Tirthankara

In Jainism, a ''Tirthankara'' (Sanskrit: '; English: literally a ' ford-maker') is a saviour and spiritual teacher of the '' dharma'' (righteous path). The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a '' tirtha'', which is a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths, the '' saṃsāra''. According to Jains, a ''Tirthankara'' is an individual who has conquered the ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and rebirth, on their own, and made a path for others to follow. After understanding the true nature of the self or soul, the ''Tīrthaṅkara'' attains '' Kevala Jnana'' (omniscience). Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow the new teacher from ''saṃsāra'' to ''moksha'' (liberation).

In Jain cosmology, the wheel of time is divided in two halves,
Utsarpiṇī
' or ascending time cycle and ''avasarpiṇī'', the descending time cycle (said to be current now). In each half of the cosmic time cycle, exactly twenty-four ''tirthankaras'' grace this part of the universe. There have been an infinite number of tirthankaras in the past time periods. The first ''tirthankara'' in this present time cycle (Hunda Avsarpini) was Rishabhanatha, who is credited for formulating and organising humans to live in a society harmoniously. The 24th and last ''tirthankara'' of the present half-cycle was Mahavira Swami Ji (599 BC–527 BC). History records the existence of Mahavira and his predecessor, Parshvanath, the twenty-third ''tirthankara''.

A ''tirthankara'' organises the '' sangha'', a fourfold order of male and female monastics, '' srāvaka''s (male followers) and ''śrāvikā''s (female followers).

The ''tirthankara's'' teachings form the basis for the Jain canons. The inner knowledge of ''tirthankara'' is believed to be perfect and identical in every respect and their teachings do not contradict one another. The degree of elaboration varies according to the spiritual advancement and purity of the society during their period of leadership. The higher the spiritual advancement and purity of mind of the society, the lower the elaboration required.

While ''tirthankaras'' are documented and revered by Jains, their grace is said to be available to all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.

''Tīrthaṅkaras'' are '' arihants'' who after attaining '' kevalajñāna'' (pure infinite knowledge) preach the true '' dharma''. An ''Arihant'' is also called ''Jina'' (victor), that is one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed. They dwell exclusively within the realm of their Soul, and are entirely free of '' kashayas'', inner passions, and personal desires. As a result of this, unlimited '' siddhis'', or spiritual powers, are readily available to them – which they use exclusively for the spiritual elevation of living beings. Through '' darśana'', divine vision, and '' deshna'', divine speech, they help others in attaining ''kevalajñana'', and ''moksha'' (final liberation) to anyone seeking it sincerely.

Meaning

The word ''tirthankara'' signifies the founder of a '' tirtha'' which means a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths (called '' saṃsāra'').
''Tirthankaras'' are variously called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.

''Tīrthaṅkara-naam-karma''

Jain texts propound that a special type of ''karma'', the ''tīrthaṅkara nama-karma'', raises a soul to the supreme status of a ''Tīrthaṅkara''. '' Tattvartha Sutra'', a major Jain text, lists sixteen observances which lead to the '' bandha'' (bondage) of this ''karma'':
*Purity of right faith
*Reverence
*Observance of vows and supplementary vows without transgressions
*Ceaseless pursuit of knowledge
*Perpetual fear of the cycle of existence
*Giving gifts (charity)
*Practising austerities according to one's capacity
*Removal of obstacles that threaten the equanimity of ascetics
*Serving the meritorious by warding off evil or suffering
*Devotion to omniscient lords, chief preceptors, preceptors, and the scriptures
*Practice of the six essential daily duties
*Propagation of the teachings of the omniscient
*Fervent affection for one's brethren following the same path.

''Panch Kalyanaka''

Five auspicious events called ''Pañca kalyāṇaka'' mark the life of every ''tirthankara'':
# ''Gārbha kalyāṇaka'' (conception): When '' ātman'' (soul) of a tirthankara comes into his mother's womb.
# ''Janma kalyāṇaka'' (birth): Birth of a tirthankara. Indra performs a ceremonial bath on ''tirthankara'' on Mount Meru.
# ''Tapa kalyāṇaka'' (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic.
# ''Jñāna kalyāṇaka'': The event when a tirthankara attains ''kevalajñāna'' (infinite knowledge). A '' samavasarana'' (divine preaching hall) is erected from where he delivers sermons and restores ''sangha'' after that.
# ''Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka'' (liberation): When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as ''nirvana''. It is followed by the final liberation, ''moksha'', after which his souls dwells in '' Siddhashila''.

