus. In medieval Europe, union with an incubus ...

). This is in stark contrast to the vampire of Eastern European folklore, which was a horrifying animated corpse. However, as in folklore, the literary vampire is sustained by drinking blood. They do not need other food, water, or even oxygen. They are sometimes portrayed as being unable to eat human food at all, forcing them to either avoid public dining or mime chewing and eating to deceive their mortal victims. The fictional vampire, however, often has a pale appearance rather than the dark or ruddy skin of folkloric vampires and their skin is cool to the touch. As in folklore, literary vampires can usually be warded off with

garlic Garlic (''Allium sativum'') is a species of bulbous flowering plant in the genus ''Allium''. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, Allium fistulosum, Welsh onion and Allium chinense, Chinese onion. It is native to South A ...

and symbols of the Christian faith, such as

holy water Holy water is water that has been blessed by a member of the clergy or a religious figure, or derived from a well or spring considered holy. The use for cleansing prior to a baptism and spiritual cleansing is common in several religions, from ...

, a

crucifix A crucifix (from Latin ''cruci fixus'' meaning "(one) fixed to a cross") is a cross with an image of Jesus on it, as distinct from a bare cross. The representation of Jesus himself on the cross is referred to in English as the ''corpus'' (Lati ...

, or a

rosary The Rosary (; la, , in the sense of "crown of roses" or "garland of roses"), also known as the Dominican Rosary, or simply the Rosary, refers to a set of prayers used primarily in the Catholic Church, and to the physical string of knots or b ...

. According to literary scholar

Nina Auerbach Nina Auerbach (May 24, 1943 in New York City – February 4, 2017) was the John Welsh Centennial Professor of English Emerita at the University of Pennsylvania. Her special area of concentration was nineteenth-century England. She published, lecture ...

in ''Our Vampires, Ourselves'', the influence of the moon was seen as dominant in the earliest examples of vampire literature: Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'' was hugely influential in its depiction of vampire traits, some of which are described by the novel's vampire expert

. Dracula has the ability to change his shape at will, his featured forms in the novel being that of a wolf, bat, mist and fog. He can also crawl up and down the vertical external walls of his castle in the manner of a lizard. One very famous trait that Stoker added is the inability to be seen in mirrors, which is not found in traditional Eastern European folklore, as Stoker combined the folklore of

Jiangshi A jiāngshī, also known as a Chinese hopping vampire, is a type of reanimated corpse in Chinese legends and folklore. The characters for "jiāngshī" are read goeng-si in Cantonese, cương thi in Vietnamese, kyonshī in Japanese, and gangsi ...

being terrified of their own reflection with the material fact of the silver backed mirrors of the time. Dracula also had protruding teeth, though was preceded in this by Varney the Vampire and Carmilla. In Anne Rice's books, the vampires appear their best self of the age they were turned into a vampire; for instance, when Claudia was turned into a vampire, her golden curls became tight and voluminous, her skin turns a pale but smooth and clear, and rids her of the rotting disease. But it also seems like a curse as she retains her child-body for her entire vampire lifetime and any modifications on her body, such as even cutting her hair, grows it back to the same length as it was before. A similar occurrence can be observed in the ''Twilight'' series - when Bella is turned into a vampire, her wounds heal, hair becomes healthy and shiny, her broken back and ribs get mended, the color comes back to her skin, and her sunken eyes, cheeks and skinny body return to a healthy state; in fact she is brought back to life from the brink of death by turning her into a vampire. In the ''Dracula'' novel, the vampire hunter Van Helsing prescribes that a vampire be destroyed by a wooden stake (preferably made of

white oak The genus ''Quercus'' contains about 500 species, some of which are listed here. The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus ''Quercus'' was divided into the two subgenera '' ...

) through the heart,

decapitation Decapitation or beheading is the total separation of the head from the body. Such an injury is invariably fatal to humans and most other animals, since it deprives the brain of oxygenated blood, while all other organs are deprived of the i ...

, drowning, or incineration. The vampire's head must be removed from its body, the mouth stuffed with

and holy water or relics, the body drawn and quartered, then burned and spread into the four winds, with the head buried on hallowed ground. The destruction of the vampire Lucy follows the three-part process enjoined by Van Helsing (staking, decapitation, and garlic in the mouth). Traditional vampire folklore, followed by Stoker in ''Dracula'', does not usually hold that sunlight is fatal to vampires, though they are nocturnal. It is also notable in the novel that Dracula can walk about in the daylight, in bright sunshine, though apparently in discomfort and without the ability to use most of his powers, like turning into mist or a bat. He is still strong and fast enough to struggle with and escape from most of his male pursuers. Fatal exposure to sunlight of a vampire in their coffin dates at least as far back as ''The Story Of Yand Manor House'' (1898) by E. and H. Heron; such scenes in

vampire films Vampire films have been a staple in world cinema since the era of silent films, so much so that the depiction of vampires in popular culture is strongly based upon their depiction in films throughout the years. The most popular cinematic adaptati ...

however, most especially 1922's ''

'' and the closing scene of the 1958 film ''

'' in which Count Dracula is burnt by the sun, were very influential on later vampire fiction. For instance, Anne Rice's vampire Lestat and Chelsea Quinn Yarbro's Count Saint-Germain both avoid the lethal effects of daylight by staying closeted indoors during the day. A well-known set of special powers and weaknesses is commonly associated with vampires in contemporary fiction. There is a tendency, however, for authors to pick and choose the ones they like, or find more realistic ones, and have their characters ridicule the rest as absurd. For example, in the movie ''

'', the vampire hunter

tells Karen Jenson what kills vampires (stakes, silver, and sunlight), and dismisses tactics seen in vampire movies (namely crosses and running water) as ineffective. Some vampires can fly. This power may be supernatural levitation, or it may be connected to the vampire's shape-shifting ability. Some traditions hold that a vampire cannot enter a house unless he or she is invited in. Generally, a vampire needs be invited in only once and then can come and go at will.

