Terrence Mitchell "Terry" Riley (born June 24, 1935) is an American composer and performing musician best known as a pioneer of the

minimalist In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Don ...

school of composition. Influenced by

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...

and

Indian classical music Indian classical music is the classical music of the Indian subcontinent. It has two major traditions: the North Indian classical music known as '' Hindustani'' and the South Indian expression known as '' Carnatic''. These traditions were not ...

, his music became notable for its innovative use of

repetition Repetition may refer to: * Repetition (rhetorical device), repeating a word within a short space of words *Repetition (bodybuilding), a single cycle of lifting and lowering a weight in strength training *Working title for the 1985 slasher film '' ...

tape music Jack Dangers (born John Stephen Corrigan, 11 January 1965) is an English electronic musician, DJ, producer, and remixer best known for his work as the primary member of Meat Beat Manifesto. He lives in San Francisco. Career Prior to founding ...

techniques, and delay systems. His best known works are the 1964 composition '' In C'' and the 1969 LP ''

A Rainbow in Curved Air ''A Rainbow in Curved Air'' is the third album by American composer Terry Riley, released in 1969 on CBS Records. The title track consists of Riley's overdubbed improvisations on several keyboard and percussion instruments, including electric orga ...

'', both considered landmarks of minimalism and important influences on

experimental music Experimental music is a general label for any music or music genre that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions. Experimental compositional practice is defined broadly by exploratory sensibilities radically opposed to, and questioning of, ...

rock Rock most often refers to: * Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids * Rock music, a genre of popular music Rock or Rocks may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wales ...

, and contemporary

electronic music Electronic music is a genre of music that employs electronic musical instruments, digital instruments, or circuitry-based music technology in its creation. It includes both music made using electronic and electromechanical means ( electroac ...

. Raised in California, Riley began studying

composition Composition or Compositions may refer to: Arts and literature *Composition (dance), practice and teaching of choreography *Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work in spoken tradition and written discourse, to include v ...

and performing solo piano in the 1950s. He befriended and collaborated with composer La Monte Young, and later became involved with the

San Francisco Tape Music Center The San Francisco Tape Music Center, or SFTMC, was founded in the summer of 1962 by composers Ramon Sender and Morton Subotnick as a collaborative, "non profit corporation developed and maintained" by local composers working with tape recorders a ...

. A three-record deal with

CBS CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...

in the late 1960s, resulting in an LP recording of ''In C'' (1968) and ''A Rainbow in Curved Air'' (1969), brought his work to wider audiences. In 1970, he began intensive studies under Hindustani singer

Pandit Pran Nath Pandit Pran Nath (Devanagari: पंडित प्राणनाथ) (3 November 1918 – 13 June 1996) was an Indian classical singer and master of the Kirana gharana singing style. Promoting traditional raga principles, Nath exerted a ...

, whom he often accompanied in performance. He has collaborated frequently throughout his career, most extensively with

chamber ensemble Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small numb ...

the

Kronos Quartet The Kronos Quartet is an American string quartet based in San Francisco. It has been in existence with a rotating membership of musicians for almost 50 years. The quartet covers a very broad range of musical genres, including contemporary classic ...

and his son, guitarist

Gyan Riley Gyan Riley (born 1977) is an American guitarist and composer. He is a son of minimalist composer Terry Riley. They frequently collaborate, including a tour in Europe in September 2016. Gyan Riley studied at San Francisco Conservatory of Music. He ...

Life

Born in

Colfax, California Colfax (formerly Alden Grove, Alder Grove, Illinoistown, and Upper Corral) is a city in Placer County, California, at the crossroads of Interstate 80 and State Route 174. The population was 1,963 at the 2010 census. The town is named in hono ...

, in 1935, Riley began performing as a solo pianist during the 1950s. During that decade, he studied composition at

San Francisco State University San Francisco State University (commonly referred to as San Francisco State, SF State and SFSU) is a public research university in San Francisco. As part of the 23-campus California State University system, the university offers 118 different ...

