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The University of London Worldwide (previously called the University of London International Academy) is the central academic body that manages external study programmes within the
federal Federal or foederal (archaic) may refer to: Politics General *Federal monarchy, a federation of monarchies *Federation, or ''Federal state'' (federal system), a type of government characterized by both a central (federal) government and states or ...
University of London The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree ...
. All courses are branded as simply "University of London", having previously been "University of London International Programmes" and earlier "University of London External Programmes". It claims to be the world's oldest distance and flexible learning body, established under the University of London's
royal charter A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta (great charter) of 1215, bu ...
of 1858, although academics have disputed whether it offered distance learning at that time. Several member institutions of the
University of London The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree ...
offer degrees through the programme, including Birkbeck, Goldsmiths,
King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
,
London School of Economics , mottoeng = To understand the causes of things , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £240.8 million (2021) , budget = £391.1 millio ...
, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway,
Royal Veterinary College , mottoeng = Confront disease at onset , established = (became a constituent part of University of London in 1949) , endowment = £10.5 million (2021) , budget = £106.0 million (20 ...
,
School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS University of London (; the School of Oriental and African Studies) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS is located in the Bloomsbury ar ...
and
University College London , mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £143 million (2020) , budget = ...
. The system offers courses of study for
undergraduate Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and before postgraduate education. It typically includes all postsecondary programs up to the level of a bachelor's degree. For example, in the United States, an entry-lev ...
and
postgraduate Postgraduate or graduate education refers to academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate ( bachelor's) degree. The organization and stru ...
diplomas and degrees to more than 50,000 students around the world."About Us", University of London International Programmes Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/about_us/index.shtml A designated member institution of the University of London acts as the lead institution for each course and is responsible for creating materials to allow students to study at their own pace. Examinations take place at testing centres around the world on specified dates. Hallmarks of the programme are its low cost in comparison to attendance in London, and the possibility of pursuing either full-time or part-time study. As stated in the University of London Statutes,''University of London Statutes''
14 December 2005.
International Programmes students are graded on the same standard as internal students to ensure a uniform credentialing process.University of London Parity Standards, Document http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/about_us/related_docs/parity_standards.pdf A student who completes a course of study under the programme is awarded a University of London degree with a notation specifying which lead institution provided the instruction. , there are more than 100,000 University of London distance-learning alumni across the world, which include seven
Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes ( sv, Nobelpriset, no, Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make ou ...
, numerous presidents or prime ministers, current and former leaders of the
Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Co ...
, government ministers and
Members of Parliament A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
, academicians and notable
judge A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...
s. Currently, the global community of registered students number over 50,000 students in more than 180 countries including
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest contine ...
.


History

The institution that later became known as
University College London , mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £143 million (2020) , budget = ...
was established in 1826 and opened in 1828 under the name "London University", although without official recognition of university status. The institution – following the Scottish model in curriculum and teaching – was
non-denominational A non-denominational person or organization is one that does not follow (or is not restricted to) any particular or specific religious denomination. Overview The term has been used in the context of various faiths including Jainism, Baháʼí Fait ...
and, given the intense religious rivalries at the time, there was an outcry against the "godless" university. The issue soon boiled down to which institutions had
degree Degree may refer to: As a unit of measurement * Degree (angle), a unit of angle measurement ** Degree of geographical latitude ** Degree of geographical longitude * Degree symbol (°), a notation used in science, engineering, and mathematics ...
-granting powers and which institutions did not. The compromise solution that emerged in 1836 was that the sole authority to conduct the examinations leading to degrees would be given to a new officially recognised entity called the "University of London", which would act as examining body for the University of London colleges, originally
University College London , mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £143 million (2020) , budget = ...
and
King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
, and award their students University of London degrees. As
Sheldon Rothblatt Sheldon may refer to: * Sheldon (name), a given name and a surname, and a list of people with the name Places Australia *Sheldon, Queensland *Sheldon Forest, New South Wales United Kingdom *Sheldon, Derbyshire, England *Sheldon, Devon, England *S ...
states, "thus arose in nearly archetypal form the famous English distinction between
teaching Teaching is the practice implemented by a ''teacher'' aimed at transmitting skills (knowledge, know-how, and interpersonal skills) to a learner, a student, or any other audience in the context of an educational institution. Teaching is closely re ...
and examining, here embodied in separate institutions." With the state giving examining powers to a separate entity, the groundwork was laid for the creation of a programme within the new university that would both administer examinations and award qualifications to students taking instruction at another institution or pursuing a course of self-directed study.