's novel ''

'' explored an unusual direction with this myth in having one of the protagonists revoke a vampire's invitation to a house; the vampire was forced to flee the building immediately. This is also featured in the American TV series ''

True Blood ''True Blood'' is an American fantasy horror drama television series produced and created by Alan Ball. It is based on ''The Southern Vampire Mysteries'', a series of novels by Charlaine Harris. A reboot is currently in development. The serie ...

'', where Sookie withdraws her invitation on a number of occasions, causing vampires to be thrown out by supernatural forces. Also, in ''

The Vampire Diaries ''The Vampire Diaries'' is an American supernatural fiction, supernatural teen drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson (screenwriter), Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec, based on the The Vampire Diaries (novel series), book series ...

'' when a newly turned vampire wakes up in a house that he was not invited into, he immediately flees. Some tales maintain that vampires must return to a coffin or to their "native soil" before sunrise to take their rest safely. Others place native soil in their coffins, especially if they have relocated. Still other vampire stories, such as Le Fanu's ''

'', maintain that vampires must return to their coffins, but sleep in several inches of blood as opposed to soil. Vampires are generally held to be unable to bear children, though the concept of a "half vampire" and similar creatures does exist in folklore and in some modern fiction. Some fictional vampires are fascinated with counting, an idea derived from folk stories about vampires being compelled to stop and count any spilled grain that they find in their path. The most famous fictional counting vampire is likely the

Muppet The Muppets are an American ensemble cast of puppet characters known for an surreal humor, absurdist, burlesque, and self-referential humor, self-referential style of Variety show, variety-sketch comedy. Created by Jim Henson in 1955, they are ...

character

Count von Count Count von Count (known simply as the Count) is a Muppet character on the PBS/HBO children's television show ''Sesame Street.'' He is meant to parody Bela Lugosi's portrayal of Count Dracula. He first appeared on the show in the Season 4 premiere ...

on television's ''

Sesame Street ''Sesame Street'' is an American educational children's television series that combines live-action, sketch comedy, animation and puppetry. It is produced by Sesame Workshop (known as the Children's Television Workshop until June 2000) a ...

''. Other examples include a fifth season episode of the '' X-Files'' titled ''Bad Blood'', and the

Discworld ''Discworld'' is a comic fantasy"Humorous Fantasy" in David Pringle, ed., ''The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Fantasy'' (pp.31-33). London, Carlton,2006. book series written by the English author Terry Pratchett, set on the Discworld, a flat pla ...

novel, ''

Carpe Jugulum ''Carpe Jugulum'' (; Latatian for "seize the throat", cf. ''Carpe diem'') is a comic fantasy novel by English writer Terry Pratchett, the twenty-third in the ''Discworld'' series. It was first published in 1998. In ''Carpe Jugulum'', Terry Pra ...

'' by

Terry Pratchett Sir Terence David John Pratchett (28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English humourist, satirist, and author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his ''Discworld'' series of 41 novels. Pratchett's first nov ...

. Some modern fictional vampires are portrayed as having magical powers beyond those originally assigned by myth, typically also possessing the powers of a witch or seer. Such examples include

Drusilla Drusilla is a female given name deriving from the Roman cognomen Drusilla. History The name has its origin from the Latin cognomen (and later praenomen) ''Drusus'' which itself derived from the Greek ''drosos'' (dew). The diminutive "illa" t ...

from ''

'' (Drusilla was a seer before she was a vampire, and carried those powers into her undeath), and

Olivia Nightshade Olivia may refer to: People * Olivia (name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name * Olivia (singer) (Olivia Longott, born 1981), American singer * Olívia (basketball) (Carlos Henrique Rodrigues do Nascimento, born 19 ...

from ''The Nightshade Chronicles''. Also, vampires from the ''Vampire Academy'' books, also known as the moroi, are skilled in elemental magic. Also, in the ''Twilight'' series, certain vampires appear to have special gifts like Edward (telepathy), Alice (visions), Bella (shielding), that are either supernatural or evolved from their own personalities like Victoria (survival instinct).

Vampire hybrids

The

dhampir In Balkans folklore, dhampirs (sometimes spelled ''dhampyres'', ''dhamphirs'', or ''dhampyrs'') are creatures that are the result of a union between a vampire and a mortal human. This union was usually between male vampires and female mortal huma ...

, the offspring of a vampire and a human known from Serbian folklore, has been popularized in recent fiction.

Literature

Poems

* ''Der Vampir'' (''The Vampire'') by Heinrich August Ossenfelder (1748) * ''

Travels into Dalmatia Travel is the movement of people or objects between relatively distant geographical locations. Travel(s) may also refer to: Music * Travel (Future of Forestry EP), ''Travel'' (Future of Forestry EP), 2009 * Travel (Mamamoo EP), ''Travel'' (Mamamo ...

'' by

Alberto Fortis Alberto Fortis (1741–1803) was a Republic of Venice, Venetian writer, naturalist and cartographer. Life His real name was Giovanni Battista Fortis (his religious name was ''Alberto'') and he was born in Padua on either 9 or 11 of November 1741 ...

(1774), including a story of fighting against vampires * ''Die Braut von Korinth'' (''The Bride of Corinth'') by

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as trea ...

(1797) * ''

'' by

(1801) * ''The Vampyre'' by John Stagg (1810) * ''

'' by

(1813) * '' Christabel'' by

(1816) * "Vurdalak" by

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...

(1836)

Prose

*''

Fragment of a Novel "Fragment of a Novel" is an unfinished 1819 vampire horror story written by Lord Byron. The story, also known as "A Fragment" and "The Burial: A Fragment", was one of the first in English to feature a vampire theme. The main character was Augustus ...