, the

San Francisco Conservatory The San Francisco Conservatory of Music (SFCM) is a private music conservatory in San Francisco, California. As of 2021, it had 480 students. History The San Francisco Conservatory of Music was founded in 1917 by Ada Clement and Lillian Hodg ...

, and

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public land-grant research university in Berkeley, California. Established in 1868 as the University of California, it is the state's first land-grant u ...

, studying with

Seymour Shifrin Seymour Shifrin (28 February 1926 – 26 September 1979) was an American composer. He was described by ''Time Magazine'' as "one of the most significant composers of his generation." Shifrin's ''Satires of Circumstance'' (1964, text by Thomas Ha ...

and

Robert Erickson Robert Erickson (March 7, 1917 – April 24, 1997) was an American composer. Education Erickson was born in Marquette, Michigan. He studied with Ernst Krenek from 1936 to 1947: "I had already studied—and abandoned—the twelve tone sys ...

. He befriended composer La Monte Young, whose earliest

compositions using sustained tones were an influence; together, Young and Riley performed Riley's improvisatory composition ''Concert for Two Pianists and Tape Recorders'' in 1959–60. Riley later became involved in the experimental

, working with

Morton Subotnick Morton Subotnick (born April 14, 1933) is an American composer of electronic music, best known for his 1967 composition '' Silver Apples of the Moon'', the first electronic work commissioned by a record company, Nonesuch. He was one of the foun ...

Steve Reich Stephen Michael Reich ( ; born October 3, 1936) is an American composer known for his contribution to the development of minimal music in the mid to late 1960s. Reich's work is marked by its use of repetitive figures, slow harmonic rhythm, a ...

Pauline Oliveros Pauline Oliveros (May 30, 1932 – November 24, 2016) was an American composer, accordionist and a central figure in the development of post-war experimental and electronic music. She was a founding member of the San Francisco Tape Music Cente ...

, and

Ramon Sender Ramón Sender Barayón (born October 29, 1934) is a composer, visual artist and writer. He was the co-founder with Morton Subotnick of the San Francisco Tape Music Center in 1962. He is the son of Spanish writer Ramón J. Sender. Education ...

. Throughout the 1960s he also traveled frequently in Europe, taking in musical influences and supporting himself by playing in

piano bar A piano bar (also known as a piano lounge) consists of a piano or electronic keyboard played by a professional musician. Piano bars can be located in a cocktail lounge, bar, hotel lobby, office building lobby, restaurant, or on a cruise ship. Usu ...

s. He also performed briefly with the

Theatre of Eternal Music The Theatre of Eternal Music (later sometimes called The Dream Syndicate) was an avant-garde musical group formed by La Monte Young in New York City in 1962. The core of the group consisted of Young (voice, saxophone), Tony Conrad (violin), ...

in New York in 1965-1966. His most influential teacher was

(1918–1996), a master of Indian classical voice who also taught La Monte Young, Marian Zazeela, and Michael Harrison. Riley made numerous trips to India over the course of their association to study and accompany him on

tabla A tabla, bn, তবলা, prs, طبلا, gu, તબલા, hi, तबला, kn, ತಬಲಾ, ml, തബല, mr, तबला, ne, तबला, or, ତବଲା, ps, طبله, pa, ਤਬਲਾ, ta, தபலா, te, తబల� ...

, tambura, and voice. In 1971 he joined the

Mills College Mills College at Northeastern University is a private college in Oakland, California and part of Northeastern University's global university system. Mills College was founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in 1852 in Benicia, California; it was ...

faculty to teach Indian classical music. Riley also cites

John Cage John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading fi ...

and "the really great

chamber music Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that could fit in a palace chamber or a large room. Most broadly, it includes any art music that is performed by a small numb ...

groups of

John Coltrane John William Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist The saxophone (often referred to colloquially as the sax) is a type of single-reed woodwind instrument with a conical body, usually made of br ...

and

Miles Davis Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926September 28, 1991) was an American trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. He is among the most influential and acclaimed figures in the history of jazz and 20th-century music. Davis adopted a variety of music ...

Charles Mingus Charles Mingus Jr. (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American jazz upright bassist, pianist, composer, bandleader, and author. A major proponent of collective improvisation, he is considered to be one of the greatest jazz musicians and ...

