Ulmus Minor 'Umbraculifera'
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The
Field Elm ''Ulmus minor'' Mill., the field elm, is by far the most polymorphic of the European species, although its taxonomy remains a matter of contention. Its natural range is predominantly south European, extending to Asia Minor and Iran; its northern ...
cultivar A cultivar is a kind of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and which retains those traits when Plant propagation, propagated. Methods used to propagate cultivars include division, root a ...
''Ulmus minor'' 'Umbraculifera' shade-givingwas originally cultivated in Iran, where it was widely planted as an ornamental and occasionally grew to a great size, being known there as 'Nalband' the tree of the farriers">farrier.html" ;"title="the tree of the farrier">the tree of the Litvinov Litvinov or Litvinoff () is a Russian surname derived from the term ''Litvin'', meaning Lithuania, Lithuanian person (Litva/Литвa). The female form of this surname is Litvinova (). Notable persons with that name include: Litvinov * Alexander L ...
considered it a cultivar of a wild elm with a dense crown that he called ''U. densa'', from the mountains of Turkestan, Ferghana">Ulmus 'Densa'">''U. densa'', from the mountains of Turkestan, Ferghana, and Aksu Prefecture">Aksu. Non-rounded forms of 'Umbraculifera' are also found in Isfahan Province, Iran.''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', 'Elm', (6): iranicaonline.org/articles/elm Zielińksi in ''Flora Iranica'' considered it an ''U. minor'' cultivar. 'Umbraculifera' was introduced to Europe in 1878 by the
Späth nursery The Späth (often spelt ''Spaeth'') family created one of the world's most notable plant nurseries of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The nursery had been founded in 1720 by Christoph Späth but removed to the erstwhile district of Baumschulen ...
of
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
, by one account from a German gardener in the employ of the Shah of Persia, by another from M. Scharrer, inspector of
Tiflis Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი, ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), ( ka, ტფილისი, tr ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia ( ...
Imperial Gardens, Georgia. It was subsequently planted along streets in
Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...
. Späth, along with Hesse of
Weener Weener () is a town in the district of Leer (district), Leer, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated near the border with the Netherlands, on the river Ems (river), Ems. The towns population is at 15,654, making it the largest town of the region ...
, marketed the tree till the 1930s. 'Umbraculifera' was introduced to the United States in 1912 as "Karagatch" (''Ulmus densa'' syn. ''U. campestris'' ''U. minor'''Umbraculifera') at the
USDA The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an United States federal executive departments, executive department of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commerc ...
's Chico Plant Introduction Station in California by
Frank Meyer Frank Meyer may refer to: *Frank Meyer (political philosopher) (1909–1972), American libertarian political philosopher *Sir Frank Meyer, 2nd Baronet (1886–1935), British businessman and Conservative Party Member of Parliament *Frank Nicholas Me ...
, who collected it from the Russian imperial estate at Murgrab,
Turkestan Turkestan,; ; ; ; also spelled Turkistan, is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its ...
(see photo taken by Meyer in 'Notable trees' below).Meyer, F. N. (1912)
Seeds and plants imported during the period from January 1 to March 31, 1912
Inventory No.30, Nos 32829–32831. ''Bureau of Plant Industry - Bulletin No. 282''. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1913.
Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a com ...
mistook Späth's ''U. turkestanica'' Regel (the ''U.'' 'Turkestanica' of his Register of Cultivars) for a synonym of 'Umbraculifera'. Späth listed ''U. turkestanica'' Regel and ''U. campestris umbraculifera'' separately in his catalogues, where 'Umbraculifera' appears as "Ball elm. Transcaucasia, Persia. Needs no pruning. Valuable as a single tree, free-standing in park or street".


Description

The tree is distinguished by its dense, rounded, sometimes flat-topped habit.
Henry Henry may refer to: People and fictional characters * Henry (given name), including lists of people and fictional characters * Henry (surname) * Henry, a stage name of François-Louis Henry (1786–1855), French baritone Arts and entertainmen ...
's statement (1913) that "it differs from ordinary ''U. nitens'' ''U. minor''only in its peculiar habit" suggests that, in one form of the tree at least, the leaf is not distinctive. Some herbarium specimens show almost rhomboidal, probably juvenile, leaves. The tree is reputedly always grafted on to ''U. minor'' standards. It grows 5 to 8 ft in diameter in twelve to fifteen years.Klehms' Nurseries, Arlington Heights, Illinois, Price list 1913, p.24
/ref> An early 20th-century Samarkand photograph in ''Schedae ad Herbarium florae URSS'' (1922) (see Gallery), shows that 'Umbraculifera' ('Bubyriana') is not dissimilar in appearance to its putative hybrid ''Ulmus'' 'Androssowii'. Rehder noted (1939) that though similar in habit to 'Androssowi', 'Umbraculifera' could be "easily distinguished" from it. In 'Umbraculifera' the twigs are red-brown and never corky, the leaves are clearly and sharply double-toothed, only slightly pubescent beneath when young and soon smooth, and the obovate fruit is wedge-shaped at base and about 1.5 cm long, with the seed close to the notch. 'Androssowii', by contrast, has grayish-brown bark on twigs with conspicuous corky wings on older branches, pubescent winter-buds, mostly shallow- and single-toothed leaves, pubescent beneath, and near-orbicular fruit 10-13 mm in diameter, with the seed slightly above the middle. File:Ulmus campestris, L. var. umbraculifera, Trautv. State Nursery, Campbelltown.jpg, 'Umbraculifera', State Nursery,
Campbelltown, New South Wales Campbelltown is a suburb located on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located in Greater Western Sydney south-west of the Sydney central business district by road. Campbelltown is the adminis ...
, 1908 Image:RN Ulmus minor Umbraculifera leaf.JPG, Juvenile leaf of 'Umbraculifera' File:Ulmus x androssowi.jpg, 'Bubyriana' ('Umbraculifera') right, 'Androssowii' left, Samarkand (1903)