'', unfinished vampire story by

(1819) *''

'' by

(1819) *'' The Black Vampyre'' by Uriah D'Arcy (1819) * '' Lord Ruthwen ou les vampires'' by Cyprien Bérard (1820) (often attributed to

who, as a matter of a fact, only made the theater play version of it) *''Vampirismus'' by

E. T. A. Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; 24 January 1776 – 25 June 1822) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror, a jurist, composer, music critic and artist. Penrith Goff, "E.T.A. Hoffmann" in E ...

(1821) * ''

Wake Not the Dead "Wake Not the Dead" (german: Laßt die Todten ruhen, , Let the Dead Rest) is a short story by Ernst Raupach published in ''Minerva'' magazine in 1823. It was one of the earliest vampire stories. The story was translated into English in ''Popular ...

'' by

Ernst Raupach Ernst Benjamin Salomo Raupach (21 May 178418 March 1852) was a German dramatist. Biography He was born at Straupitz ( pl, Strupice), near Liegnitz in Silesia, a son of the village pastor. He attended the gymnasium at Liegnitz, and studied theol ...

(1823), often misattributed to

Johann Ludwig Tieck Johann Ludwig Tieck (; ; 31 May 177328 April 1853) was a German poet, fiction writer, translator, and critic. He was one of the founding fathers of the Romantic movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Early life Tieck was born in Be ...

. * ''The Virgin Vampire'' by Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon (1825) * ''

La Morte Amoureuse "La Morte amoureuse" (in en, "The Dead Woman in Love") is a short story written by Théophile Gautier and published in ''La Chronique de Paris'' in 1836. It tells the story of a priest named Romuald who falls in love with Clarimonde, a beautiful w ...

'' (The Dead Woman in Love) by

Théophile Gautier Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier ( , ; 30 August 1811 – 23 October 1872) was a French poet, dramatist, novelist, journalist, and art and literary critic. While an ardent defender of Romanticism, Gautier's work is difficult to classify and rem ...

(1836) * ''

'' by Count Alexis Tolstoy (1843) * ''

or The Feast of Blood'' by

James Malcolm Rymer James Malcolm Rymer (1814–1884) was a British nineteenth-century writer of penny dreadfuls, and is the co-author with Thomas Peckett Prest of both ''Varney the Vampire'' (1847) and ''The String of Pearls'' (1847), in which the notorious villain ...

(or

Thomas Peckett Prest Thomas Peckett (or Preskett) Prest (probable dates 1810–1859) was a British hack writer, journalist, and musician. He was a prolific producer of penny dreadfuls and was known as a skilled author in the horror genre. He is now remembered as the co ...

) (1847) * ''Vampire'' by

Vladimir Dal Vladimir Ivanovich Dal ( rus, Влади́мир Ива́нович Даль, p=vlɐˈdʲimʲɪr ɨˈvanəvʲɪdʑ ˈdalʲ; November 22, 1801 – October 4, 1872) was a noted Russian-language lexicographer, polyglot, Turkologist, and founding me ...

(1848) * ''The Pale Lady'' by

Alexandre Dumas Alexandre Dumas (, ; ; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (), 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), also known as Alexandre Dumas père (where '' '' is French for 'father', to distinguish him from his son Alexandre Dumas fils), was a French writer ...

(1849) * ''The Mysterious Stranger'' by

Anonymous Anonymous may refer to: * Anonymity, the state of an individual's identity, or personally identifiable information, being publicly unknown ** Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author * Anonym ...

(translated from the original German, this vampire tale appeared in the English magazine ''Odds and Ends'' in 1860) * '' Le Chevalier Ténèbre'' (''Knightshade'') by

(1860) * ''

La Vampire LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figur ...

'' (''The Vampire Countess'') by

(1865) * ''

La Femme Immortelle LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figur ...

'' (''The Immortal Woman'') by

Pierre Alexis de Ponson du Terrail Pierre Alexis, Viscount of Ponson du Terrail (8 July 1829 – 20 January 1871) was a French writer. He was a prolific novelist, producing in the space of twenty years some seventy-three volumes, and is best remembered today for his creation of ...

(1869) * '' Il Vampiro. Storia Vera'' (''The Vampire: True Story'') by

Franco Mistrali Franco may refer to: Name * Franco (name) * Francisco Franco (1892–1975), Spanish general and dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975 * Franco Luambo (1938–1989), Congolese musician, the "Grand Maître" Prefix * Franco, a prefix used when ref ...

(1869) * ''

'' (1872) by Sheridan Le Fanu * ''

La Ville Vampire LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figur ...

'' (''Vampire City'') by Paul Féval (1874) * '' Le Capitaine Vampire'' (''Captain Vampire'') by

(1879) * '' After Ninety Years'' by

(1880) * ''

The Fate of Madame Cabanel ''The'' () is a grammatical Article (grammar), article in English language, English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite ...

'' by

Eliza Lynn Linton Eliza Lynn Linton (10 February 1822 – 14 July 1898) was the first female salaried journalist in Britain and the author of over 20 novels. Despite her path-breaking role as an independent woman, many of her essays took a strong anti-feminist s ...

(1880) * ''Manor'' by

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (28 August 1825 – 14 July 1895) was a German lawyer, jurist, journalist, and writer who is regarded today as a pioneer of sexology and the modern gay rights movement. Ulrichs has been described as the "first gay man in ...

(1884) * ''

The True Story of the Vampire ''The'' () is a grammatical article in English, denoting persons or things already mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The'' is the m ...

'' by Count Stanislaus Eric Stenbock (1894) * ''

Lilith Lilith ( ; he, Wiktionary:לילית, לִילִית, Līlīṯ) is a female figure in Mesopotamian Mythology, Mesopotamian and Jewish mythology, Judaic mythology, alternatively the first wife of Adam and supposedly the primordial she-demon. ...

'' by

George MacDonald George MacDonald (10 December 1824 – 18 September 1905) was a Scottish author, poet and Christian Congregational minister. He was a pioneering figure in the field of modern fantasy literature and the mentor of fellow writer Lewis Carroll. I ...