Bill Evans William John Evans (August 16, 1929 – September 15, 1980) was an American jazz pianist and composer who worked primarily as the leader of his trio. His use of impressionist harmony, interpretation of traditional jazz repertoire, block ch ...

, and

Gil Evans Ian Ernest Gilmore Evans (né Green; May 13, 1912 – March 20, 1988) was a Canadian–American jazz pianist, arranger, composer and bandleader. He is widely recognized as one of the greatest orchestrators in jazz, playing an important role ...

" as influences on his work. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Music at

Chapman University Chapman University is a private research university in Orange, California. It encompasses ten schools and colleges, including Fowler School of Engineering, Dodge College of Film and Media Arts, Fowler School of Law, and Schmid College of Scie ...

in 2007. Riley began his long-lasting association with the

when he met their founder David Harrington while at Mills. Over the course of his career, Riley composed 13

string quartet The term string quartet can refer to either a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play them. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinists ...

s for the ensemble, in addition to other works. He wrote his first orchestral piece, ''Jade Palace'', in 1991, and has continued to pursue that avenue, with several commissioned orchestral compositions following. He is also currently performing and teaching both as an Indian

raga A ''raga'' or ''raag'' (; also ''raaga'' or ''ragam''; ) is a melodic framework for improvisation in Indian classical music akin to a musical mode, melodic mode. The ''rāga'' is a unique and central feature of the classical Indian music tradit ...

vocalist and as a solo pianist. Riley continues to perform live, and was part of the

All Tomorrow's Parties "All Tomorrow's Parties" is a song by the Velvet Underground and Nico, written by Lou Reed and released on the group's 1967 debut studio album, ''The Velvet Underground & Nico''. Inspiration for the song came from Reed's observation of Andy Warh ...

festival in May 2011. Terry Riley 85

Techniques

Riley's music is usually based on improvising through a series of modal figures of different lengths. Works such as '' In C'' (1964) and the ''Keyboard Studies'' (1964–1966) demonstrate this technique. The first performance of ''In C'' was given by

, Jon Gibson,

and

. Its form was an innovation: The piece consists of 53 separate modules of roughly one measure apiece, each containing a different musical pattern but each, as the title implies, in the key of C. One performer beats a steady pulse of ''C''s on the piano to keep tempo. The others, in any number and on any instrument, perform these musical modules following a few loose guidelines, with the different musical modules interlocking in various ways as time goes on. In the 1950s Riley was already working with

tape loop In music, tape loops are loops of magnetic tape used to create repetitive, rhythmic musical patterns or dense layers of sound when played on a tape recorder. Originating in the 1940s with the work of Pierre Schaeffer, they were used among cont ...

s, a technology still in its infancy at the time; he would later, with the help of a sound engineer, create what he called a "time-lag accumulator". He has continued manipulating tapes to musical effect, in the studio and in live performances throughout his career. An early tape loop piece titled ''Music for the Gift'' (1963) featured the trumpet playing of Chet Baker. It was during Riley's time in Paris, while composing this piece, that he conceived of and created the time-lag accumulator technique. He has composed using

just intonation In music, just intonation or pure intonation is the tuning of musical intervals Interval may refer to: Mathematics and physics * Interval (mathematics), a range of numbers ** Partially ordered set#Intervals, its generalization from numbers to ...

as well as

microtones Microtonal music or microtonality is the use in music of microtones—intervals smaller than a semitone, also called "microintervals". It may also be extended to include any music using intervals not found in the customary Western tuning of tw ...

.Holmes, Thomas B. ''Electronic and Experimental Music'', Taylor & Francis (2008) p. 132, 362 In New York City in the mid-1960s he played with his longtime friend La Monte Young, as well as with John Cale and tabla player

Angus MacLise Angus William MacLise (March 14, 1938 – June 21, 1979) was an American percussionist, composer, poet, occultist and calligrapher, known as the first drummer for the Velvet Underground who abruptly quit due to disagreements with the band pla ...

