''The Art of War'' () is an ancient Chinese military treatise dating from the Late

Spring and Autumn Period The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives fr ...

(roughly 5th century BC). The work, which is attributed to the ancient Chinese military strategist Sun Tzu ("Master Sun"), is composed of 13 chapters. Each one is devoted to a different set of skills or art related to warfare and how it applies to

military strategy Military strategy is a set of ideas implemented by military organizations to pursue desired strategic goals. Derived from the Greek word '' strategos'', the term strategy, when it appeared in use during the 18th century, was seen in its narrow ...

and tactics. For almost 1,500 years it was the lead text in an anthology that was formalized as the

Seven Military Classics The Seven Military Classics () were seven important military texts of ancient China, which also included Sun-tzu's '' The Art of War''. The texts were canonized under this name during the 11th century AD, and from the time of the Song dynasty, w ...

Emperor Shenzong of Song Emperor Shenzong of Song (25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085), personal name Zhao Xu, was the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Zhongzhen but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his coronation. He reigned ...

in 1080. ''The Art of War'' remains the most influential strategy text in East Asian warfare and has influenced both

Far East The ''Far East'' was a European term to refer to the geographical regions that includes East and Southeast Asia as well as the Russian Far East to a lesser extent. South Asia is sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons. The t ...

ern and Western military thinking, business tactics, legal strategy, politics, sports, lifestyles and beyond. The book contains a detailed explanation and analysis of the 5th-century BC Chinese military, from weapons, environmental conditions, and strategy to rank and discipline. Sun also stressed the importance of intelligence operatives and espionage to the war effort. Considered one of history's finest military tacticians and analysts, his teachings and strategies formed the basis of advanced military training for millennia to come. The book was translated into

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

and published in 1772 (re-published in 1782) by the French

Jesuit , image = Ihs-logo.svg , image_size = 175px , caption = ChristogramOfficial seal of the Jesuits , abbreviation = SJ , nickname = Jesuits , formation = , founders ...

Jean Joseph Marie Amiot. A partial translation into English was attempted by British officer Everard Ferguson Calthrop in 1905 under the title ''The Book of War''. The first annotated English translation was completed and published by Lionel Giles in 1910. ''The Art of War by Sun Tzu – Special Edition''. Special Edition Books. 2007. p. 62. Military and political leaders such as the Chinese communist revolutionary

Mao Zedong Mao Zedong pronounced ; also Romanization of Chinese, romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the List of national founde ...

, Japanese

Takeda Shingen , of Kai Province, was a pre-eminent ''daimyō'' in feudal Japan. Known as the "Tiger of Kai", he was one of the most powerful daimyō with exceptional military prestige in the late stage of the Sengoku period. Shingen was a warlord of great ...

, Vietnamese general Võ Nguyên Giáp, and American military generals

Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur (26 January 18805 April 1964) was an American military leader who served as General of the Army for the United States, as well as a field marshal to the Philippine Army. He had served with distinction in World War I, was ...

and

Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. (; August 22, 1934 – December 27, 2012) was a United States Army general. While serving as the commander of United States Central Command, he led all coalition forces in the Gulf War. Born in Trenton, N ...

are all cited as having drawn inspiration from the book.

History

Text and commentaries

''The Art of War'' is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known as Sun Tzu (now Romanized "Sunzi") meaning "Master Sun". Sun Tzu was traditionally said to have lived in the 6th century BC, but ''The Art of War'' earliest parts probably date to at least 100 years later.

Sima Qian Sima Qian (; ; ) was a Chinese historian of the early Han dynasty (206AD220). He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his ''Records of the Grand Historian'', a general history of China covering more than two thousand years be ...

's ''

Records of the Grand Historian ''Records of the Grand Historian'', also known by its Chinese name ''Shiji'', is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's 24 dynastic histories. The ''Records'' was written in the early 1st century by the ancient Chinese his ...

'', the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one "Sun Wu" () from the State of Qi, and that this text had been read and studied by King Helü of Wu (). This text was traditionally identified with the received ''Master Sun's Art of War''. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the

Spring and Autumn period The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC) which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives fr ...

(776–471 BC) who fled his home state of Qi to the southeastern kingdom of Wu, where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to quickly train even court women in military discipline and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge their western rivals in the

state of Chu Chu, or Ch'u in Wade–Giles romanization, (, Hanyu Pinyin: Chǔ, Old Chinese: ''*s-r̥aʔ'') was a Zhou dynasty vassal state. Their first ruler was King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BCE. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou ...