(1895) * ''

'' by

(1897) * ''

The Blood of the Vampire ''The Blood of the Vampire'' is a Gothic novel by Florence Marryat, published in 1897. The protagonist, Harriet Brandt, is a mixed-race psychic vampire who kills unintentionally. The novel follows Harriet after she leaves a Jamaican convent fo ...

'' by

Florence Marryat Florence Marryat (9 July 1833 – 27 October 1899) was a British author and actress. The daughter of author Capt. Frederick Marryat, she was particularly known for her sensational novels and her involvement with several celebrated spiritual me ...

(1897) * ''The Tomb of Sarah'' by

F. G. Loring Frederick George Loring (1869–1951) was an English naval officer and writer, and an early expert in wireless telegraphy. Family Loring was born on 11 March 1869 in Ryde, Isle of Wight (then still part of Hampshire), the eldest son of Admiral Sir ...

(1900) * '' The House of the Vampire'' by

George Sylvester Viereck George Sylvester Viereck (December 31, 1884 – March 18, 1962) was a German-American poet, writer, and pro-German propagandist, latterly on behalf of the German Nazi government. Biography Early life Sylvester's father, Louis Viereck, was born ...

(1907) * ''Vampiro'' by

Enrico Boni Enrico is both an Italian language, Italian masculine given name and a surname, Enrico means homeowner, or king, derived from ''Heinrich (given name), Heinrich'' of Germanic origin. It is also a given name in Judaeo-Spanish, Ladino. Equivalents in ...

(1908) * ''

The Lair of the White Worm ''The Lair of the White Worm'' is a horror novel by the Irish writer Bram Stoker. It was first published by Rider and Son of London in 1911 – the year before Stoker's death – with colour illustrations by Pamela Colman Smith. The story is bas ...

'' by

(1911) * ''For the Blood is the Life'' by

F. Marion Crawford Francis Marion Crawford (August 2, 1854 – April 9, 1909) was an American writer noted for his many novels, especially those set in Italy, and for his classic weird and fantastical stories. Early life Crawford was born in Bagni di Lucca, in th ...

(1911) * ''Wampir ("The Vampire")'' by

Władysław Reymont Władysław Stanisław Reymont (, born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the 1924 laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasants ...

(1911) * ''

The Room in the Tower "The Room in the Tower" is a short horror story by E.F. Benson, published in 1912. Plot summary An unnamed young man has a recurring nightmare in which he visits a friend's house in the summer. The friend's family is silent and grim. The friend' ...

'' by

E.F. Benson Edward Frederic Benson (24 July 1867 – 29 February 1940) was an English novelist, biographer, memoirist, archaeologist and short story writer. Early life E.F. Benson was born at Wellington College in Berkshire, the fifth child of the headma ...

(1912) * "

Dracula's Guest ''Dracula's Guest'' is a short story by Bram Stoker, first published in the short story collection ''Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories'' (1914). It was written as the first chapter for Stoker's 1897 novel ''Dracula'', but was deleted prior t ...

" by

(1914) * ''The Vampire'' by

Jan Neruda Jan Nepomuk Neruda (Czech: �jan ˈnɛpomuk ˈnɛruda 9 July 1834 – 22 August 1891) was a Czech journalist, writer, poet and art critic; one of the most prominent representatives of Czech Realism and a member of the "May School". Early life ...

(1920 – posthumous) * ''Mrs. Amworth'' by

(1922) * ''Bewitched'' by

Edith Wharton Edith Wharton (; born Edith Newbold Jones; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937) was an American novelist, short story writer, and interior designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray ...

(1927) * "The Hills of the Dead" by

Robert E. Howard Robert Ervin Howard (January 22, 1906June 11, 1936) was an American writer. He wrote pulp fiction in a diverse range of genres. He is well known for his character Conan the Barbarian and is regarded as the father of the sword and sorcery subge ...

(1930) * ''The Dark Castle'' by Marion Brandon (1931) * ''Revelations in Black'' by Carl Jacobi (1933) * ''Vampires Overhead'' by Alan Hyder (1935) * ''Doom of the House of Duryea'' by Earl Peirce Jr. (1936) * ''

Lady Christina The word ''lady'' is a term for a girl or woman, with various connotations. Once used to describe only women of a high social class or status, the equivalent of lord, now it may refer to any adult woman, as gentleman can be used for men. Infor ...

'' by

Mircea Eliade Mircea Eliade (; – April 22, 1986) was a Romanians, Romanian History of religion, historian of religion, fiction writer, philosopher, and professor at the University of Chicago. He was a leading interpreter of religious experience, who establ ...

(1936) * "The Man Upstairs" by

Ray Bradbury Ray Douglas Bradbury (; August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter. One of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers, he worked in a variety of modes, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and r ...

(1943) * ''The Girl with the Hungry Eyes'' by

Fritz Leiber Fritz Reuter Leiber Jr. ( ; December 24, 1910 – September 5, 1992) was an American writer of fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He was also a poet, actor in theater and films, playwright, and chess expert. With writers such as Robert ...

(1949) * '' I Am Legend'' by

(1954) * "The Longest Night" by

Ray Russell Ray Russell (September 4, 1924 – March 15, 1999) was an American editor and writer of short stories, novels, and screenplays. Russell is best known for his horror fiction, although he also wrote mystery and science fiction stories. His most ...

(1960) *''Progeny of the Adder'' by

Les Whitten Les Whitten (February 21, 1928 – December 2, 2017) was an American investigative reporter at the ''Washington Merry-Go-Round'' under Jack Anderson (columnist), Jack Anderson, as well as translator of French poetry by Baudelaire and influentia ...

(1965) *''Vampire's Moon'' by

Peter Saxon Peter Saxon is a pen name used by various thriller authors from the 1950s to the 1970s. History The pseudonym "Peter Saxon" was originally used by Irish pulp fiction writer and journalist W. Howard Baker at Amalgamated Press, mostly for novels in ...