, who were founding members of

The Velvet Underground The Velvet Underground was an American rock band formed in New York City in 1964. The original line-up consisted of singer/guitarist Lou Reed, multi-instrumentalist John Cale, guitarist Sterling Morrison, and drummer Angus MacLise. MacLise ...

. Riley is credited as inspiring Cale's keyboard part on

Lou Reed Lewis Allan Reed (March 2, 1942October 27, 2013) was an American musician, songwriter, and poet. He was the guitarist, singer, and principal songwriter for the rock band the Velvet Underground and had a solo career that spanned five decades. ...

's composition "

", which was sung by German actress

Nico Naftiran Intertrade Company limited (NICO) is a Swiss-based subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC). NICO is a general contractor for the oil and gas industry. NIOC buys the vast majority of Iran's gasoline imports. NICO is a key pl ...

and included on the album ''

The Velvet Underground and Nico ''The Velvet Underground & Nico'' is the debut album by the American rock band the Velvet Underground and German singer Nico, released in March 1967 through Verve Records. It was recorded in 1966 while the band were featured on Andy Warhol's Ex ...

'', recorded in 1966. Riley's famous overdubbed electronic album ''

'' (recorded 1968, released 1969) inspired many later developments in electronic music. These include

Pete Townshend Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend (; born 19 May 1945) is an English musician. He is co-founder, leader, guitarist, second lead vocalist and principal songwriter of the Who, one of the most influential rock bands of the 1960s and 1970s. Townsh ...

's organ parts on

The Who The Who are an English rock band formed in London in 1964. Their classic lineup consisted of lead singer Roger Daltrey, guitarist and singer Pete Townshend, bass guitarist and singer John Entwistle, and drummer Keith Moon. They are considered ...

's "

Won't Get Fooled Again "Won't Get Fooled Again" is a song by the English rock band the Who, written by Pete Townshend. It was released as a single in June 1971, reaching the top 10 in the UK, while the full eight-and-a-half-minute version appears as the final track ...

" and "

Baba O'Riley "Baba O'Riley" is a song by the English rock band the Who, and the opening track to their fifth album ''Who's Next'' (1971). It was issued in Europe as a single on 23 October 1971, coupled with "My Wife". Roger Daltrey sings most of the song ...

", the latter named in tribute to Riley as well as to

Meher Baba Meher Baba (born Merwan Sheriar Irani; 25 February 1894 – 31 January 1969) was an Indian spiritual master who said he was the Avatar, or God in human form, of the age. A major spiritual figure of the 20th century, he had a following of ...

. Charles Hazlewood, in his BBC documentary on Minimalism (Part 1) suggests that the album '

Tubular Bells Tubular bells (also known as chimes) are musical instruments in the percussion family. Their sound resembles that of church bells, carillon, or a bell tower; the original tubular bells were made to duplicate the sound of church bells within a ...

' by

Mike Oldfield Mike may refer to: Animals * Mike (cat), cat and guardian of the British Museum * Mike the Headless Chicken, chicken that lived for 18 months after his head had been cut off * Mike (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee featured in several books and documen ...

was also inspired by Riley's example. Riley's collaborators have included the

Rova Saxophone Quartet Rova Saxophone Quartet is an American, San Francisco-based saxophone quartet, formed in October 1977. The name "Rova" is an acronym formed from the last initials of the founding members: Jon Raskin, Larry Ochs, Andrew Voigt, and Bruce Ackley. Wh ...

, the

ARTE Quartett The ARTE Quartett was founded in 1995 by the saxophonists Beat Hofstetter, Sascha Armbruster, Andrea Formenti and Beat Kappeler. Their musical style consists of contemporary music, jazz, and free improvisation. The four musicians have commission ...

, and, as mentioned, the Kronos Quartet. His 1995 ''Lisbon Concert'' recording features him in a solo piano format, improvising on his own works. In the liner notes Riley cites

Art Tatum Arthur Tatum Jr. (, October 13, 1909 – November 5, 1956) was an American jazz pianist who is widely regarded as one of the greatest in his field. From early in his career, Tatum's technical ability was regarded by fellow musicians as extraord ...

, Bud Powell and

as his piano "heroes", illustrating the importance of jazz to his conceptions.