. This view is still widely held in China. The strategist, poet, and warlord

Cao Cao Cao Cao () (; 155 – 15 March 220), courtesy name Mengde (), was a Chinese statesman, warlord and poet. He was the penultimate grand chancellor of the Eastern Han dynasty, and he amassed immense power in the dynasty's final years. As one o ...

in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the ''Art of War''. Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically. ''The Art of War'' appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.

Authorship

Beginning around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic ''The Commentary of Zuo'' ('' Zuo Zhuan''), which mentions most of the notable figures from the

. The name "Sun Wu" () does not appear in any text prior to the ''Records of the Grand Historian'', and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior", glossing the surname "Sun" as the related term "fugitive" ( ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" ( ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's

doppelgänger A doppelgänger (), a compound noun formed by combining the two nouns (double) and (walker or goer) (), doppelgaenger or doppelganger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. In fiction and mythology, a doppelg ...

in the story of Wu Zixu. In the early 20th century, the Chinese writer and reformer Liang Qichao theorized that the text was actually written in the 4th century BC by Sun Tzu's purported descendant Sun Bin, as a number of historical sources mention a military treatise he wrote. Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sun Tzu" through a form of

euhemerism Euhemerism () is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages. Euhemerism supposes that historical accounts become myths as they are exagge ...

. In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two

Han dynasty The Han dynasty (, ; ) was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China (202 BC – 9 AD, 25–220 AD), established by Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang (Emperor Gao) and ruled by the House of Liu. The dynasty was preceded by th ...

(206 BC – 220 AD) tombs near the city of Linyi in

Shandong Province Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region. Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizatio ...

. Among the many

bamboo slip Bamboo and wooden slips () were the main media for writing documents in China before the widespread introduction of paper during the first two centuries AD. (Silk was occasionally used, for example in the Chu Silk Manuscript, but was prohibiti ...

writings contained in the tombs, which had been sealed between 134 and 118 BC, respectively were two separate texts, one attributed to "Sun Tzu", corresponding to the received text, and another attributed to Sun Bin, which explains and expands upon the earlier ''The Art of War'' by Sunzi. The Sun Bin text's material overlaps with much of the "Sun Tzu" text, and the two may be "a single, continuously developing intellectual tradition united under the Sun name". This discovery showed that much of the historical confusion was due to the fact that there were two texts that could have been referred to as "Master Sun's Art of War", not one. The content of the earlier text is about one-third of the chapters of the modern ''The Art of War'', and their text matches very closely. It is now generally accepted that the earlier ''The Art of War'' was completed sometime between 500 and 430 BC.