Pests and diseases

The tree is as vulnerable to Dutch elm disease as the species.


Cultivation

The tree was introduced to the Caucasus, Armenia and Turkestan, and it remains in cultivation in central and south-west Asia.
Bean A bean is the seed of some plants in the legume family (Fabaceae) used as a vegetable for human consumption or animal feed. The seeds are often preserved through drying (a ''pulse''), but fresh beans are also sold. Dried beans are traditi ...
remarked that the tree succeeded well on the continent (Europe) and in eastern North America, but was rarely planted in the UK.Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London. Henry (1913) mentions an example at
Kew Gardens Kew Gardens is a botanical garden, botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botany, botanical and mycology, mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1759, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its li ...
, obtained in 1904 from Simon-Louis of Metz, France. A specimen stood in the Ryston Hall arboretum,
Norfolk Norfolk ( ) is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in England, located in East Anglia and officially part of the East of England region. It borders Lincolnshire and The Wash to the north-west, the North Sea to the north and eas ...
, in the early 20th century. The tree featured, as "Späth's globe-headed elm", on the cover of the 1913 catalogue of Klehms' nurseries of Arlington Heights, Illinois, with a detailed description. Klehms' propagated the clone in quantity. In 1947 the nearly two-mile long avenue of 30 year-old 'Umbraculifera' along 19th Avenue Boulevard in Moline, Illinois, was described as "the only street of Globe-heads in the country". Introduced to Australia, the tree was marketed in the early 20th century by the Gembrook Nursery near
Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...
, and by Searl's Garden Emporium,
Sydney Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...
, but it is not known whether the tree survives in that country. Despite its susceptibility to Dutch elm disease, it remains in commercial cultivation in Belgium and the Netherlands. File:Ulmus campestris var. umbraculifera Arnold Arboretum.jpg, 'Umbraculifera',
Arnold Arboretum The Arnold Arboretum is a botanical research institution and free public park affiliated with Harvard University and located in the Jamaica Plain and Roslindale, Massachusetts, Roslindale neighborhoods of Boston. Established in 1872, it is the ...
, Massachusetts, c.1900 File:Ulmus campestris umbraculifera and Populus alba Bolleana.jpg, 'Umbraculifera' avenue near the Späth nursery, Berlin, 1903 File:Ulmus foliacea var. umbraculifera.jpg, 'Umbraculifera' in Germany, 1912 File:Khonakhan Mosque, Margilan (496141).jpg, 'Umbraculifera' in
Margilan Margilan (, ; ) is a city (2024 pop. 253,500) in eastern Uzbekistan's Fergana Region. Margilan is located in the south of the Fergana Valley, where trade caravans from China traveled westwards and vice versa during the days of the Silk Road. Margi ...
, Uzbekistan File:Ulmus prucera cultivar 2009November22 DehesaBoyaldePuertollano.jpg, 'Umbraculifera',
Puertollano Puertollano () is a municipalities of Spain, municipality of Spain located in the province of Ciudad Real, Castile-La Mancha. The city has a population of 45,539 (2022). Contrasting to the largely rural character of the region, Puertollano stands o ...
Botanical Gardens, November


Putative specimens in Budapest

A field elm cultivar in the People's Park, Budapest, in the early 20th century, presumably grafted at ground level and trained to a neat cone, illustrated in Möller's ''Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung'' (1918) as ''Ulmus campestris als Pyramidenbaum'' field elm as pyramidal tree may have been trimmed 'Umbraculifera'.Möller, ''Deutsche Gärtner-Zeitung'', 20 February 1918 File:Ulmus campestris als Pyramidenbaum.jpg, Trimmed field elm in Budapest, c.1917


Varieties

The Field Elm cultivar ''Ulmus minor'' 'Umbraculifera Gracilis' was obtained as a sport of 'Umbraculifera' by
Späth Spaeth, Spæth, or Späth is a surname, and may refer to: Spaeth * Barbette Spaeth (born ?), American professor and Roman mythology expert *Diana Palmer (author) (born Susan Spaeth, 1946), American romance novelist * George Spaeth (born 1932), Am ...
c.1897-8.