People's University and larger role

The 1858 charter of the University of London allowed students at any college, whether affiliated or not, self-taught students, students with private tutors and students taking correspondence courses to sit University of London exams on payment of the £5 fee. On this basis, the
University of London The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree ...
has claimed to be the first university to offer distance learning degrees, although its role at that time was limited to that of an examining board. Thanapal (2015) states that "the original degree by external study of the UOL was not a form of distance education". In 1858, a British weekly
literary magazine A literary magazine is a periodical devoted to literature in a broad sense. Literary magazines usually publish short stories, poetry, and essays, along with literary criticism, book reviews, biographical profiles of authors, interviews and letter ...
named '' All the Year Round'', founded and owned by
Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...
, coined the term "The People's University" or "The English People's University", to describe the University of London as it provided access to
higher education Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completi ...
to students from less affluent backgrounds. Several current degree-awarding universities started as colleges presenting candidates for University of London degrees, such as Owens College which later became part of the Victoria University and eventually the University of Manchester. The external system continued to expand from its London base with examinations for non-collegiate students held in
Gibraltar ) , anthem = " God Save the King" , song = " Gibraltar Anthem" , image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg , map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe , map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green , mapsize = , image_map2 = Gib ...
(1867), Canada (1868), Tasmania and West Indies (1869), India (1880),
Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
(1882), Hong Kong (1888), with 18 centres worldwide by 1899. With the reform of the University of London from an examining board to a federal university in 1900, the existing examination system became the External System, with the newly federated colleges in London forming the Internal System (with the university taking responsibility for approving courses and teachers). Both external and internal students continued to be awarded the same University of London degrees. The University of London examination system and the External System were instrumental in the formation of British higher education. Most English and Welsh university colleges founded between 1849 and 1949 (exceptions include Newcastle, linked with Durham from its foundation in 1871, and Swansea, part of the University of Wales from its foundation in 1920) served what was a form of "apprenticeship" through offering London degrees by external study for a period (which could vary considerably in length), before receiving authorisation to award their own degrees and becoming universities in their own right. The External System also played a significant role in establishing many Commonwealth universities under a unique scheme of "special relations". Enrolment increased steadily in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and during the Second World War there was a further increase in enrolments from soldiers stationed abroad as well as soldiers imprisoned in German
POW A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610. Belligerents hold prisoners of war ...
camps. Because the
Geneva Convention (1929) Geneva Convention (1929) may refer to: * Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War (1929) * Geneva Convention on the Wounded and Sick (1929) The Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field, c ...
stipulated that every prisoner of war, in addition to being entitled to adequate food and medical care, had the right to exchange correspondence and receive parcels, many British POWs took advantage of this opportunity and enrolled in the University of London External Programme. The soldiers were sent study materials by mail, and at specified intervals sat for proctored exams in the camps. Almost 11,000 exams were taken at 88 camps between 1940 and 1945. Though the failure rate was high, substantial numbers of soldiers earned degrees while imprisoned. However, as more universities were established in Britain and the Commonwealth in the decades following the second world war, the demand for the external system dropped. In 1972 it was announced that the external system would stop registering students at public institutions from 1977, and in 1977 overseas registrations were also stopped, although these were reopened in 1982. In 1985–6, there were 24,500 students registered for external degrees in six main subject areas. Law was by far the biggest subject, with 75 percent of all enrollments. In 1985, there were 358 LLBs awarded to internal students; in the same year, 298 graduated with external LLBs. Reform of the external system in 1987 saw colleges contracted (either individually or, as in the case of Law, as a consortium) by the university to provide academic support for external students. This established the concept of the "lead college" on a course, and led to programme directors in the lead colleges taking on not just examinations but also the delivery of the courses and, in collaboration with academics in the colleges, the development of teaching materials The University of London International Programmes commemorated its 150th anniversary in 2008. A specially commissioned anniversary book was produced to mark the occasion.


Research programmes and degrees

With the advent of inexpensive airmail services after the war, the number of external students taking University of London courses increased dramatically. According to relevant Regulations, until 2000 University of London external students could pursue research leading to the award of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) or Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) albeit the completion rate had been rather low.


