(1) Use ''

Endospermum ''Endospermum'' is a genus of plants, under the family Euphorbiaceae and the monotypic subtribe Endosperminae first described as a genus in 1861 They are dioecious, rarely monoecious trees. It is native to E + S + SE Asia, Papuasia, Queensland, a ...

'' as a food plant.
(2) Use '' Omphalea'' as a food plant
and adults are diurnal.
''Urapterita'' is not included for lack of data.

The Uraniinae or uraniine moths are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

moth Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Uraniidae. It contains seven

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

that occur in the

tropics The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

of the world. Three of its genera (''Alcides'', ''Chrysiridia'', and ''Urania'') are essentially diurnal, although some

crepuscular In zoology, a crepuscular animal is one that is active primarily during the twilight period, being matutinal, vespertine, or both. This is distinguished from diurnal and nocturnal behavior, where an animal is active during the hours of daylig ...

activity has been recorded. They are blackish with markings in iridescent green or light blue; some species have orange, gold or pink highlights. They are as brightly marked as the most colorful

butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...

; indeed, they bear an uncanny resemblance in shape and coloration to some papilionid butterflies (swallowtails and relatives). They are also usually

toxic Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a subst ...

, hence the bright

warning color Aposematism is the Advertising in biology, advertising by an animal to potential predation, predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, suc ...

s. Cases are known where harmless butterflies

mimic MIMIC, known in capitalized form only, is a former simulation computer language developed 1964 by H. E. Petersen, F. J. Sansom and L. M. Warshawsky of Systems Engineering Group within the Air Force Materiel Command at the Wright-Patterson AFB in ...

these toxic moths, e.g. ''

Papilio laglaizei ''Papilio laglaizei'' is a swallowtail butterfly found in New Guinea. It is a Batesian mimicry, mimic of ''Alcides agathyrsus''. The larvae feed on ''Litsea''. Papilio, laglaizei Butterflies described in 1877 {{Papilionidae-stub ...

'' and '' Alcides agathyrsus''. The remaining genera in the subfamily are far less colorful, overall gray-brown with a light band on each wing (''Lyssa'') or white with brownish markings (''Cyphura'', ''Urapteritra'', and ''Urapteroides''), and mainly

nocturnal Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...

or crepuscular. Despite their relatively dull colors, ''Lyssa'' species are impressive because of their large size with a typical wingspan of . No other species in the subfamily has a wingspan that exceeds .

Species

This list of species is adapted mostly with some rearrangements from

The Global Lepidoptera Names Index The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) is a searchable database maintained by the Department of Entomology at the Natural History Museum, London. It is based on card indices and scanned journals, nomenclatural catalogues and the '' Zoologi ...

; it is likely to be fairly complete (as of January 2006) as including valid species for most of which distributional information is here given. * '' Alcides''

Hübner __NOTOC__ Hübner is a Germanic surname, sometimes spelled Huebner or Hubner. The name means an agricultural worker, a farmer, possibly and specifically one who worked a "hube", which was a piece of land roughly equivalent to the English measuremen ...

822 __NOTOC__ Year 822 ( DCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Byzantine general and usurper Thomas the Slav continues his revolt ...

:* '' Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 (New Guinea) :* ''

Alcides argyrios ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * ''Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Gmelin, 1788 :* ''

Alcides arnus ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * ''Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874 :* '' Alcides aruus'' Felder, 1874 (Aru I.) :* ''

Alcides aurora ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * '' Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Salvin & Godman, 1877 (New Britain, New Ireland) :* '' Alcides boops'' Westwood, 1879 :* '' Alcides cydnus'' Felder, 1859 (Maluku) :* ''

Alcides latona ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * ''Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Druce, 1886 (Solomons) :* ''

Alcides liris ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * ''Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Felder, 1860 (New Guinea) :* ''

Alcides metaurus ''Alcides metaurus'' is a moth of the family Uraniidae. It is known from the tropical north of Queensland, Australia.Alcides orontes ''Alcides orontes'' is a moth of the family Uraniidae. It is known from the Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands (; Indonesian: ''Kepulauan Maluku'') or the Moluccas () are an archipelago in the east of Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1763) (Moluccas, Ambon Island) :* ''

Alcides ribbei ''Alcides'' is a genus of uraniid moths from northern Australia, New Guinea, and other islands in the region. They are diurnal and strongly marked with iridescent colours. List of species * ''Alcides agathyrsus'' Kirsch, 1877 yn.= A. boops ...

