USS ''Skate'' (SSN-578), the third
submarine
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
of the
United States Navy named for the
skate
Skate or Skates may refer to: Fish
*Skate (fish), several genera of fish belonging to the family Rajidae
* Pygmy skates, several genera of fish belonging to the family Gurgesiellidae
* Smooth skates or leg skates, several genera of fish belongin ...
, a type of
ray
Ray may refer to:
Fish
* Ray (fish), any cartilaginous fish of the superorder Batoidea
* Ray (fish fin anatomy), a bony or horny spine on a fin
Science and mathematics
* Ray (geometry), half of a line proceeding from an initial point
* Ray (g ...
, was the
lead ship of the of
nuclear
Nuclear may refer to:
Physics
Relating to the nucleus of the atom:
* Nuclear engineering
*Nuclear physics
*Nuclear power
*Nuclear reactor
*Nuclear weapon
*Nuclear medicine
*Radiation therapy
*Nuclear warfare
Mathematics
*Nuclear space
*Nuclear ...
submarine
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...
s. She was the third nuclear submarine commissioned, the first to make a completely submerged trans-Atlantic crossing, the second submarine to reach the
North Pole, and the first to surface there.
The contract to build her was awarded to the
Electric Boat
An electric boat is a powered watercraft driven by electric motors, which are powered by either on-board battery packs, solar panels or generators.
While a significant majority of water vessels are powered by diesel engines, with sail pow ...
division of
General Dynamics
General Dynamics Corporation (GD) is an American publicly traded, aerospace and defense corporation headquartered in Reston, Virginia. As of 2020, it was the fifth-largest defense contractor in the world by arms sales, and 5th largest in the Uni ...
on 18 July 1955, and her keel was laid in
Groton, Connecticut on 21 July 1955. She was
launched on 16 May 1957, sponsored by
Mrs. Lewis L. Strauss, and
commissioned on 23 December 1957, with Commander
James F. Calvert
James Francis Calvert (September 8, 1920 – June 3, 2009) served in the United States Navy, where he commanded , the third nuclear submarine commissioned and the second submarine to reach the North Pole, which became the first to surface at th ...
in command.
Operational history
''Skate'' conducted shakedown training out of
New London, Connecticut until 29 January 1958, when she cruised to the
Bermuda operating area, then returned to her home port on 8 February. Sixteen days later, the nuclear powered submarine set a course for the
Isle of Portland, England. Before returning home, she had also visited ports in France and the
Netherlands.
First visit to North Pole
On 30 July, ''Skate'' sought the Arctic where she operated under the ice for 10 days. During this time, she surfaced nine times through the ice, navigated over under it, and on 11 August, 9:47 pm EDT
(the week after ) became the second sea ship to reach the North Pole. ''Skate'' was unable to surface precisely at the Pole on the August voyage due to dangerous ice conditions as noted in the captain's 1960 book, ''Surface at the Pole: The Extraordinary Voyages of the USS'' Skate,
where Calvert said, "Seldom had the ice seemed so heavy and so thick as it did in the immediate vicinity of the pole. For days we had searched in vain for a suitable opening to surface in." The closest was to make radio contact at the surface from a
polynya around 30
nm away, but not to surface fully owing to the risk of damage from ice.
''Skate'' did manage to surface and make contact with
Drifting Ice Station Alpha at 85ºN, 300 nm away.
After being denied access to visit Copenhagen in Denmark, she sailed into Bergen, Norway on 23 August. There she was inspected by king
Olav V of Norway, US ambassador
Frances E. Willis
Frances Elizabeth Willis (May 20, 1899, Metropolis IL – July 23, 1983, Redlands CA) was an American diplomat who served as the U.S. ambassador to Switzerland, Norway and Sri Lanka. She was the third woman to enter the U.S. Foreign Service in 192 ...
and minister of defence
Nils Handal
Nils Kristoffer Handal (18 June 1906 – 28 December 1992) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
Career
He was born in Bergen as a son of custodian Ole Monsen Handal (1876–1963) and Martha Malene Sjursen (1875–1965). He enrolled a ...
. The submarine made port calls in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France before returning to New London on 25 September 1958. In recognition of the dangerous and historic feat, the ''Skate'' and its crew were given the
Navy Unit Commendation
The Navy Unit Commendation (NUC) is a United States Navy unit award that was established by order of the Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal on 18 December 1944.
History
Navy and U.S. Marine Corps commands may recommend any Navy or Marine Co ...
award for "... braving the hazards of the polar ice pack...."