The 13 chapters

''The Art of War'' is divided into 13 chapters (or ); the collection is referred to as being one ("whole" or alternatively "chronicle"). }) , First Calculations , style="text-align:left;" , Explores the five fundamental factors (the Way, seasons, terrain, leadership, and management) and seven elements that determine the outcomes of military engagements. By thinking, assessing and comparing these points, a commander can calculate his chances of victory. Habitual deviation from these calculations will ensure failure via improper action. The text stresses that war is a very grave matter for the state and must not be commenced without due consideration. , - , II , Waging War , The Challenge , Waging War , Waging War
( zh, 作戰, links=no) , Initiating Battle , style="text-align:left;" , Explains how to understand the economy of warfare and how success requires winning decisive engagements quickly. This section advises that successful military campaigns require limiting the cost of competition and conflict. , - , III , Attack by Stratagem , The Plan of Attack , Planning Offensives , Strategic Attack
( zh, 謀攻, links=no) , Planning an Attack , style="text-align:left;" , Defines the source of strength as unity, not size, and discusses the five factors that are needed to succeed in any war. In order of importance, these critical factors are: Attack, Strategy, Alliances, Army and Cities. , - , IV , Tactical Dispositions , Positioning , Military Disposition , Disposition of the Army
( zh, 軍形, links=no) , Forms to Perceive , style="text-align:left;" , Explains the importance of defending existing positions until a commander is capable of advancing from those positions in safety. It teaches commanders the importance of recognizing strategic opportunities, and teaches not to create opportunities for the enemy. , - , V , Use of Energy , Directing , Strategic Military Power , Forces
( zh, 兵勢, links=no) , The Disposition of Power , style="text-align:left;" , Explains the use of creativity and timing in building an army's momentum. , - , VI , Weak Points and Strong , Illusion and Reality , Vacuity and Substance , Weaknesses and Strengths
( zh, 虛實, links=no) , Weak and Strong , style="text-align:left;" , Explains how an army's opportunities come from the openings in the environment caused by the relative weakness of the enemy and how to respond to changes in the fluid battlefield over a given area. , - , VII , Maneuvering an Army , Engaging The Force , Military Combat , Military Maneuvers
( zh, 軍爭, links=no) , Contending Armies , style="text-align:left;" , Explains the dangers of direct conflict and how to win those confrontations when they are forced upon the commander. , - , VIII , Variation of Tactics , The Nine Variations , Nine Changes , Variations and Adaptability
( zh, 九變, links=no) , Nine Contingencies , style="text-align:left;" , Focuses on the need for flexibility in an army's responses. It explains how to respond to shifting circumstances successfully. , - , IX , The Army on the March , Moving The Force , Maneuvering the Army , Movement and Development of Troops
( zh, 行軍, links=no) , Fielding the Army , style="text-align:left;" , Describes the different situations in which an army finds itself as it moves through new enemy territories, and how to respond to these situations. Much of this section focuses on evaluating the intentions of others. , - , X , Classification of Terrain , Situational Positioning , Configurations of Terrain , Terrain
( zh, 地形, links=no) , Conformations of the Lands , style="text-align:left;" , Looks at the three general areas of resistance (distance, dangers and barriers) and the six types of ground positions that arise from them. Each of these six field positions offers certain advantages and disadvantages. , - , XI , The Nine Situations , The Nine Situations , Nine Terrains , The Nine Battlegrounds
( zh, 九地, links=no) , Nine Kinds of Ground , style="text-align:left;" , Describes the nine common situations (or stages) in a campaign, from scattering to deadly, and the specific focus that a commander will need in order to successfully navigate them. , - , XII , Attack by Fire , The Fiery Attack , Incendiary Attacks , Attacking with Fire
( zh, 火攻, links=no) , Attacks with Fire , style="text-align:left;" , Explains the general use of weapons and the specific use of the environment as a weapon. This section examines the five targets for attack, the five types of environmental attack and the appropriate responses to such attacks. , - , XIII , Use of Spies , The Use of Intelligence , Employing Spies , Intelligence and Espionage
( zh, 用間, links=no) , Using Spies , style="text-align:left;" , Focuses on the importance of developing good information sources, and specifies the five types of intelligence sources and how to best manage each of them.

Cultural influence

Military and intelligence applications

Across

East Asia East Asia is the eastern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The modern states of East Asia include China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan. China, North Korea, South Korea ...

, ''The Art of War'' was part of the syllabus for potential candidates of military service examinations. During the

Sengoku period The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615. The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...

(), the Japanese

(1521–1573) is said to have become almost invincible in all battles without relying on guns, because he studied ''The Art of War''. ''The Illustrated Art of War''. 2005. Oxford University Press. pp. 17, 141–43. The book even gave him the inspiration for his famous battle standard (Wind, Forest, Fire and Mountain), meaning fast as the wind, silent as a forest, ferocious as fire and immovable as a mountain. The translator

Samuel B. Griffith Brigadier General Samuel Blair Griffith II (May 31, 1906 – March 27, 1983) was an officer and commander in the United States Marine Corps. Griffith entered the Marines in 1929 after graduating from the United States Naval Academy. He served ...

offers a chapter on "Sun Tzu and Mao Tse-Tung" where ''The Art of War'' is cited as influencing Mao's ''

On Guerrilla Warfare ''On Guerrilla Warfare'' () is Mao Zedong's case for the extensive use of an irregular form of warfare in which small groups of combatants use mobile military tactics in the forms of ambushes and raids to combat a larger and less mobile formal a ...

'', '' On the Protracted War'' and ''Strategic Problems of China's Revolutionary War'', and includes Mao's quote: "We must not belittle the saying in the book of Sun Wu Tzu, the great military expert of ancient China, 'Know your enemy and know yourself and you can fight a thousand battles without disaster.'" During the

Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...