'' Pagenstecher, 1912 :* '' Alcides sordidior'' Rothschild, 1916 :* '' Alcides zodiaca'' (Butler, 1869) (Australia) * '' Chrysiridia'' Hübner,

823 __NOTOC__ Year 823 ( DCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Emperor Michael II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Sla ...

:* '' Chrysiridia croesus'' (Gerstaecker, 1871) – African sunset moth (Tanzania) :* '' Chrysiridia rhipheus'' ( Drury, 1773) – Madagascan sunset moth (Madagascar) * ''Cyphura'' Warren, 1902 :* ''Cyphura albisecta'' Warren :* ''Cyphura approximans'' Swinhoe, 1916 :* ''Cyphura atramentaria'' Warren :* ''Cyphura bifasciata'' Butler, 1879 :* ''Cyphura catenulata'' Warren, 1902 :* '' Cyphura caudiferaria'' Boisduval :* '' Cyphura clarissima'' Butler :* '' Cyphura costalis'' Butler :* '' Cyphura dealbata'' Warren :* '' Cyphura destrigata'' Kirsch :* '' Cyphura extensa'' Rothschild :* '' Cyphura falka'' Swinhoe :* '' Cyphura geminia'' (Cramer, 1777) (Ambon Island) :* '' Cyphura gutturalis'' Swinhoe, 1916 :* '' Cyphura latimarginata'' Swinhoe, 1902 :* '' Cyphura maxima'' Strand :* '' Cyphura multistrigaria'' Warren :* '' Cyphura mundaria'' Walker :* '' Cyphura pannata'' Felder :* '' Cyphura pardata'' Warren :* '' Cyphura phantasma'' Felder :* '' Cyphura pieridaria'' Warren, 1902 :* ''

Cyphura reducta ''Cyphura'' is a genus of moths in the family (biology), family Uraniidae. The genus was erected by William Warren (entomologist), William Warren in 1902. Distribution The genus includes primarily nocturnal or crepuscular moths that are found in ...

'' Joicey & Talbot :* '' Cyphura semialba'' Warren :* '' Cyphura semiobsoleta'' Warren :* '' Cyphura subsimilis'' Warren, 1902 :* '' Cyphura swinhoei'' Joicey, 1917 :* '' Cyphura urapteroides'' Joicey * '' Lyssa'' Hübner, 1823 :* ''

Lyssa achillaria In Greek mythology, Lyssa (; Ancient Greek: Λύσσα ''Lússā''), called Lytta (; Λύττα ''Lúttā'') by the Athenians, was the spirit of mad rage, frenzy, and rabies in animals. She was closely related to the Maniae, the spirits of madness ...

'' Hübner, 1816 :* '' Lyssa curvata'' Skinner, 1903 (Vanuatu) :* '' Lyssa fletcheri'' Regteren Altena, 1953 :* '' Lyssa macleayi'' (Montrouzier, 1857) (Australia) :* '' Lyssa menoetius'' (Hopffer, 1856) (Borneo, Philippines, Sangir, Sulawesi) ::* ''Lyssa menoetius adspersus'' (Regteren Altena, 1953) (

Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...

) ::* ''Lyssa menoetius celebensis'' (Regteren Altena, 1953) (Sulawesi) :* '' Lyssa mutata'' Butler, 1887 (Solomons) :* '' Lyssa patroclus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Moluccas) :* '' Lyssa patroclaria'' Hübner, 1816 :* '' Lyssa toxopeusi'' Regteren Altena, 1953 :* '' Lyssa velutinus'' Röber, 1927 :* ''

Lyssa zampa ''Lyssa zampa'', the tropical swallowtail moth or Laos brown butterfly, is a moth of the family Uraniidae. The species was Species description, first described by British people, British entomologist Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1869. The species i ...