Personal life

He has three children: one daughter, Colleen, and two sons, Gyan, who is a guitarist, and Shahn. He was married to Ann Riley until her death in 2015.

Discography

*1963: ''Music for The Gift'' (Organ of Corti 1, 1963) *1965: ''Reed Streams'', Mass Art Inc. M-131 *1967: ''You're No Good'', recorded in 1967 but unreleased until 2000 (Cortical Foundation / Organ of Corti, 2000) *1968: ''Germ'', with

Gérard Frémy Gérard Frémy (12 March 1935 – 19 January 2014) was a French pianist, composer, and percussionist. Biography A student with Yves Nat at the Conservatoire de Paris, Frémy ended his studies by winning First prize at sixteen. He was designat ...

& Martine Joste (Spalax CD 14542, 1998). Includes a Pierre Mariétan track. *1968: '' In C'', Columbia MS7178 *1969: ''

'', CBS 64564 *1971: '' Church of Anthrax'', with John Cale (CBS) *1972: ''Happy Ending'' (soundtrack to

Joël Santoni Joël Santoni (5 November 1943 – 18 April 2018) was a French film director and screenwriter.Persian Surgery Dervishes'', Shanti 83502 *1975: (''Lifespan'' film soundtrack), Philips France 9120 037 *1975: ''Descending Moonshine Dervishes'', Kuckuck Records *1980: '' Shri Camel'', CBS Masterworks M3519, for solo electronic organ tuned in just intonation and modified by digital delay *1983: ''Songs for the Ten Voices of the Two Prophets'', for two Prophet 5 synthesisers, Kuckuck Records *1984: '' Terry Riley: Cadenza on the Night Plain'', a collaboration with the

*1984: ''Terry Riley and Krishna Bhatt: Terry Riley and Krishna Bhatt Duo'', a collaboration with Krishna Bhatt *1985: ''No Man's Land'' *1986: ''The Harp of New Albion'', for piano tuned in

*1987: ''

Chanting the Light of Foresight ''Chanting the Light of Foresight'' (''imbas forasnai'') is a 1987 composition by Terry Riley written for and commissioned by the Rova Saxophone Quartet, though during the course of the composition it was decided that Rova would compose "The Chord ...

'', with

in just intonation *1989: ''

Salome Dances for Peace ''Kronos Quartet Plays Terry Riley: Salome Dances for Peace'' is a 1989 album by the string quartet Kronos Quartet. In 1989, the album was nominated the Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition. Track listing Personnel ;Kr ...

'', for the Kronos Quartet *1995: ''In C – 25th Anniversary Concert'', version featuring Riley as one of four vocalists, recorded live January 14, 1990, San Francisco, New Albion Records *1995: ''Lisbon Concert'', solo piano concert, recorded live July 16, 1995 Festival dos Capuchos, Teatro São Luis, Lisbon, Portugal., New Albion Records *1997: '' Lazy Afternoon Among the Crocodiles'', experimental album recorded with contrabassist Stefano Scodanibbio. *1998: Piano Music of John Adams and Terry Riley, performed by

Gloria Cheng Gloria Cheng is an American pianist who won a Grammy Award for her 2008 Piano Music of Esa-Pekka Salonen, Steven Stucky, and Witold Lutosławski, and a nomination for The Edge of Light: Messiaen/Saariaho. Her film, "Montage: Great Film Composers an ...

*1999: The Book of Abbeyozzud *2001: ''

Moscow Conservatory The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory (russian: Московская государственная консерватория им. П. И. Чайковского, link=no) is a musical educational inst ...

Solo Piano Concert'', recording of a live performance on 18 April 2000 *2001: '' Terry Riley: Requiem for Adam'', with Riley's tribute to the son of David Harrington performed by the Kronos quartet, and a solo piano improvisation by Riley *2002: '' Sun Rings'' for the

*2002: ''Atlantis Nath'', hand-numbered signed edition of 1000 copies *2004: '' The Cusp of Magic'', with the

, composed for his seventieth birthday, an ode to the rite of

Midsummer Midsummer is a celebration of the season of summer usually held at a date around the summer solstice. It has pagan pre-Christian roots in Europe. The undivided Christian Church designated June 24 as the feast day of the early Christian mart ...