(1970) *''The Night Stalker'' by

Jeff Rice ''The Night Stalker'' is an American made for television horror film which aired on ABC on January 11, 1972 as their ABC Movie of the Week. In the film, an investigative reporter, played by Darren McGavin, comes to suspect that a serial killer in ...

(1973) *''Pages from a Young Girl's Journal'' by

Robert Aickman Robert Fordyce Aickman (27 June 1914 – 26 February 1981) was an English writer and conservationist. As a conservationist, he co-founded the Inland Waterways Association, a group which has preserved from destruction and restored England's inl ...

(1973) * ''

'' by

(1975) ** " One for the Road" by

(1977). A sequel to ''

'' ** "

The Night Flier "The Night Flier" is a horror short story by American writer Stephen King, first published in the 1988 anthology '' Prime Evil: New Stories by the Masters of Modern Horror'', and then in King's own 1993 ''Nightmares & Dreamscapes'' collection. ...

" by

(1988) ** " Popsy" by

(1993) ** "

The Little Sisters of Eluria "The Little Sisters of Eluria" is a fantasy novella by American writer Stephen King. It was originally published in 1998 in the anthology ''Legends''. In 2002, it was included in King's collection ''Everything's Eventual''. In 2009, it was publi ...

" by

(1998) ** " The Dark Tower V: Wolves of the Calla" by

(2003) ** " The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower" by

(2004) *''

'' by Anne Rice (1976) *''

The Silmarillion ''The Silmarillion'' () is a collection of myths and stories in varying styles by the English writer J. R. R. Tolkien. It was edited and published posthumously by his son Christopher Tolkien in 1977, assisted by the fantasy author Guy Gavriel ...

'' by

J.R.R. Tolkien John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (, ; 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) was an English writer and philologist. He was the author of the high fantasy works ''The Hobbit'' and ''The Lord of the Rings''. From 1925 to 1945, Tolkien was the Rawlins ...

(1977) * '' The Hunger'' by

Whitley Strieber Louis Whitley Strieber (; born June 13, 1945) is an American writer best known for his horror novels ''The Wolfen'' and '' The Hunger'' and for '' Communion'', a non-fiction account of his alleged experiences with non-human entities. He has main ...

(1981) * '' The Keep'' by

F. Paul Wilson Francis Paul Wilson (born May 17, 1946, in Jersey City, New Jersey) is an American medical doctor and author of horror, adventure, medical thrillers, science fiction, and other genres of literary fiction. His books include the Repairman Jack n ...

(1981) * ''

They Thirst ''They Thirst'' is a horror novel by American writer Robert R. McCammon, first published in 1981 and republished in 1991 in hardback. The book details the relentless possession of Los Angeles by vampires, who quickly transform the city into a necro ...

'' by

Robert McCammon Robert Rick McCammon (born July 17, 1952) is an American novelist from Birmingham, Alabama. One of the influential names in the late 1970s–early 1990s American horror literature boom, by 1991 McCammon had three ''New York Times'' bestsellers (''T ...

(1981) * '' The Journal of Edwin Underhill'' by

Peter Tonkin Peter Tonkin (born 21 May 1948) is an Australian former Swimming (sport), swimmer. He competed in Swimming at the 1964 Summer Olympics, two events at the 1964 Summer Olympics. References External links

* 1948 births Living people Aust ...

(1981) * ''

'' by

(1982) * ''

The Delicate Dependency ''The Delicate Dependency: A Novel of the Vampire Life'' is a 1982 vampire novel by Michael Talbot. Plot In Victorian London, widowed Dr. John Gladstone runs over a beautiful young man named Niccolo Cavalanti with his carriage. When others at t ...

'' by Michael Talbot (1982) * ''

The Dragon Waiting ''The Dragon Waiting: A Masque of History'' is a 1983 fantasy novel by John M. Ford. It won the 1984 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel. Plot summary The novel is a fantasy alternate history combining vampires, the Medicis, and the convoluted ...

'' by

John M. Ford John Milo "Mike" Ford (April 10, 1957 – September 25, 2006) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, game designer, and poet. A contributor to several online discussions, Ford composed poems, often improvised, in both complicated ...

(1983) * ''

The Light at the End ''The Light at the End'' is a 1986 vampire novel by John Skipp & Craig Spector which became a ''New York Times'' bestseller and is often credited as the book that started the splatterpunk movement. Story The book takes place in the 1980s punk su ...

'' by

John Skipp John Skipp is a splatterpunk horror and fantasy author and anthology editor, as well as a songwriter, screenwriter, film director, and film producer. He collaborated with Craig Spector on multiple novels, and has also collaborated with Marc Le ...

and

Craig Spector __NOTOC__ Craig may refer to: Geology *Craig (landform), a rocky hill or mountain often having large casims or sharp intentations. People (and fictional characters) * Craig (surname) * Craig (given name) Places Scotland * Craig, Angus, aka Barony ...

(1986) * ''

Those Who Hunt the Night ''Those Who Hunt the Night'' is a 1988 horror/mystery novel by American writer Barbara Hambly. It was first published in paperback by the British publisher Unwin Paperbacks in November 1988 under the title ''Immortal Blood''. The first American e ...

'' (UK title: ''Immortal Blood'') by

Barbara Hambly Barbara Hambly (born August 28, 1951) is an American novelist and screenwriter within the genres of fantasy, science fiction, mystery, and historical fiction. She is the author of the bestselling Benjamin January mystery series featuring a free ...

(1988) * ''

The Stress of Her Regard Timothy Thomas Powers (born February 29, 1952) is an American science fiction and fantasy author. Powers has won the World Fantasy Award twice for his critically acclaimed novels ''Last Call'' and ''Declare''. His 1987 novel ''On Stranger Tides ...