'' (Butler, 1869) (Himalaya to southern China, Thailand, Andamans, Philippines, Sulawesi) ::* ''Lyssa zampa docile'' (Butler, 1877) (

Andaman Islands The Andaman Islands () are an archipelago in the northeastern Indian Ocean about southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. Together with the Nicobar Islands to their south, the Andamans serve as a maritime boundary between th ...

) ::* ''Lyssa zampa dilutus'' (Röber, 1927) (Sulawesi) Cydimon sloanus

* ''

Urania Urania ( ; grc, , Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name ''Ránia''; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy, and in later times, of Christian poetry. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, he ...

Fabricius Fabricius ( la, smith, german: Schmied, Schmidt) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *people from the Ancient Roman gens Fabricia: **Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, the first of the Fabricii to move to Rome * Johann Goldsmid (1587� ...

, 1807 :* '' Urania leilus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Central and Amazonian South America) :* ''

Urania brasiliensis ''Urania brasiliensis'' is a day-flying moth of the family Uraniidae first described by William John Swainson in 1833. Distribution ''Urania brasiliensis'' is found in the Atlantic forest of Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the ...

'' Swainson, 1833 (Atlantic forest, Brazil) :* ''

Urania fulgens ''Urania fulgens'', the urania swallowtail moth or green page moth, is a day-flying moth of the family Uraniidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found from Veracruz, Mexico, through Central America to northwes ...

'' (Walker, 1854) (Veracruz, Mexico, throughout Central America to northern Ecuador west of the Andes) :* '' Urania poeyi'' Herrich-Schäffer, 1866 (E. Cuba) :* '' Urania boisduvalii'' Guérin-Meneville, 1829 (W. Cuba) :* ''

Urania amphiclus Urania ( ; grc, , Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name ''Ránia''; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy, and in later times, of Christian poetry. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, he ...

'' Guenée, 1857] :* '' Urania elegans'' Niepelt, 1930 :* '' Urania fernandinae'' MacLeay, 1834 :* '' Urania surinamensis'' Swainson] :* '' Urania occidentalis'' Swainson, 1833 :* ''

Urania sloanus ''Urania sloanus'', or Sloane's urania, was a species of moth of the family Uraniidae endemic to Jamaica. It was last reported in 1894 or 1895,Lees, D.C. & Smith, N.G. (1991)"Foodplants of the Uraniinae (Uraniinae) and their Systematic, Evolution ...

'' Cramer, 1779 (Jamaica, extinct ''circa'' 1894) :* ''

Urania sloanaria Urania ( ; grc, , Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name ''Ránia''; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy, and in later times, of Christian poetry. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, he ...

'' Hübner, 1816 * '' Urapteritra'' Viette, 1972 :* '' Urapteritra antsianakariae'' Oberthür, 1923 (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra falcifera'' (Weymer, 1892) (East Africa) :* '' Urapteritra mabillei'' Viette, 1972 (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra montana'' Viette, 1972 (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra piperita'' Oberthür, 1923 (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra recurvata'' Warren (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra suavis'' Oberthür, 1923 (Madagascar) :* '' Urapteritra fasciata'' (Mabille, 1878)(Madagascar) * ''

Urapteroides ''Urapteroides'' is a genus of moths in the family Uraniidae. Distribution The genus includes mainly nocturnal or crepuscular moths that are found from Nepal to the Indo-Australian tropics and parts of continental Southeast Asia Southeast ...

'' Moore, 1888 :* '' Urapteroides anerces'' Meyrick, 1886 (Fiji) :* '' Urapteroides astheniata'' (Guenée, 1857) (Himalaya to New Guinea, Queensland) :* '' Urapteroides diana'' Swinhoe (Peninsular Malaysia) (possibly a form of ''U. astheniata'') :* '' Urapteroides equestraria'' Boisduval :* '' Urapteroides hermaea'' Druce, 1888 :* '' Urapteroides hyemalis'' Butler, 1887 (Solomons, Vanuatu) :* '' Urapteroides malgassaria'' Mabille, 1878 :* '' Urapteroides swinhoei'' Rothschild :* '' Urapteroides urapterina'' Butler, 1877

References

External links

* Moths of Borneo
Subfamily Uraniinae
(with pictures and description of species: ''Lyssa zampa'', ''L. menoetius'', ''Urapteroides astheniata'')

Species

References

External links

Further reading