Current system

The system offers courses of study for
undergraduate Undergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and before postgraduate education. It typically includes all postsecondary programs up to the level of a bachelor's degree. For example, in the United States, an entry-lev ...
and
postgraduate Postgraduate or graduate education refers to academic or professional degrees, certificates, diplomas, or other qualifications pursued by post-secondary students who have earned an undergraduate ( bachelor's) degree. The organization and stru ...
diplomas and degrees to more than 50,000 students around the world. A designated constituent institution of the University of London, called the "lead college", creates materials to allow students to study at their own pace. Unlike many modern distance learning degrees that are based on coursework alone, assessment was primarily based on examinations that take place at testing centres around the world on specified dates. Since 2019, coursework and forum participation can make up a percentage of the overall assessment in addition to in-person or online examinations, depending on the degree and modules studied. Hallmarks of the programme are its low cost in comparison to attendance in London, and the possibility of pursuing either full-time or part-time study. As stated in the University of London Statutes, International Programmes students are graded on the same standard as internal students to ensure a uniform credentialing process. A student who completes a course of study under the program is awarded a University of London degree with a notation specifying which lead college provided the instruction. Students enrolled in the University of London International Programmes are members of the University of London. International Programmes Students however, have very limited student representation within the university. There are also differences over the status International Programmes Students have with respect to their lead college. Some institutions co-register their International Programmes Students as college members (e.g. SOAS, LSHTM), in addition to their status as University of London member. However, other colleges deny International Programmes Students membership status and privileges when they are present in London (e.g. LSE). Academics at the University of London are responsible for the academic direction of the International Programmes. When the International Programmes was audited in 2005 by the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA), the auditors concluded that 'broad confidence' could be placed in the university's management and the awards made through the External System ('broad confidence' is "the best verdict any institution can be given by the auditors")."Vote of confidence in delivering world-wide education for the University of London"
University of London Press Release, 10 April 2006.
The 'confidence' was once again reiterated in the QAA's 2011 Institutional Audit, attesting to the quality of the program provision."University of London International Programs, Institutional Audit"
May 2011.
Most International Programmes Students are in former territories of the British Empire. There are more than 9,000 students enrolled in the programme in Singapore notably the
SIM Global Education The Singapore Institute of Management (SIM) is a provider of private tertiary education and professional training in Singapore. It was established by the Economic Development Board on 28 November 1964. SIM is registered under the Committee for Pr ...
,"Study in Singapore for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sg/ 5,000 in Hong Kong,"Study in Hong Kong for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/hk/ 3,000 in Trinidad and Tobago,"Study in Trinidad and Tobago for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/trinidad/ 2,000 in Malaysia,"Study in Malaysia for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/mly/ 1,900 in Pakistan,"Study in Pakistan for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/pak/ 1,200 in Bangladesh,"Study in Bangladesh for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/bn/ 800 in
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
,"Study in Sri Lanka for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/sri/ 1,000 in Canada,"Study in Canada for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/canada/ between 1,000 and 1,999 in the United States,"Study in the United States for a University of London Degree", Website http://www.londoninternational.ac.uk/usa/ 300 in Malta,"Study in Malta for a University of London Degree"
University of London , International Programmes.
more than 200 in Australia, more than 200 in South Africa, more than 30 in New Zealand and many hundreds in India,"Study in India for a University of London Degree"
University of London , International Programmes.
among other countries. Furthermore, there are around 1,000 students in Russia participating in this programme.


Name changes

In November 2007, the University of London External Programme became known as the University of London External System. In August 2010, the name was once again changed to University of London International Programmes in response to feedback that the programme needed a clear, simpler and more inclusive name that described what the University of London offered to almost 50,000 students in 180 countries. As from February 2018, University of London International Programmes changed its name to just University of London. The logo has been also changed to University of London, instead having its own logo.


Participating colleges and institutes of the University of London

* Birkbeck * Goldsmiths * UCL Institute of Education *
King's College London King's College London (informally King's or KCL) is a public research university located in London, England. King's was established by royal charter in 1829 under the patronage of King George IV and the Duke of Wellington. In 1836, King's ...
*
London School of Economics , mottoeng = To understand the causes of things , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £240.8 million (2021) , budget = £391.1 millio ...
* London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine * Queen Mary * Royal Holloway *
Royal Veterinary College , mottoeng = Confront disease at onset , established = (became a constituent part of University of London in 1949) , endowment = £10.5 million (2021) , budget = £106.0 million (20 ...
*
School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS University of London (; the School of Oriental and African Studies) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS is located in the Bloomsbury ar ...
*
University College London , mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward , established = , type = Public research university , endowment = £143 million (2020) , budget = ...
After Imperial College London left the university in July 2007, the
School of Oriental and African Studies SOAS University of London (; the School of Oriental and African Studies) is a public research university in London, England, and a member institution of the federal University of London. Founded in 1916, SOAS is located in the Bloomsbury ar ...
became the lead college for the external degrees previously led by Imperial.. Following the closure of Heythrop College in January 2019, academic direction on distance learning courses in divinity is provided by the University of London rather than by one of the colleges.