'' by

Tim Powers Timothy Thomas Powers (born February 29, 1952) is an American science fiction and fantasy fiction, fantasy author. Powers has won the World Fantasy Award twice for his critically acclaimed novels ''Last Call (novel), Last Call'' and ''Declare''. ...

(1989) * ''

Vampire$ ''Vampires'' (sometimes stylized as ''Vampire$'') is a 1990 in literature, 1990 Horror fiction, horror novel by John Steakley. A dark fantasy with a contemporary setting, the novel concerns a company called Vampire$, Inc. which treats vampire-hunt ...

'' by

John Steakley John William Steakley, Jr. (July 26, 1951 – November 27, 2010) was an American science fiction author. He published two major novels, ''Armor'' (1984) and ''Vampire$'' (1990); the latter was the basis for John Carpenter's ''Vampires'' movi ...

(1990) * ''

The Silver Kiss ''The Silver Kiss'' is a young adult, romance and horror novel written by Annette Curtis Klause; it is printed in hardcover and paperback versions. The novel was Klause's first; it was published on September 1, 1990, and was re-issued in 2009 wi ...

'' by

Annette Curtis Klause Annette Curtis Klause (born June 20, 1953) is an English-American writer and librarian, specializing in young adult fiction. She is currently a children's materials selector for Montgomery County Public Libraries in Montgomery County, Maryland. ...

(1991) * ''Vampire of the Mists'' by

Christie Golden Christie Golden (born November 21, 1963) is an American author. She has written many novels and several short stories in fantasy, horror and science fiction. Career Golden has written many novels and several short stories in the fields of science ...

(1991) * ''Knight of the Black Rose'' by

James Lowder James Daniel Lowder (born January 2, 1963 in Quincy, Massachusetts) is an American author and editor, working regularly within the fantasy, dark fantasy, and horror genres, and on tabletop role-playing games and critical works exploring popular ...

(1991) * '' Lost Souls'' by

Poppy Z. Brite Billy Martin (born May 25, 1967), formerly Poppy Z. Brite, is an American author. He initially achieved fame in the gothic horror genre of literature in the early 1990s by publishing a string of successful novels and short story collections. He i ...

(1992) * The books ''I, Strahd, Memories of the Vampire'' (1993) and ''I, Strahd, the War with Azalin'' by

P. N. Elrod Patricia Nead Elrod (b. 1954) is an American novelist specializing in urban fantasy. She has written in the mystery, romance, paranormal, and historical genres with at least one foray into comedic fantasy. Elrod is also an editor, having worked on ...

tells the tale of the vampire lord

Strahd von Zarovich Count Strahd von Zarovich is a fictional character originally appearing as the feature villain in the highly popular ''Advanced Dungeons and Dragons'' adventure List of Dungeons & Dragons modules, module I6: Ravenloft (D&D module), ''Ravenloft''. ...

, who occupies the castle Ravenloft * ''Travelling with the Dead'' by

(1995). A sequel to ''Immortal Blood'' * ''Dracula the Undead (book), Dracula the Undead'' by Freda Warrington (1997) (commissioned by Penguin books as a sequel to Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'' for the centenary of the latter's first publication) * ''

'' by

(1998) * ''Sunshine (book), Sunshine'' by Robin McKinley (2003) * '' Let the Right One In'' (''Låt Den Rätte Komma In'' in the original Swedish) by

(2004). Translated into English in 2007 * ''

'' by

(2005) * ''Fledgling (Butler novel), Fledgling'' by Octavia Butler (2005) * ''Renfield: Slave of Dracula'' by

(2006) * "Morrigan's Cross", "Dance of the Gods" and "Valley of Silence" (The Circle Trilogy) by Nora Roberts (2006) * ''Empire V'' (the original Russian title ''Ампир В'' is an acronym of the word "vampire") by Victor Pelevin (2006) *''Fangland'' by John Marks (2007) *''Blood Oath'' by Christopher Farnsworth (2010). * ''Modern Marvels – Viktoriana'' by Wayne Reinagel (2011) * ''Batman Apollo'' (original Russian title ''Бэтман Аполло'') by Victor Pelevin (2013) *''NOS4A2'' by Joe Hill (writer), Joe Hill (2013) * ''Doctor Sleep (novel), Doctor Sleep'' by

(2013). A sequel to King's novel ''The Shining (novel), The Shining'' (1977) * ''

'' by

(2014) * ''The Vampyre of Gotham'' by Lev Raphael (2014) * ''The New Romantics: Ten Stories of Mystery, Passion, Travel and Vampires'' ("Bangkok Underground" and "Baltimore's Vampire Culture" are the two vampires stories here) by Richard Marranca * ''Captive'' by Gabrielle Estres * ''Vlad, the last confession'' by Chris Humphreys *''The Orange Spong and Storytelling at the Vamp-Art Café'' by St. Sukie de la Croix (2020) *''Silver Under Nightfall'' by Rin Chupeco (2022)

Fiction series

There are several recent series in vampire fiction, of variable literary quality. They tend to either take the form of direct sequels (or prequels) to the first book published or detail the ongoing adventures of particular characters. * Cassandra Clare - ''The Mortal Instruments'' series (2007 to 2014 - excluding spin-off books) * Lara Adrian's ''Midnight Breed'' series (2007–) * Elaine Bergstrom's ''Austra Vampires'' series (1989–) * Jenna Black's ''Guardians of The Night'' series (2006–) *

's ''

'' series (2000–). Not all of these novels concern themselves largely with vampires, but a war between vampires and wizards figures heavily in the story * P.C. Cast and Kristin Cast's ''House of Night'' series * Kresley Cole's ''The Immortals After Dark'' series (2006–) * Nancy A. Collins's ''Sonja Blue'' series (1989–) * Les Daniels' ''Don Sebastian: Vampire Chronicles'' series * MaryJanice Davidson's ''Undead (series), Undead'' series (2004–) * Guillermo del Toro with Chuck Hogan's ''The Strain'' (2009), ''The Fall (del Toro and Hogan novel), The Fall'' (2010) and ''The Night Eternal'' (2011) ''(La trilogía de la oscuridad)'' *