Second visit to North Pole
While the ''Skate'' was unable to surface on its first voyage to the pole, on 17 March 1959, she became the first submarine to surface at the North Pole,. Calvert described the historic moment in his book, saying, "Slowly we blew the tanks and the ''Skate'' moved reluctantly upward. It was apparent we were under heavier ice here than any we had experienced before." While at the pole, Calvert and the crew planted an American Flag in a cairn they built out of ice blocks, and put a waterproof container in the cairn with a note commemorating the event. The crew also held a ceremony for the late Arctic explorer
Sir Hubert Wilkins and committed his ashes at the pole. In 1931, Sir Hubert had conducted an Arctic expedition in the disarmed research submarine ''Nautilus'' (ex-). After reaching the Pole, the ''Skate'' continued its mission to pioneer arctic operations during periods of extreme cold and maximum ice thickness. When the submarine returned to port, she was awarded a bronze star in lieu of a second
Navy Unit Commendation
The Navy Unit Commendation (NUC) is a United States Navy unit award that was established by order of the Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal on 18 December 1944.
History
Navy and U.S. Marine Corps commands may recommend any Navy or Marine Co ...
for demonstrating "for the first time the ability of submarines to operate in and under the Arctic ice in the dead of winter". In the fall of 1959 and in 1960, ''Skate'' participated in exercises designed to strengthen American antisubmarine defenses.
''Skate'' returned to General Dynamics in January 1961 for a regular
overhaul and to have her reactor refueled for the first time.
She put to sea in August and, for the next 11 months, conducted exercises to increase the operational readiness of her crew.
Third visit to North Pole
On 7 July 1962, ''Skate'' again set course towards the
North Pole. Five days later, , did likewise from
Pearl Harbor. The two submarines made their rendezvous on 31 July. After meeting, they operated together for over a week. Both submarines surfaced at the North Pole on 2 August and official greetings and insignia of Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet and Submarine Force Pacific Fleet were exchanged.
Later years
''Skate'' returned to New London and performed fleet and local operations for the next several years. She entered the
Norfolk Naval Shipyard
The Norfolk Naval Shipyard, often called the Norfolk Navy Yard and abbreviated as NNSY, is a U.S. Navy facility in Portsmouth, Virginia, for building, remodeling and repairing the Navy's ships. It is the oldest and largest industrial facility tha ...
on 28 April 1965, the first nuclear submarine overhauled there, for nuclear refueling and installation of the
SUBSAFE package. ''Skate'' was the first submarine to finish this major conversion program, which was instituted after the loss of in 1963. The process was not completed until September 1967.
After sea trials and a shakedown cruise in the
Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...
, the submarine returned to New London and participated in exercises involved in the development of new undersea tactics and equipment.
In October 1968, ''Skate'' was deployed to the
Mediterranean where she operated with the Sixth Fleet for two months. The polar veteran operated under the Arctic ice again in March and April 1969, in October 1970, and in February 1971 . The remainder of her at sea time was spent in various Atlantic Fleet and
NATO exercises. In July 1971, she began her third regular overhaul at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard and did not return to New London until 17 November 1973. In August 1974, ''Skate'' operated as a unit of the Atlantic Fleet.
In late 1977, ''Skate'' transferred to Pearl Harbor, where she joined the other three Skate class submarines as a member of Submarine Squadron 7.
Decommissioning
''Skate'' was decommissioned on 12 September 1986, stricken from the
Naval Vessel Register on 30 October 1986, and disposed of by
submarine recycling
The Ship-Submarine Recycling Program (SRP) is the process that the United States Navy uses to dispose of decommissioned nuclear vessels. SRP takes place only at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS) in Bremerton, Washington, but the preparations ...
at
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on 6 March 1995.
Awards
''Skate'' received two Navy Unit Commendations and three Meritorious Unit Commendations during her career. The first Navy Unit Commendation was for the period 9–12 August 1958 and the second for the period 4 March through 6 April 1959. The Meritorious Unit Commendations were for the periods 24 March through 15 April 1969, 12 October through 18 November 1970 and 26 February through 9 March 1971. (Source – US Navy Unit Awards Webpage.)
References
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Skate (Ssn-578)
Skate-class submarines
Nuclear submarines of the United States Navy
Cold War submarines of the United States
Ships built in Groton, Connecticut
Exploration of the Arctic
Arctic exploration vessels
1957 ships
20th century in the Arctic
North Pole