Notable trees

Regel's ''Gartenflora'' (1881) contains an illustration, mentioned by Elwes and Henry in their account of 'Umbraculifera', of a great old tree near Eriwan. An avenue of dense globose trees, considered 'Umbraculifera' by
Meyer Meyer may refer to: People *Meyer (surname), listing people so named * Meyer (name), a list of people and fictional characters with the name Companies * Meyer Burger, a Swiss mechanical engineering company * Meyer Corporation * Meyer Sound Labo ...
at a time when the hybrid 'Androssowii' determination was unknown, once grew at the Russian imperial estate of Murgrab at Bairam-ali near
Merv Merv (, ', ; ), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian peoples, Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan. Human settlements on the site of Merv existed from the 3rd millennium& ...
, formerly Russian Turkestan. File:Die grosse Ulme unweit Eriwan.jpg, 'Umbraculifera' near Eriwan,
Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...
. Engraving by Scharrer. File:Karagatch elm Mugrab.jpg, Meyer's "''U. densa'' (''U. campestris umbraculifera'')" (but possibly 'Androssowii'), Murgrab near Bairam-ali (c.1912).


Synonymy

*Karagatch, also applied to Central Asian field elms generally and to the hybrid cultivar ''Ulmus'' 'Karagatch' *Narwan: The common name for 'elm' in Persian, ''nār-van'' elm-tree confusingly similar to the local name for the
pomegranate The pomegranate (''Punica granatum'') is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punica, Punicoideae, that grows between tall. Rich in symbolic and mythological associations in many cultures, it is thought to have o ...
, ''anār-van'' pomegranate-tree In Tehran, ''Umbraculifera'' is called ''nārvan-e čatrī'' canopy-like elm *''Ulmus densa'' var. ''nalband'' Talibov *''Ulmus densa'' var. ''bubyriana'': Litv., ''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'' 6: 163, no. 1991, ''t.1, 2'', 1908 and ''Schedae ad Herbarium Florae Rossicae'' 8: 23, no. 2444, ''t. 2'', 1922 resp. In the latter, Litvinov described it from a cultivated tree in
Samarkand Samarkand ( ; Uzbek language, Uzbek and Tajik language, Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand, ) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central As ...
.


Hybrid cultivars

* ''Ulmus'' × ''androssowii''


Accessions


Europe

*Hortus Botanicus Nationalis,
Salaspils Salaspils (; ; ) (literally: "island castle") is a town in the Vidzeme region of Latvia. It is the administrative centre of Salaspils Municipality. The town is situated on the northern bank of the Daugava river, 18 kilometers to the south-east ...
, Latvia. Acc. no. 18147


North America

*
Washington Park Arboretum Washington Park is a public park in Seattle, Washington, United States, most of which is taken up by the Washington Park Arboretum, a joint project of the University of Washington, the Seattle Parks and Recreation, and the nonprofit Arboretum F ...
, Seattle, Washington, US. Acc. no. 602-39J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Friends of the Arboretum Newsletter, Number 22, August 1991, item 25; jcra.ncsu.edu
/ref>


Nurseries


Europe

*Boomwekerijen 'De Batterijen',
Ochten Ochten is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Neder-Betuwe, and lies about 10 km southwest of Wageningen. Ochten was a separate municipality until 1818, when it was divided into two parts, Ech ...
, Netherlands

*Kwekerij Johan Van Herrewegh

Schellebelle, Belgium. *Jacobs Plantencentru

Venlo Venlo () is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and List of municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in southeastern Netherlands, close to the border with Germany. It is situated in the province of Limburg (Netherlands), ...
, Netherlands. *Kwekerij De Reeboc

Zwalm Zwalm () is a municipality located in Flanders, in the Flemish province of East Flanders, in Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the L ...
, Belgium. *Tuincentrum Semperfloren

Roosendaal Roosendaal () is both a city and a municipality in the southern Netherlands, in the province of North Brabant. Towns/villages of the municipality * Roosendaal (population: 66,760) * Wouw (4,920) * Heerle (1,900) * Nispen (1,440) * Wouwse ...
, Netherlands. *Tuincentrum Vechtweeld

Maarssen Maarssen () is a town in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht, along the river Vecht and the Amsterdam–Rhine Canal. The west of Maarssen is called Maarssen-broek, whereas the east is called Maarssen-Dorp. The two localitie ...
, Netherlands.


References


External links

* {{Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars , state=collapsed Field elm cultivar Ulmus articles with images Ulmus