's ''Vampire Files'' series (1990–) *

's ''Jonathan Barrett, Gentleman Vampire'' series *

's ''Dark'' series (1999–) * Jeaniene Frost's ''Night Huntress'' series (2007–) * Christopher Golden's ''Shadow Saga'' (1994–2014) *

's '' Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter'' series (1993–) *

's ''

'' (2001–) *

's ''Hollows (series), Hollows'' series (2004–) * Tanya Huff's Blood Books series (1991–1997) * Faith Hunter's Jane Yellowrock series (2009–) * Charlie Huston's ''Joe Pitt Casefiles'' series (2005–) * Jasper Kent's ''Danilov Quintet'' (2009–) * Justin Cronins ''The Passage (Cronin novel), The Passage (2010),'' ''The Twelve (novel), The Twelve'' (2012) and ''The City of Mirrors (novel), City of Mirrors'' (2016) * Sherrilyn Kenyon's ''Dark-Hunter'' (2002–) * E. E. Knight's ''Vampire Earth'' series (2003–) * Brian Lumley's ''Necroscope (series), Necroscope'' series (1986–) *

's ''

'' and ''Bloodlines (Richelle Mead novel), Bloodlines'' series *

's ''Twilight (novel series), Twilight'' series (2005–2008) * Deborah Harkness's ''A Discovery of Witches'' (2011–2018) * Christopher Moore (author), Christopher Moore's ''A Love Story'' series (1995–2007) *

's ''Anno Dracula'' series (1992–) *

's ''

'' series (1976–) * Marilyn Ross's

series (1966–1971) * Fred Saberhagen's ''Vlad Tepes'' series (1975–2002) *

's ''

'' series (2000–2006) * Maggie Shayne's ''Wings in the Night'' series (1993–) * L. J. Smith (author), L.J. Smith's ''The Vampire Diaries (novel series), The Vampire Diaries'' series * Jeanne C. Stein's ''Anna Strong'' series *

's ''The Hunger'' series (1981–2002) * J. R. Ward's ''Black Dagger Brotherhood'' series (2011–) * Freda Warrington's ''Bloodwine'' series (1992–) * David Wellington (author), David Wellington's ''Thirteen Bullets (novel), Thirteen Bullets'', ''99 Coffins'', ''Vampire Zero'', ''23 Hours'' (Laura Caxton, James Arkeley series) * Gene Wolfe's ''The Book of the Short Sun, Urth: Book of the Short Sun'' trilogy (1999–2001) *

's ''Saint-Germain'' series (1978–) * Chloe Neill's ''Chicagoland Vampires (series), Chicagoland Vampires'' series White Wolf, Inc., White Wolf, a maker of role-playing games, releases novels set in the fantasy world of its ''Vampire: The Masquerade'' game. These series of novels were released in 13-book sets, each corresponding to one of the 13 clans of vampires in their game universe.

Juvenile fiction

* ''The Mortal Instruments'' series by Cassandra Clare (2007 to 2014 - excluding spin-off books) * ''The Little Vampire (book series), The Little Vampire'' series by Angela Sommer-Bodenburg (1979) * The ''Bunnicula'' series by Deborah Howe and James Howe (1979) * The ''School for Vampires'' series by Jackie Niebisch (1985) * The ''Darkangel'' series by Meredith Ann Pierce (1982–1990) * ''The Vampire Diaries (novel series), The Vampire Diaries'' series by L. J. Smith (author) (1991–) * The ''Night World'' series by L. J. Smith (author), L. J. Smith (1996–) * ''The Silver Kiss'' by

(1992) * ''The Last Vampire'' series by Christopher Pike (author), Christopher Pike (1994–) * ''Companions of the Night'' (1995) by Vivian Vande Velde * ''How to Be a Vampire'' (1996) by R. L. Stine **"A Vampire in the Neighborhood" short story in ''Tales to Give you Goosebumps'' by R.L. Stine (1994) **''Vampire Breath'' book #49 in the ''Goosebumps'' series by R.L. Stine (1996) **''Please Don't Feed the Vampire!'' book #15 in the ''Give Yourself Goosebumps'' series by R.L. Stine (1997) **''The Chronicles of Vladimir Tod'' series by Z Brewer (2007) **''Who's Your Mummy?'' book #6 in the ''Goosebumps HorrorLand'' series by R.L. Stine (2009) **''Goosebumps Horrorland, Welcome to HorrorLand: A Survival Guide'' book #13 in the ''Goosebumps Horrorland'' series by R.L. Stine (2009) **''Goosebumps Monster Survival Guide'' (2015) *''List of Choose Your Own Adventure books, Vampire Express'' (1984) book #31 in ''Choose Your Own Adventure'' **''List of Choose Your Own Adventure books, Biting for Blood'' (1996) book #7 in ''Choose Your Own Nightmare'' * Amelia Atwater-Rhodes's novels ''In the Forests of the Night'' (1999), ''Demon in My View'' (2000), ''Shattered Mirror'' (2001), ''Midnight Predator'' (2002) and ''Persistence of Memory'' (2008) * ''

'', also known as the ''Cirque Du Freak'' series (2000–4) by

* ''Sweetblood'' by Pete Hautman (2003) * The ''Vampire Kisses'' series by

(2005–) * ''

'' by

(2005) * The ''Twilight (novel series), Twilight'' series by

(2005–2008) * ''The Last Days (Westerfeld novel), The Last Days'' by

(2006) * The ''Blue Bloods (novel series), Blue Bloods'' series by Melissa de la Cruz (2006–) * The ''