Independent teaching institutions

In Europe, North America, the Middle East, South Asia and East Asia many students participating in University of London International Programmes seek out tuition at one of the more than 150 private or non-profit institutions that prepare students for University of London examinations. Such institutions may be audited and, if found to meet quality standards, may become "recognised" by the university for the support offered. Starting August 2010, the External System programmes were renamed University of London International Programmes. The central academic body of the university, collaborating with the colleges of the University of London, is renamed University of London International Academy, term mainly used internally. In parallel to this change, the teaching institutions are now categorized into Registered and Affiliate centers (collectively known as recognised centres). Students can either decide to study entirely by themselves, or to enjoy the administrative and academic support of the institutions that are recognised by the University of London for the International Programmes. Registered Centres have demonstrated commitment to developing high standards in respect of teaching, support to students and administrative processes. Affiliate Centres have demonstrated a sustained commitment to developing excellence in respect of quality of teaching, support to students and administrative processes. Affiliate Centre status is the highest level of recognition awarded by the University of London. Recognition applies to specific programmes on named campuses. New College of the Humanities, a private college founded in London in 2011, though not affiliated with the University of London, also plans to register its students for degrees through the programme.


Academic profile


Programmes and degrees

University of London currently offers 31 undergraduate degrees and 38 postgraduate degrees and also several diplomas. All degrees are created, monitored and examined by the colleges of the University of London. In 2019, the University of London Worldwide and the LSE announced a partnership with 2U to deliver a fully online bachelor's degree in data science and business analytics through 2U's online platform.


Scholarships and financial support

In 2020,
József Váradi József János Váradi (born 21 September 1965) is a Hungarian businessman, who co-founded Wizz Air and has served as its chief executive officer (CEO) since 2003. Early life Váradi was born in Debrecen, Hungary in 1965. His father took part i ...
donated £1 million to the university for support of external scholarship and aid. Organisations such as
Commonwealth Scholarships The Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan (CSFP) is an international programme under which Commonwealth governments offer scholarships and fellowships to citizens of other Commonwealth countries. History The plan was originally proposed ...
, Sir John Cass's Foundation scholarship and individual scholarship like Guy Goodwin-Gill scholarship, Sadako Ogata scholarships are available for external students.


Influence

The University of London external system has played an important role in the development of higher education institutions in Britain. Many leading research universities in England started out as " university colleges" that prepared students for external degrees of the University of London. Some technical colleges in England and Scotland also awarded University of London degrees and certificates prior to becoming polytechnics and then universities. Examples include the University of Nottingham, the University of Leicester and the University of Exeter in England,
Cardiff University , latin_name = , image_name = Shield of the University of Cardiff.svg , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of arms of Cardiff University , motto = cy, Gwirionedd, Undod a Chytgord , mottoeng = Truth, Unity and Concord , established = 1 ...
and
Bangor University , former_names = University College of North Wales (1884–1996) University of Wales, Bangor (1996–2007) , image = File:Arms_of_Bangor_University.svg , image_size = 250px , caption = Arms ...
prior to joining the University of Wales and becoming independent and
Robert Gordon University Robert Gordon University, commonly called RGU, is a public university in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland. It became a university in 1992, and originated from an educational institution founded in the 18th century by Robert Gordon (philanthropist), ...
in Scotland. This was a common way of establishing new universities in Britain and around the British Empire during the first half of the twentieth century. Many universities in the
Commonwealth A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...
began as extension institutions or a provider of the programme. Notable examples include Ceylon University College in
Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, University College Ibadan (now the University of Ibadan) in Nigeria, the former University of East Africa's three constituent institutions and the
University of the West Indies The University of the West Indies (UWI), originally University College of the West Indies, is a public university system established to serve the higher education needs of the residents of 17 English-speaking countries and territories in th ...
in the
Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
.


Online MOOCs

In 2012, University of London International Programmes became the first British higher education institution to join Coursera and offer mass open online courses through their platform. By 2016, total enrollments had crossed 1 million. In 2018 the University of London, its member institution Goldsmiths, University of London, and Coursera announced they were collaborating to offer the first undergraduate Computer Science degree on the platform.