''Samavasarana''

After attaining ''kevalajñāna'', a ''tirthankara'' preaches the path to liberation in the ''samavasarana''. According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by ''devas'' (heavenly beings) where ''devas'', humans and animals assemble to hear the ''tirthankara''. A ''tirthankara's'' speech is heard by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.

''Tīrthaṅkaras'' of present cosmic age

Jainism postulates that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. The wheel of time is divided in two halves, ''Utsarpiṇī'' (ascending half cycle) and ''Avasarpiṇī'' (descending half cycle). 24 ''tirthankaras'' are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the ''tirthankaras'' were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives. Their clan and families are also among those recorded in legendary stories. Jain canons state that Rishabhanatha, the first ''tirthankara'', founded the Ikshvaku dynasty, from which 21 other ''tirthankaras'' also rose over time. Two ''tirthankaras'' – Munisuvrata, the 20th, and Neminatha, the 22nd – belonged to the Harivamsa dynasty.

In Jain tradition, the 20 ''tirthankaras'' attained ''moksha'' on mount Shikharji, in the present Indian state of Jharkhand. Rishabhanatha attained nirvana on Mount Ashtāpada (Mount Kailash), Neminatha on mount Girnar, Gujarat, and Mahavira, the last ''tirthankara'', at Pawapuri, near modern Patna. Twenty-one of the ''tirthankaras'' are said to have attained ''moksha'' in the '' kayotsarga'' (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the ''Padmasana'' ( lotus position).

List

Present cosmic age

In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 ''tirthankaras'' of this age are mentioned below:

Next cosmic age

The 24 ''tirthankaras'' of the present age (''avasarpinī'') are the ones listed above. The names of the next 24, which will be born in ''utsarpinī'' age are as follows.

Iconography

A tīrthaṅkara is represented either seated in lotus position (''Padmasana'') or standing in the meditation Khadgasana ('' Kayotsarga'') posture. This latter, which is similar to the military standing at attention is a difficult posture to hold for a long period, and is preferred by Jains because it reduces to the minimum the amount of the body in contact with the earth, and so posing a risk to the sentient creatures living in or on it. If seated, they are usually depicted seated with their legs crossed in front, the toes of one foot resting close upon the knee of the other, and the right hand lying over the left in the lap.

Tirthankara images do not have distinctive facial features, clothing or (mostly) hair-styles, and are differentiated on the basis of the symbol or emblem (''Lanchhana'') belonging to each tirthanakar except Parshvanatha. Statues of Parshvanath have a snake crown on the head. The first Tirthankara Rishabha can be identified by the locks of hair falling on his shoulders. Sometimes Suparshvanath is shown with a small snake-hood. The symbols are marked in the centre or in the corner of the pedestal of the statue. The sects of Jainism Digambara and Svetambara have different depictions of idols. Digambara images are naked without any ornamentation, whereas Svetambara ones are clothed and decorated with temporary ornaments. The images are often marked with Srivatsa on the chest and Tilaka on the forehead. Srivatsa is one of the ashtamangala (auspicious symbols), which sometimes resembles fleur-de-lis, an endless knot, a flower or diamond-shaped symbol.

The bodies of tirthankara statues are exceptionally consistent throughout the over 2,000 years of the historical record. The bodies are rather slight, with very wide shoulders and a narrow waist. Even more than is usual in Indian sculpture, the depiction takes relatively little interest in the accurate depiction of the underlying musculature and bones, but is interested in the modelling of the outer surfaces as broad swelling forms. The ears are extremely elongated, alluding to the heavy earrings the figures wore in their early lives before they took the path to enlightenment, when most were wealthy, if not royal.

Sculptures with four tirthanakars, or their heads, facing in four directions, are not uncommon in early sculpture, but unlike the comparable Hindu images, these represent four different tirthanakars, not four aspects of the same deity. Multiple extra arms are avoided in tirthanakar images, though their attendants or guardians may have them.

In other religions

The first ''Tirthankara'', ''Rishabhanatha'' is mentioned in Hindu texts like the ''Rigveda'', ''Vishnupurana'' and ''Bhagwata Purana''. The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras – Ṛiṣhabha, Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi. The Bhāgavata Purāṇa includes legends about the Tirthankaras of Jainism particularly Rishabha.Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, , pages 151–155
Yoga Vasishta, Chapter 15 of Vairagya Khanda, Sloka 8 gives the saying of Rama:

Champat Rai Jain, a 20th-century Jain writer, claimed that the "Four and Twenty Elders" mentioned in the Book of Revelation (the final book of the Christian Bible) are "Twenty-four ''Tirthankaras''".

See also

* God in Jainism
* Kundakunda
* List of Tirthankaras
* Tattva (Jainism)

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God in Jainism
Jainism