'' series by

(2006–2010) * ''Tantalize'' by Cynthia Leitich Smith (2007) * The ''House of Night (series), House of Night'' series by P. C. Cast and Kristin Cast (2007–) * ''The Reformed Vampire Support Group'' by Catherine Jinks (2009) * ''Jessica's Guide to Dating on the Dark Side'' by Beth Fantaskey (2009) * The ''Little Dracula'' series by Martin Waddell and Joseph Wright (1986–2001) * ''The Coldest Girl in Coldtown'' by Holly Black (2013) * ''Carry On (novel), Carry On'' by Rainbow Rowell (2015)

Vampire fiction based on TV series

*''

''; see: List of Angel novels, List of ''Angel'' novels *''Being Human (UK TV series), Being Human''; see: Being Human novels, ''Being Human'' novels *''

''; see: List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer novels, List of ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' novels *''Carmilla (web series), Carmilla''; see: Carmilla (web series)#Novelization, ''Carmilla'' novelization * ''Doctor Who''; see: ** ''Blood Harvest (Dicks novel), Blood Harvest'' ** ''Goth Opera'' ** ''World Game (novel), World Game'' ** ''The Eight Doctors'' ** ''Vampire Science'' ** ''The Vampire Curse'' ** ''Short Trips: Defining Patterns, Short Trips: Defining Patterns: Twilight's End'' *''

''; see ''Dark Shadows#Novels, Dark Shadows novels'' (novels #6-32) *''Forever Knight''; see Forever Knight#Novels, ''Forever Knight'' novels *''I Heart Vampires''; see ''I Heart Vampires#Book, I Heart Vampires: Birth (A Confessions of a High School Vampire Novel)'' *''The Originals (TV series), The Originals''; see ''The Originals (TV series)#Novels, The Originals novels'' *''

''; see: ''The Vampire Diaries (novel series)#Stefan's Diaries, Stefan's Diaries''

Comic books

Comic books and graphic novels which feature vampires include ''Vampirella'' (Warren Publishing, 1969), ''Morbius, the Living Vampire, Morbius the Living Vampire'' (Marvel, 1971), ''The Tomb of Dracula'' (Marvel Comics, 1972), ''Blade (character), Blade'' (Marvel, 1973), ''I...Vampire'' (DC Comics, 1981), ''Hellsing'' (Shonen Gahosha, 1997), ''Vampire Girl'' (Shodensha, 1999–unknown), ''30 Days of Night'' (IDW Publishing, 2002), ''Chibi Vampire'' (Monthly Dragon Age, 2003), ''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure'' (''Weekly Shonen Jump'' 1986–2004, ''Ultra Jump'' 2004-) ''Rosario + Vampire'' (''Monthly Shōnen Jump'' 2004), ''Vampire Knight'' (LaLa, 2005), ''Blood Alone'' (MediaWorks, 2005), ''Dracula vs. King Arthur'' (Silent Devil Productions, 2005), ''Dance in the Vampire Bund'' (Media Factory, 2006), '' Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter: Guilty Pleasures'' (Dabel Brothers Productions/Marvel Comics, 2007), ''Half Dead'' (Dabel Brothers Productions/Marvel Comics, 2007), ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight'' (Dark Horse Comics, 2007), ''Black Rose Alice'' (Akita Shoten, 2008), ''Nosferatu (comics), Nosferatu'' (Viper Comics, 2010), ''Twilight: The Graphic Novel'' (2010) and ''He's My Only Vampire'' (Kodansha, 2010). Proinsias Cassidy, the supporting lead male in Garth Ennis' comic book series ''Preacher (comics), Preacher'' (DC/Vertigo, 1995), is a vampire of Irish origin. In addition, many major superheroes have faced vampire supervillains at some point. In the Belgo-French comic ''Le Bal du rat mort'', police inspector Jean Lamorgue is a hybrid vampire and he is a king of rats. He is guiding an invasion of rats in Ostend and he sucks the blood of his human victims. In 2009, Zuda Comics launched ''La Morté Sisters'', a story of teenage vampirism in a Catholic orphanage taking place in South Philadelphia. The story follows new girl Maddie in a world of ninja nuns and black magic. ''American Vampire'', created by Scott Snyder, was published in 2010. It explores the idea of the evolution of vampires, leading to new species throughout American history.

Magazines

Magazines which feature vampires include ''Bite me'' magazine (launched 1999). Typical features include interviews with vampire actors, features on famous vampire film classics, vampire-related news, forthcoming vampire film and book releases. Defunct vampire magazines include ''Crimson'' (England); ''Journal of the Dark'' (US), Father Sebastiaan's ''Vampyre Magazine'' (US) and ''The Velvet Vampyre'' (available to members of the disbanded The Vampyre Society, England).

References

Bibliography

* Freelad, Cynthia A. (2000) ''The Naked and the Undead: Evil and the Appeal of Horror''. Westview Pres Adaptations. Greenwood Press. * Melton, J. Gordon. (1999) ''The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead''. Visible Ink Press. * Montague Summers (1928) ''The Vampire: His Kith and Kin'', (book reprinted with alternate title: ''Vampires and Vampirism'' ). Chapter 5 - "The Vampire in Literature" is reprinted in Clive Bloom (2007) ''Gothic Horror'': 108–126. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
El estudio académico más completo en español sobre el origen y evolución de los vampiros: Toribio-Hernández, Edgar. (2018). EL ORIGEN Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS VAMPIROS: MONSTRUOS DE LA FANTASÍA. Acta literaria, (57), 39-70. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-68482018000200039

Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra, ''From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature'', Ph.D. Dissertation, School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, May 2011.
*M. J. Trow (2003) ''Vlad the Impaler''. Sutton: Stroud. {{DEFAULTSORT:Vampire Literature Vampires in written fiction, Horror fiction Fantasy genres Horror genres Vampires in popular culture

History

18th century

19th century

''Dracula''

20th century

21st century

Traits of vampires in fiction

Vampire hybrids

Literature

Poems

Prose

Fiction series

Juvenile fiction

Vampire fiction based on TV series

Comic books

Magazines

See also

References

Bibliography