Notable alumni

The degree graduates from the International Programmes are member of the University of London International Programmes Alumni Association and formal alumni of the University of London.


Nobel laureates

At least seven Nobel Prizes have been awarded to alumni of the University of London distance learning students in external mode: * Ronald H. Coase ( Economic Sciences, 1991) * Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( Physiology or Medicine, 1929) * Charles K. Kao ( Physics, 2009) *
Nelson Mandela Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (; ; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African Internal resistance to apartheid, anti-apartheid activist who served as the President of South Africa, first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1 ...
( Peace, 1993) *
Rolph Payet Rolph Antoine Payet FRGS (born 4 August 1968) is an international policy expert, researcher and speaker on environment, climate and island issues, and was the first President & Vice-Chancellor of the University of Seychelles. He was Minister of E ...
, Lead author of IPCC ( Peace, 2007); HonDSc (2016) * Wole Soyinka ( Literature, 1986) *
Derek Walcott Sir Derek Alton Walcott (23 January 1930 – 17 March 2017) was a Saint Lucian poet and playwright. He received the 1992 Nobel Prize in Literature. His works include the Homeric epic poem ''Omeros'' (1990), which many critics view "as Walcot ...
( Literature, 1992)


Presidents, prime ministers, politicians

* Emeka Anyaoku, 3rd Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations *
Luisa Diogo Luisa (Italian and Spanish), Luísa (Portuguese) or Louise ( French) is a feminine given name; it is the feminine form of the given name Louis (Luis), the French form of the Frankish Chlodowig (German Ludwig), from the Germanic elements ''hlod ...
, 3rd Prime Minister of Mozambique *Sir Oliver Goonetilleke, 3rd
Governor-General of Ceylon The Governor-General of Ceylon was the representative of the Ceylonese monarch in the Dominion of Ceylon from the country's independence in 1948 until it became the republic of Sri Lanka in 1972. History There were four governors-general. S ...
*Sir
Senerat Gunewardene Sir Senerat Gunewardene (also known as Ratnakirti Senerat Serasinghe Gunewardene or R.S.S. Gunewardene) (3 November 1899 – 10 August 1981) was a Sri Lankan lawyer, statesmen and diplomat. He was the first Minister without Portfolio, member o ...
, cabinet minister and diplomat * Varun Gandhi, Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha from India *
Alvan Ikoku Alvan Azinna Ikoku (August 1, 1900–November 18, 1971) was a Nigerian educationist, statesman, activist and politician. Life Born on August 1, 1900, in Amanagwu Arochukwu, present-day Abia State, from 1911 to 1914, he was educated at the Aro ...
, Nigerian politician * J. R. Jayewardene, 2nd
President of Sri Lanka The President of Sri Lanka ( si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනාධිපති ''Śrī Laṃkā Janādhipathi''; ta, இலங்கை சனாதிபதி ''Ilankai janātipati'') is the head of state and head of government of t ...
and 7th
Prime Minister of Sri Lanka The Prime Minister of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is the head and most senior member of parliament in the cabinet of ministers. It is the second-most powerful position in Sri Lanka's executive branch behind the president, wh ...
*
Charles Muguta Kajege Charles Muguta Kajege (born June 3, 1962) is a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly of Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa withi ...
, Member of Parliament, Tanzania''London Connection'' Alumni Newsletter
Spring 2007.
* David Knox, former Member of Parliament for Leek, Staffordshire *
Eleni Mavrou Eleni Mavrou (, ) is the Executive Chairman of Dialogos Media Group. She served as Minister of Interior of the Republic of Cyprus until February 2013. Until 2011, she was the mayor of the capital city Nicosia for 5 years. Thus, Ms Mavrou became t ...
,
Minister of Interior An interior minister (sometimes called a minister of internal affairs or minister of home affairs) is a Cabinet (government), cabinet official position that is responsible for internal affairs, such as public security, civil registration and iden ...
of the Republic of Cyprus * Thabo Mbeki, 2nd President of South AfricaBiography of Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Website http://www.info.gov.za/gol/gcis_profile.jsp?id=509 * Dipu Moni, 1st woman to become Foreign Minister of Bangladesh *
Fred Mulley Frederick William Mulley, Baron Mulley, Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC (3 July 1918 – 15 March 1995) was a British UK Labour Party, Labour politician, barrister-at-law and economist. Early life Mulley attended Warwick School between 1 ...
, UK Secretary of State for Defence * Robert Mugabe, 2nd
President of Zimbabwe The president of Zimbabwe is the head of state of Zimbabwe and head of the executive branch of the government of Zimbabwe. The president chairs the national cabinet and is the chief commanding authority of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces. The in ...
and 1st Prime Minister of Zimbabwe *
Paul Pearce Paul Ronald Pearce (born 7 February 1956) is an Australian politician. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Coogee between 2003 and 2011 for the Labor Party. Early life and education Pearce was educated ...
, Member of Parliament, AustraliaConnection'' Alumni Newsletter
Autumn 2005.
*
A. N. R. Robinson Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (16 December 1926 – 9 April 2014; known as A. N. R. or "Ray" Robinson), was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003. He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime ...
, 3rd President of Trinidad and Tobago and 3rd Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago * Patricia Scotland, 6th Secretary-General of the Commonwealth of Nations * Gisela Stuart, Member of Parliament for Birmingham Edgbaston *
Maria Tam Maria Tam Wai-chu (; born 2 November 1945) is a senior Hong Kong politician and lawyer. She is a member of the Committee for the Basic Law of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) since 1997 and the chairman of the Operati ...
, Deputy of Hong Kong to National People's Congress


