![Hutton Unconformity , Jedburgh](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Hutton_Unconformity%2C_Jedburgh.jpg)
An unconformity is a buried
erosional or non-depositional surface separating two
rock
Rock most often refers to:
* Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids
* Rock music, a genre of popular music
Rock or Rocks may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wales ...
masses or
strata
In geology and related fields, a stratum ( : strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as ei ...
of different ages, indicating that
sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. For example, sand an ...
deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in the
sedimentary
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock (geology), rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic matter, organic particles at Earth#Surface, Earth's surface, followed by cementation (geology), cementation. Sedimentati ...
geologic record
The geologic record in stratigraphy, paleontology and other natural sciences refers to the entirety of the layers of rock strata. That is, deposits laid down by volcanism or by deposition of sediment derived from weathering detritus (clays, sand ...
. The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown by
James Hutton
James Hutton (; 3 June O.S.172614 June 1726 New Style. – 26 March 1797) was a Scottish geologist, agriculturalist, chemical manufacturer, naturalist and physician. Often referred to as the father of modern geology, he played a key role i ...
, who found examples of
Hutton's Unconformity at
Jedburgh
Jedburgh (; gd, Deadard; sco, Jeddart or ) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and the traditional county town of the historic county of Roxburghshire, the name of which was randomly chosen for Operation Jedburgh in s ...
in 1787 and at
Siccar Point
Siccar Point is a rocky promontory in the county of Berwickshire on the east coast of Scotland.
It is famous in the history of geology for Hutton's Unconformity found in 1788, which James Hutton regarded as conclusive proof of his uniformitar ...
in 1788.
The rocks above an unconformity
are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents
time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
during which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus. It is a kind of
relative dating
Relative dating is the science of determining the relative order of past events (i.e., the age of an object in comparison to another), without necessarily determining their absolute age (i.e., estimated age). In geology, rock or superficial dep ...
.
Types
Disconformity
![Disconformity](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Disconformity.jpg)
A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel
layers
Layer or layered may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Layers'' (Kungs album)
* ''Layers'' (Les McCann album)
* ''Layers'' (Royce da 5'9" album)
*"Layers", the title track of Royce da 5'9"'s sixth studio album
*Layer, a female Maveric ...
of
sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.
Disconformities are marked by features of
subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and
paleosols
In the geosciences, paleosol (''palaeosol'' in Great Britain and Australia) is an ancient soil that formed in the past. The precise definition of the term in geology and paleontology is slightly different from its use in soil science.
In geol ...
in the rock record.
Nonconformity
![Nonconformity](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Nonconformity.jpg)
A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism. The original rock (protolith) is subjected to temperatures greater than and, often, elevated pressure of or more, causi ...
or
igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.
Angular unconformity
![Angular unconformity](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Angular_unconformity.jpg)
An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel
strata
In geology and related fields, a stratum ( : strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as ei ...
of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers. The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further
orogenic
Orogeny is a mountain building process. An orogeny is an event that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin. An ''orogenic belt'' or ''orogen'' develops as the compressed plate crumples and is uplifted t ...
activity. A typical case history is presented by the paleotectonic evolution of the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.
Paraconformity
![Paraconformity](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Paraconformity.jpg)
A paraconformity is a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel, but there is no obvious erosional break between them. A break in sedimentation is indicated, for example, by fossil evidence. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity.
Short paraconformities are called
diastem In geology, a diastem (plural: diastems) is a short interruption in sedimentation with little or no erosion. They can also be described as very short unconformities (more precisely as very short paraconformities).In 1917 Joseph barrel of USA estim ...
s.
Buttress unconformity
A buttress unconformity also known as onlap unconformity, occurs when younger bedding is deposited against older strata thus influencing its bedding structure.
Blended unconformity
A blended unconformity is a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes consisting of soils,
paleosol
In the geosciences, paleosol (''palaeosol'' in Great Britain and Australia) is an ancient soil that formed in the past. The precise definition of the term in geology and paleontology is slightly different from its use in soil science.
In geolo ...
s, or beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.
Gallery
File:Disconformity Horni Pocernice.jpg, ''Disconformity'' at Horni Pocernice
Prague 20, also known as Horní Počernice (German ''Ober Potschernitz''), is a municipal district (''městská část'') in Prague. It is located in the eastern part of the city. It is formed by one cadastre Horní Počernice. , there were 15,404 ...
, Czech Republic
File:Borden-Sharon unconformity.jpg, ''Disconformity'' (at the hammer) between underlying Mississippian Borden Formation and overlying Pennsylvanian Sharon Conglomerate, near Jackson, Ohio
Jackson is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Ohio, United States approximately 27 mi (43 km) SE of Chillicothe. The population was 6,239 at the 2020 census.
History
Established in 1817, residents named the to ...
File:Taum Sauk precambrian-cambrian unconformity.jpg, There is a billion-year gap in the geologic record where this 500-million-year-old dolomite Dolomite may refer to:
*Dolomite (mineral), a carbonate mineral
*Dolomite (rock), also known as dolostone, a sedimentary carbonate rock
*Dolomite, Alabama, United States, an unincorporated community
*Dolomite, California, United States, an unincor ...
''nonconformably'' overlies 1.5-billion-year-old rhyolite
Rhyolite ( ) is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral ...
, near Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station
The Taum Sauk pumped storage plant is a power station in the St. Francois mountain region of Missouri, United States about south of St. Louis near Lesterville, Missouri, in Reynolds County. It is operated by Ameren Missouri.
The pumped-storag ...
, Missouri.
File:Ratssteinbruch Dresden-Doelzschen.jpg, ''Nonconfirmity'' at Ratssteinbruch near Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth larg ...
, Germany
File:Siccar Point red capstone closeup.jpg, Hutton's ''angular unconformity'' at Siccar Point
Siccar Point is a rocky promontory in the county of Berwickshire on the east coast of Scotland.
It is famous in the history of geology for Hutton's Unconformity found in 1788, which James Hutton regarded as conclusive proof of his uniformitar ...
where 345-million-year-old Devonian Old Red Sandstone
The Old Red Sandstone is an assemblage of rocks in the North Atlantic region largely of Devonian age. It extends in the east across Great Britain, Ireland and Norway, and in the west along the northeastern seaboard of North America. It also exte ...
overlies 425-million-year-old Silurian greywacke
Greywacke or graywacke (German ''grauwacke'', signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark color, and poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments or lit ...
File:Angular Unconformity at Praia do Telheiro in Algarve in Portugal.png, ''Angular unconformity'' of Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
rocks overlying steeply-tilted Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...
rocks at Praia do Telheiro, Portugal
File:Steamboat Butte New Mexico.jpg, ''Angular unconformity'' between the underlying Dockum Group
The Dockum is a Late Triassic (approximately late Carnian through Rhaetian, or 223–200 Ma) geologic group found primarily on the Llano Estacado of western Texas and eastern New Mexico with minor exposures in southwestern Kansas, eastern Colora ...
and the overlying Exeter Sandstone at Steamboat Butte in the valley of the Dry Cimmarron, New Mexico
File:Winkeldiskordanz.JPG, Angular unconformity in Jingtai County
Jingtai County () is a county in the middle of Gansu Province, bordering Inner Mongolia to the north. It is under the administration of Baiyin City and located at its northwest end. Covering an area of , it governs 8 towns and 3 townships, which ...
, China
References
Further reading
* U.S. Bureau of Mines Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms published on CD-ROM in 1996.
{{Authority control
Historical geology
Stratigraphy
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