Eve *2008: ''Banana Humberto'', piano concerto with

Paul Dresher Paul Joseph Dresher (born January 8, 1951 in Los Angeles) is an American composer. Dresher received his B.A. in music from the University of California, Berkeley and his M.A. in composition from the University of California, San Diego, where he st ...

Ensemble *2008: ''The Last Camel in Paris'', live solo electric organ performance in Paris, 1978 *2010: ''Two Early Works'', the first-ever recordings of two of Riley's early compositions, performed by the Calder Quartet *2012: ''Aleph'' *2015: ''G Song'', Kronos Quartet, in honor of his eightieth birthday *2019: ''The Lion's Throne'', with singer Amelia Cuni, recorded live (Sri Moonshine Music, SMM008)

Filmography

*1970 – ''Corridor''. Film by

Standish Lawder (1936 – 21 June 2014) was an American artist, art historian and inventor, who contributed to the structural film movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Biography Born in Connecticut in 1936, Lawder attended Williams College and the Nation ...

. *1975 – ''Lifespan''. Film by Alexander Whitelaw feat. Klaus Kinski, Tina Aumont and Hiram Keller. Soundtrack released as ''Le secret de la vie'' in France, on Philips LP 9120 037 (1975). *1976 – ''Crossroads''. Film by

Bruce Conner Bruce Conner (November 18, 1933 – July 7, 2008) was an American artist who worked with assemblage, film, drawing, sculpture, painting, collage, and photography. Biography Bruce Conner was born November 18, 1933 in McPherson, Kansas.His well- ...

. *1976 – ''Music with Roots in the Aether: Opera for Television''. Tape 6: Terry Riley. Produced and directed by

Robert Ashley Robert Reynolds Ashley (March 28, 1930 – March 3, 2014) was an American composer, who was best known for his television operas and other theatrical works, many of which incorporate electronics and extended techniques. His works often involve i ...

. New York, New York: Lovely Music. *1986 – ''In Between the Notes...a Portrait of Pandit Pran Nath, Master Indian Musician''. Produced by Other Minds, directed by William Farley. *1995 – ''Musical Outsiders: An American Legacy – Harry Partch, Lou Harrison, and Terry Riley''. Directed by Michael Blackwood. *2008 – "A Rainbow in Curved Air" features in the in-game soundtrack of ''

Grand Theft Auto IV ''Grand Theft Auto IV'' is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the sixth main entry in the ''Grand Theft Auto'' series, following 2004's '' Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas'', and the e ...

''. It can be found when listening to the fictional radio station, "The Journey". *2017 – ''

Hochelaga, Land of Souls ''Hochelaga, Land of Souls'' (french: Hochelaga, Terre des âmes) is a 2017 Canadian historical drama film directed and written by François Girard and starring Gilles Renaud, Samian and Tanaya Beatty. Dramatizing several centuries of Quebec h ...

''. Film by François Girard.

References

Rova Rova may refer to: * Rova, Domžale, a village in the municipality of Domžale in Slovenia * Rova (Madagascar), a type of fortified royal complex found throughout the highlands of Madagascar * Rova of Antananarivo, a royal-palace complex in Antana ...

)
Art of the States: Terry Riley
''In C'' (1964) *Golden, Barbara. "Conversation with Terry Riley.

(April 2010). Montréal: CEC. *Leopizzi, Marco.
Terry Riley — Il guru del minimalismo
" Interview from 1 June 2008. Musicaround.net. * (includes video)
Interview with Terry Riley
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Riley, Terry * American male classical composers American classical composers 21st-century classical composers Living people Minimalist composers Microtonal composers 1935 births Postmodern composers 20th-century classical composers San Francisco State University alumni Contemporary classical music performers People from Placer County, California BYG Actuel artists Mills College faculty Composers for piano Pupils of Robert Erickson Pupils of Pran Nath (musician) 21st-century American composers 20th-century American composers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians

Life

Techniques

Personal life

Discography

Filmography

Further reading

References

External links