Military, civil servants and diplomats

* Hamilton Amerasinghe, 31st
President of the United Nations General Assembly The president of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on a yearly basis. The president is the chair and presiding officer of the General Assembly. Election ...
(1976) *Patricia Varela Benzo, Human Rights Officer at Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights *
Teresa Cheng Teresa Cheng is an animation producer specifically skilled in computer graphics and most famously known for her work on ''Shrek Forever After'', ''Madagascar'', '' Batman & Robin'', and ''True Lies''. She has worked with major agencies such as W ...
, 4th Secretary for Justice of Hong Kong *
Leung Chin-man Leung Chin-man JP (, born 22 November 1945) is a retired senior civil servant in the Government of Hong Kong the former Permanent Secretary for Housing, Planning and Lands. Government career Leung first joined the Immigration Department in Oct ...
,
Permanent Secretary A permanent secretary (also known as a principal secretary) is the most senior Civil Service (United Kingdom), civil servant of a department or Ministry (government department), ministry charged with running the department or ministry's day-to-day ...
in the
Government of Hong Kong The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, commonly known as the Hong Kong Government or HKSAR Government, refers to the executive authorities of Hong Kong SAR. It was formed on 1 July 1997 in accordance with the Sino-Br ...
*
Thomas Kelly-Kenny General Sir Thomas Kelly-Kenny, (27 February 1840 – 26 December 1914) was a British Army general who served in the Second Boer War. Military and political career Thomas Kelly was born on 27 February 1840 in Kilrush, County Clare, Ireland, ...
, General of the British Army * Stephen Lam, Chief Secretary for Administration of Hong Kong *
Gunapala Malalasekera Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera, OBE, JP, (8 November 1899 – 23 April 1973) was a Sri Lankan academic, scholar and diplomat best known for his Malalasekara English-Sinhala Dictionary. He was Ceylon's first Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Ce ...
, Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the United Nations and
Ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sov ...
* Bernard Peiris, Cabinet Secretary of
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
*
Ediriweera Sarachchandra Dr. Veditantirige Eustace Reginold de Silva (later became Veditantirige Ediriweera Ranjitha Sarachchandra) (3 June 1914 – 16 August 1996; Sinhala: මහාචාර්ය එදිරිවීර සරච්චන්ද්‍ර), popularly ...
,
Ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sov ...
of
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
to France *
Kazunari Suzuki Kazunari is a masculine Japanese given name. Possible writings Kazunari can be written using different kanji are the logographic Chinese characters taken from the Chinese family of scripts, Chinese script and used in the writing of Japanese ...
, Diplomat with Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) *
Li Tieh-tseng Li Tieh-tseng (1906 – January 28, 1990) was a Chinese ambassador. *In 1928, shortly after graduation, he was appointed county magistrate of Nan County but was forced to leave. *Since then he taught at the School of Law at the Wuhan Universit ...
,
Ambassador An ambassador is an official envoy, especially a high-ranking diplomat who represents a state and is usually accredited to another sovereign state or to an international organization as the resident representative of their own government or sov ...
of
Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
to Iran and Thailand


