USS Viper (1806)

USS ''Viper'' – commissioned as USS ''Ferret'' – was a brig serving the United States Navy during the early days of the republic. ''Viper'' was assigned to enforce the Embargo Act of 1807 along the U.S. East Coast. During the War of 1812, while cruising in the Caribbean, she was captured by the more heavily armed British warships. She then served the Royal Navy as HMS ''Mohawk'' until the Navy sold her in 1814. While in British service she served in several actions that earned her crew the Naval General Service Medal,

Built in Virginia

The first ship to be named ''Viper'' by the Navy, was originally the cutter ''Ferret''. She was designed by the naval architect Josiah Fox and built at the Gosport Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, between 1806 and 1809, and was commissioned under her old name on 18 April 1809, Lieutenant Christopher Gadsden, Jr., in command.''DANFS'' - ''Ferret I''

Enforcing the Embargo Act of 1807

Shortly after her commissioning, ''Ferret'' cruised along the coast of the Carolinas and Georgia to aid in the enforcement of the Embargo Act of 1807. She was renamed ''Viper'' during re-rigging as a brig at the Washington Navy Yard in 1809 and 1810, and from Washington sailed to New Orleans, Louisiana, arriving there on 18 March 1811. ''Viper'' remained off the U.S. Gulf Coast enforcing the Embargo Act until the outbreak of the War of 1812.''DANFS'' - ''Viper I''

Captured during the War of 1812

During the war, ''Viper'' proved woefully inadequate in deep water operations against the larger, more heavily gunned British warships. On 17 January 1813 the 32-gun frigate HMS ''Narcissus'' captured ''Viper'' off the coast of Belize, British Honduras and took her to New Providence in the Bahama Islands. At the time of her capture ''Viper'' was armed with 12 guns, had a crew of 93 men and had been cruising for seven weeks off Havana, having made no captures.

British service

Renamed ''Mohawk'' by the Royal Navy, she was commissioned under Commander Henry Dilkes Byng for operations in the Chesapeake.

''Mohawk'' was one of the vessels of Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren's squadron that contributed boats and men to the cutting out expedition up the Rappahannock River on 13 April 1813. The British party under Lieutenant J. Puckinghorne rowed 15 miles upriver to capture four American letter of marque schooners: ''Dolphin'', ''Lynx'', ''Racer'' and ''Arab''. Although the British sustained a number of casualties, ''Mohawk'' herself sustained none.

The British took three of the schooners into service. ''Lynx'' became . ''Racer'' became , and retained her name. It was difficult for the British to free ''Arab'' and though they eventually succeeded, the vessel was apparently badly damaged and was not commissioned for British service. She was taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where the Vice admiralty court condemned ''Arab'', of 350 tons, Fitch, master. She had been carrying a cargo of flour.

''Mohawk'' was among the vessels benefiting from a number of captures. Announcements of prize money and head-money include:

On 29 April 1813, boats from ''Mohawk'', together with boats from , ''Dolphin'', and and ''Racer'', which had not yet been renamed, went up the Chesapeake Bay to Frenchtown to destroy five American ships and stores; they also purchased provisions for the squadron from the locals. This took until 3 May 1813 to complete. On the way back, a battery fired on the British from the shore; a landing party destroyed the battery. The Admiralty would later issue the clasp "28 April Boat Service 1813" for the Naval General Service Medal to all surviving claimants from the action.

''Mohawk'' was among the ships benefiting from the proceeds of the capture of the American ships ''Rolla'' (29 May) and ''Protectress'' (18 June). She was also among the vessels benefiting from the capture of the Spanish brig ''St. Iago'' (11 June 1813), the American schooner ''Surveyor'' (12 June), the American ships ''Governor Strong'' and ''Emily'' (12 June), ''Star'' (14 June), and ''Herman'' (21 June).

On 14 July 1813 the brigs and ''Mohawk'' spotted the American schooner USS ''Asp'' and the USS ''Scorpion'' and immediately gave chase. ''Scorpion'' made good her escape up the Chesapeake, but Asp's poor sailing qualities forced her to put back into the Yeocomico River. ''Contest'' and ''Mohawk'' anchored off the bar and prepared a boat expedition.

''Contest''s cutter, under the command of Lieutenant Curry, and ''Mohawk''s cutter, under the command of Lieutenant Hutchinson, followed ''Asp'' three or four miles up the Yeocomico. ''Asp'' was armed with one long 18-pounder gun and two 18-pounder carronades, together with some swivels. She had a crew of 20 men under the command of Midshipman Sigourney.''DANFS'' - ''Asp II''

As the British boats approached, ''Asp'' cut her cable and tried to escape further up the river. The American account states that three British boats attacked but were repelled. Then two other British boats joined the first three for a second attempt, which proved successful. The Americans fought valiantly in spite of the lopsided odds. Midshipman Sigourney and ten of his 20-man crew were killed defending their ship while the remainder escaped ashore when further resistance became hopeless.

Despite fire from ''Asp'' and from militia on the shore, the British captured ''Asp'' within a short time, but at a cost of two men killed and six wounded, including Lieutenant Curry (slightly). The British set fire to ''Asp'' and retired. At that point, ''Asp''s second in command, Midshipman H. McClintock, led the remnants of ''Asp''s crew back on board, extinguished the flames, and put her back in fighting trim. For whatever reason, the British declined to renew the combat.

Fate

Commander Henry Litchfield assumed command in July 1813. ''Mohawk'' was sold in 1814.

Notes

Citations

References

* ''DANFS'' - ''Ferret I'' and ''DANFS'' - ''Viper I'':
* ''DANFS'' - ''Asp II'':
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Viper (1806)
Ships built in Norfolk, Virginia
War of 1812 ships of the United States
Brigs of the United States Navy
Vessels captured from the United States Navy
War of 1812 ships of the United Kingdom
1800s ships