, some

Vietcong , , war = the Vietnam War , image = FNL Flag.svg , caption = The flag of the Viet Cong, adopted in 1960, is a variation on the flag of North Vietnam. Sometimes the lower stripe was green. , active ...

officers extensively studied ''The Art of War'' and reportedly could recite entire passages from memory. General Võ Nguyên Giáp successfully implemented tactics described in ''The Art of War'' during the

Battle of Dien Bien Phu The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (french: Bataille de Diên Biên Phu ; vi, Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ, ) was a climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. It was fought between the Fr ...

ending major French involvement in Indochina and leading to the accords which partitioned Vietnam into North and South. General Võ, later the main PVA military commander in the

, was an avid student and practitioner of Sun Tzu's ideas.McCready, Douglas. Learning from Sun Tzu, ''Military Review'', May–June 2003. America's defeat there, more than any other event, brought Sun Tzu to the attention of leaders of U.S. military theory. The

Department of the Army The United States Department of the Army (DA) is one of the three military departments within the Department of Defense of the U.S. The Department of the Army is the federal government agency within which the United States Army (U.S.) is org ...

in the United States, through its

Command and General Staff College The United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC or, obsolete, USACGSC) at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is a graduate school for United States Army and sister service officers, interagency representatives, and international military ...

, lists ''The Art of War'' as one example of a book that may be kept at a military unit's library. ''The Art of War'' is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program (formerly known as the Commandant's Reading List). It is recommended reading for all United States Military Intelligence personnel. ''The Art of War'' is used as instructional material at the

US Military Academy The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known metonymically as West Point or simply as Army, is a United States service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a fort, since it sits on strategic high groun ...

at West Point, in the course Military Strategy (470), and it is also recommended reading for Officer cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. Some notable military leaders have stated the following about Sun Tzu and ''The Art of War'': According to some authors, the strategy of

deception Deception or falsehood is an act or statement that misleads, hides the truth, or promotes a belief, concept, or idea that is not true. It is often done for personal gain or advantage. Deception can involve dissimulation, propaganda and sleight o ...

from ''The Art of War'' was studied and widely used by the KGB: "I will force the enemy to take our strength for weakness, and our weakness for strength, and thus will turn his strength into weakness". Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. ''The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future.'' 1994. , chapter ''Who was behind perestroika?'' The book is widely cited by KGB officers in charge of

disinformation Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. It is sometimes confused with misinformation, which is false information but is not deliberate. The English word ''disinformation'' comes from the application of the ...

operations in

Vladimir Volkoff Vladimir Volkoff (7 November 1932 – 14 September 2005) was a French writer of Russian extraction. He produced both literary works for adults and spy novels for young readers under the pseudonym Lieutenant X. His works are characterised by theme ...

's novel ''Le Montage''. Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim and general Aksel Airo were avid readers of ''Art of War''; Airo kept the book on his bedside table in his quarters.

Application outside the military

''The Art of War'' has been applied to many fields outside of the military. Much of the text is about how to outsmart one's opponent without actually having to engage in physical battle. As such, it has found application as a training guide for many competitive endeavors that do not involve actual combat. ''The Art of War'' is mentioned as an influence in the earliest known Chinese collection of stories about fraud (mostly in the realm of commerce), Zhang Yingyu's The Book of Swindles (, , ), which dates to the late

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...

. Many business books have applied the lessons taken from the book to office politics and corporate business strategy. Many Japanese companies make the book required reading for their key executives. The book is also popular among Western business circles citing its utilitarian values regarding management practices. Many entrepreneurs and corporate executives have turned to it for inspiration and advice on how to succeed in competitive business situations. The book has also been applied to the field of education. ''The Art of War'' has been the subject of legal books and legal articles on the trial process, including negotiation tactics and trial strategy. The book '' The 48 Laws of Power'' by Robert Greene employs philosophies covered in ''The Art of War''. ''The Art of War'' has also been applied in sports.

National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league that consists of 32 teams, divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National Football Conference (NFC). The NFL is one of the majo ...

coach Bill Belichick, record holder of the most

Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual final playoff game of the National Football League (NFL) to determine the league champion. It has served as the final game of every NFL season since 1966, replacing the NFL Championship Game. Since 2022, the gam ...

wins in history, has stated on multiple occasions his admiration for ''The Art of War''.

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

ian

association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the ball around a rectangular field called a pitch. The objective of the game is ...

coach

Luiz Felipe Scolari Luiz Felipe Scolari (; born 9 November 1948), also known as Felipão ("Big Phil"), is a Brazilian football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Athletico Paranaense. Scolari was a defender during his playing days, and not ...

actively used ''The Art of War'' for Brazil's successful 2002 World Cup campaign. During the tournament Scolari put passages of ''The Art of War'' underneath his players' doors at night. ''The Art of War'' is often quoted while developing tactics and/or strategy in

esports Esports, short for electronic sports, is a form of competition using video games. Esports often takes the form of organized, multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional sports, professional players, individually or as ...