Judges and lawyers

*
Helena Normanton Helena Florence Normanton, Queen's Counsel, QC (14 December 1882 – 14 October 1957) was the first woman to take advantage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 and join an institution of the legal profession. In November 1922, she was ...
, First female
barrister A barrister is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching law and ...
in the United Kingdom. *
Christopher Weeramantry Sri Lankabhimanya Christopher Gregory Weeramantry, AM (17 November 1926 – 5 January 2017) was a Sri Lankan lawyer who was a Judge of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) from 1991 to 2000, serving as its vice-president from 1997 to 2000. ...
, Judge and Vice-President of the International Court of Justice *
Bola Ajibola Bolasodun Adesumbo "Bola" Ajibola, KBE (born March 22, 1934)Mielle K. Bulterman, Martin KuijeCompliance with judgments of international courts/ref> was Attorney General and the Minister of Justice of Nigeria from 1985 to 1991 and a Judge of the ...
, Judge of the International Court of Justice *
Meir Shamgar Meir Shamgar ( he, מאיר שמגר; August 13, 1925 – October 18, 2019) was the chief justice of the Israeli Supreme Court from 1983 to 1995. Biography Meir Shamgar (Sterenberg or Sternberg) was born in the Free City of Danzig (present-da ...
, former President/Chief Justice of the Israeli Supreme Court *
Victor Tennekoon Deshamanya Justice Victor Tennekoon QC (9 September 1914 – April 1990) was a Sri Lankan lawyer and jurist. He served as the 35th Chief Justice of Sri Lanka, as well as the 33rd Attorney General and 23rd Solicitor General. From 1979 to 1984 ...
, 35th Chief Justice of Sri Lanka * Edward Williams, Judge of the
Supreme Court of Queensland The Supreme Court of Queensland is the highest court in the Australian State of Queensland. It was formerly the Brisbane Supreme Court, in the colony of Queensland. The original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court allows its trial division to he ...
, Australia"Commemorating the Life of Edward Williams"
Supreme Court of Queensland Library, 2004.
*
Frederic N. Smalkin Frederic N. Smalkin (born May 21, 1946) is a retired United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland and is currently a professor at the University of Baltimore School of Law, where he was awarded the ...
, former Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, * Choor Singh,
Judge A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges. A judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the barristers or solicitors of the case, assesses the credibility an ...
of the Supreme Court of Singapore *
Babatunji Olowofoyeku Babatunji Olowofoyeku (21 May 1917 – 26 March 2003), OFR, SAN, was a Nigerian politician, educationist, lawyer and leader, a Yoruba and native of Ilesha in Osun State of Nigeria, whose political career started in the mid-1950s. Early life ...
,
Attorney General In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general or attorney-general (sometimes abbreviated AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government. The plural is attorneys general. In some jurisdictions, attorneys general also have exec ...
of Western Region, Nigeria *
Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan Agha Rafiq Ahmed Khan (born 23 August 1949) a Pakistani jurist belongs to Garhi Yasin in Shikarpur District of Sindh, Pakistan. He is the son-in-law of Justice Mushtak Ali Kazi, who was a Judge of High Court of Sindh and Balochistan. Justice A ...
, Former Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan *
Oswald Leslie De Kretser III Justice Oswald Leslie De Kretser III was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) judge. He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Born to Oswald Leslie De Kretser II a Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Ceylon, he was educated at the Royal College, Co ...
, Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon *
Henry Thambiah Deshamanya Justice Henry Wijeyakone Thambiah (also spelt Tambiah) (1906–1997) was a Ceylonese academic, diplomat, lawyer and judge, born in Sri Lanka during British colonial rule. He was a Commissioner of Assize, High Commissioner and judge of ...
, Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon * Andrew Chan Hing-wai, Judge of Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)


Business

*
Joseph Hotung Sir Joseph Edward Hotung (1930 – 16 December 2021) was a Hong Kong businessman, art collector, and philanthropist. Biography Hotung was born to Edward Hotung, son of Hong Kong tycoon Robert Hotung, in Shanghai in 1930. His brother was Eric Hot ...
, 1st Chairman of Hong Kong Arts Development Council and Recipient of Knight Bachelor * Khadija Mushtaq, executive director of
Roots School System The Roots School System (RSS) is a school system based in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. History The organization was founded in 1988 by Riffat Mushtaq with the first institution at Harley Street Rawalpindi. The organization has spread with her children ...
, Pakistan *
Sherin Naiken Sherin Francis (born March 30, 1984) is a Seychellois economist and Financial management, finance expert. She is the Principal Secretary for the Tourism Department, which is under the purview of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and Tourism. Prior ...
,
CEO A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer (CEO), chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization especially ...
of
Seychelles Tourism Board The Seychelles Tourism Board (STB), a public/private sector body headed by CEO Mrs. Sherin Francis, with Mrs. Kathleen Mason as Chairperson, oversees most aspects of Seychelles' tourism industry whose Minister is Mr. Didier Dogley. The Seychelles ...
* Nicola Vogel, Global Senior HR Director at Danfoss


Scientists and academics

* Donald Harris, Professor emeritus at
Stanford University Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...
and father of Kamala Harris *Chinua Achebe, David and Marianna Fisher University Professor at Brown University. *Grace Alele-Williams, Chancellor (education), Chancellor of University of Benin (Nigeria), University of Benin *Asa Briggs, Chancellor (education), Chancellor of Open University (1978 to 1994) *Brian Laurence Burtt, English botanist *Bob Coats - former professor at University of York *Glyn Davies (economist), Glyn Davies, economist *Patrick du Val, inventor of the concept of Du Val singularity in algebraic surface *Geoffrey Elton, Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge), Regius Professor of History at University of Cambridge *Sir Roy Goode, Founder of Centre for Commercial Law Studies at Queen Mary, University of London. *A.C. Grayling, Master of the New College of the Humanities *Alec Issigonis, engineer and designer of the British Motor Corporation (BMC) Mini *Harold Jeffreys, mathematician, statistician, geophysicist and astronomer *Israel Kirzner, former professor of economics at New York UniversityIsrael Kirzner's Curriculum Vitae http://www.econ.nyu.edu/dept/vitae/kirzner.htm *Kelvin Lancaster, former professor of economics at Columbia UniversityKelvin Lancaster Obituary, Columbia University, 1999 http://www.columbia.edu/cu/economics/faculty/memoriam/memoriam_klancaster.html *D H Lawrence, British author and critic *Ronald Piper, Professor and Vice-Principal at the University of St Andrews *Charlotte Scott, former professor of mathematics at Bryn Mawr College *C. P. Snow, Charles P. Snow, Rector of the University of St Andrews (1961 to 1964) *Laurence Dudley Stamp, L. Dudley Stamp, Professor at the London School of Economics and Political Science *Barnes Wallis, Inventor of the Bouncing Bomb *Alan Walters, former Chief Economic Adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher


Acting

*Ramita Mahapreukpong, Thailand, Thai actress


Religion

*Louis Charles Casartelli, fourth Bishop of Salford *Thomas Cooray, Cardinal (Catholicism), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church


Others

*Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, actor *Ulli Beier, writerWole Ogundele, "Rereading Beier", ''African Quarterly on the Arts'', vol. 2, no. 3, (date?) http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/glendora%20review/vol2no4/graa002004012.pdf *Malcolm Bradbury, British author and academic *Jim Crace, English novelist *Louise Creighton, British author and activist *Segun Toyin Dawodu, Physician and Attorney. *Nigel de Gruchy, former trade union officialNigel de Gruchy: The teachers' leader who spoke in sound bites
, ''The Independent'', 28 March 2002
*Jack Higgins, English novelist *David Forbes Martyn, physicistBiography of David Forbes Martyn, Website http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150379b.htm *C. P. Snow, English physicist and novelist *Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, economist and former Director of the Bank of EnglandBiography of Josiah Stamp, Website http://economia.unipv.it/harrod/edition/editionstuff/rfh.528.htm *Gordon Taylor (footballer), Gordon Taylor, former professional footballer and current chief executive of the Professional Footballers' AssociationA unique network – former students and alumni, University of London External System http://www.londonexternal.ac.uk/150/history/students_alumni.shtml *Barbara Thiering, Australian writer and historian *H. G. Wells, writer"Biography of H. G. Wells"
*Kwasi Wiredu, philosopher * Frances Yates, historian


Notable faculty

* T. S. Eliot


See also

* List of first women lawyers and judges by nationality


References


Further reading

* * * * * * * *


External links


Official website
University of London
150 Years - Anniversary Celebrations
''University of London, Archived''
Imperial echoes
''Times Higher Education, Archived'' {{DEFAULTSORT:London External System, University Of University of London Worldwide, University of London, External System 1858 establishments in the United Kingdom 1858 establishments in England 1858 establishments in the British Empire 1858 in London Distance education institutions based in the United Kingdom