. "Play To Win" by

David Sirlin David Sirlin is an American game designer and fighting game player. He featured in and narrated much of ''Bang the Machine'', a 2002 documentary by Tamara Katepoo about a Street Fighter "exhibition tournament in Japan showing the difference betw ...

analyses applications of the ideas from ''The Art of War'' in modern esports. ''The Art of War'' was released in 2014 as an

e-book An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. A ...

companion alongside the Art of War DLC for

Europa Universalis IV ''Europa Universalis IV'' is a 2013 grand strategy video game in the '' Europa Universalis'' series, developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Paradox Interactive as a sequel to '' Europa Universalis III'' (2007). The game was ...

, a PC strategy game by Paradox Development Studios, with a foreword by Thomas Johansson. ''The Art of War'' has also been featured in the 2019 video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition from Microsoft.

Film and television

''The Art of War'' and Sun Tzu have been referenced and quoted in many movies and television shows, including In the 1987 movie '' Wall Street'',

Gordon Gekko Gordon Gekko is a composite character in the 1987 film '' Wall Street'' and its 2010 sequel '' Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps'', both directed by Oliver Stone. Gekko was portrayed by actor Michael Douglas, whose performance in the first fil ...

(

Michael Douglas Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and film producer. He has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, the Cecil B. DeMille Award, and the AF ...

) frequently references it The 20th ''

James Bond The ''James Bond'' series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors hav ...

'' film, ''

Die Another Day ''Die Another Day'' is a 2002 spy film and the twentieth film in the ''James Bond'' series produced by Eon Productions. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, and directed by Lee Tamahori. The fourth and final film st ...

'' (2002) also references ''The Art of War'' as the spiritual guide shared by Colonel Moon and his father. and in ''

The Sopranos ''The Sopranos'' is an American crime drama television series created by David Chase. The story revolves around Tony Soprano (James Gandolfini), a New Jersey-based Italian-American mobster, portraying his difficulties as he tries to balance ...

''. In season 3, episode 8 ("He Is Risen"), Dr. Melfi suggests to Tony Soprano that he read the book. and the '' Star Trek: The Next Generation'' first-season episode "The Last Outpost",

William Riker William Thomas "Will" Riker is a fictional character in the '' Star Trek'' universe appearing primarily as a main character in '' Star Trek: The Next Generation''. Throughout the series and its accompanying films, he is the '' Enterprise''s f ...

quotes ''The Art of War'' to Captain Picard, who expressed pleasure that Sun Tzu was still taught at Starfleet Academy. Later in the episode, a survivor from a long-dead nonhuman empire noted common aspects between his own people's wisdom and ''The Art of War'' with regard to knowing when and when not to fight. '' The Art of War'' is a 2000 action spy film directed by Christian Duguay and starring Wesley Snipes,

Michael Biehn Michael Connell Biehn ( ; born July 31, 1956) is an American actor, primarily known for his roles in science fiction films directed by James Cameron; as Sgt. Kyle Reese in '' The Terminator'' (1984), Cpl. Dwayne Hicks in ''Aliens'' (1986), and ...

Anne Archer Anne Archer (born August 24, 1947) is an American actress. Archer was named Miss Golden Globe in 1971, and in the year following, appeared in her feature film debut '' The Honkers'' (1972). She had supporting roles in '' Cancel My Reservation'' ...

and Donald Sutherland.

Notable translations

* * Part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. * * * * * * * *

References

Citations

Sources

* * * * * * * *

External links

*
''The Art of War''
Chinese-English bilingual edition, Chinese Text Project * translated by Lionel Giles (1910) * translated (with Chinese text) by Lionel Giles (1910) * translated by E.F. Calthrop (1908) * (English and Chinese original available)
Sun Tzu's ''Art of War''
at Sonshi

at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University
11 The Nine Situations , The Art of War by Sun Tzu (Animated)

''The Art of War illustrated version''
on Theoriq.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Art Of War, The Sun Tzu 5th-century BC books Seven Military Classics Warrior code Zhou dynasty texts Military strategy books Works about the theory of history