Tupolev TB-1

The Tupolev TB-1 (development name ANT-4) was a Soviet bomber aircraft, an angular monoplane that served as the backbone of the Soviet bomber force for many years, and was the first large all-metal aircraft built in the Soviet Union.

Design and development

In 1924, the Soviet Air Force instructed TsAGI, (Центра́льный аэрогидродинами́ческий институ́т (ЦАГИ) – ''Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut'' or Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute) to design a heavy-bomber. TsAGI gave the task to the division led by Andrei Tupolev.Gunston 1995, p.381. Tupolev's team designed a twin-engined all-metal monoplane with a corrugated Duralumin skin — based on Tupolev's earlier work utilizing the all-metal aircraft design techniques first pioneered by Hugo Junkers in 1918 — powered by two Napier Lion engines, and named the ANT-4.Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.36.

The first prototype was built during 1925 on the second floor of Tupolev's factory in Moscow, it being necessary to knock down a wall to allow the aircraft to be taken out of the building in pieces. After reassembly at Moscow's Khodynka Aerodrome, it was flown on 26 November 1925.Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.36-7.

Testing was successful, and it was decided to put the ANT-4 into production as the TB-1. Production was delayed, however, by shortages of aluminium, and by the need to find a replacement for the expensive imported Lion engines, the BMW VI (and later the Soviet licence-built version, the Mikulin M-17). Production eventually started at the ex- Junkers factory at Fili, Moscow in 1929, 216 following the two prototypes, production continuing until 1932.Gunston 1995, pp.381–383.Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.222. It was produced in both wheel- and float-gear variants (a total of 66 ANT-4 seaplanes built).

Operational history

The first production aircraft was completed as an unarmed civil aircraft, named ''Strana Sovyetov'' (Land of the Soviets) for a propaganda flight from Moscow to New York, taking an eastward course via Siberia, reaching its destination on 3 November 1929, flying 21,242 km (13,194 mi) in 137 flying hours.Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.38. The TB-1 became the Soviet Air Forces' first standard heavy bomber, also being fitted with floats for use as a torpedo bomber (TB-1P), and for aerial survey operations.

It was also widely used for experimental purposes, being the first mothership used in the Zveno Parasite aircraft project, carrying two I-4 fighters over the aircraft's wings.Gunston 1995, p.383.

The TB-1 was replaced as a heavy bomber by the similar, but much larger, four-engined Tupolev TB-3, with many aircraft being converted to civil freighters (designated G-1) for use by Aeroflot and Aviaarktika, Aeroflot's polar division. One Avia Arktika ANT-4, flown by Anatoly Liapidevsky, played a key role in the rescue of the crew of the steamship '' Chelyuskin'', which sank on 12 February 1934 after being trapped in ice near the Bering Strait. Liapidevsky was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. G-1s continued in use with Avia Arktika until 1948.Duffy and Kandalov 1996, p.39.

Variants

* TB-1 : Twin-engined heavy bomber aircraft. Also known as the ANT-4.
* ANT-4bis : Third prototype.
* TB-1P : Twin-float torpedo-bomber seaplane.
* G-1 : Twin-engined transport aircraft.
* ANT-19 : Proposed passenger aircraft. Not built.Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Sergey (2013). Unflown wings: Soviet and Russian unrealized aircraft projects 1925-2010. Birmingham: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd. .

Survivors

One ANT-4, an ex-Aviaarktika Tupolev G-1, survives, being preserved at the Ulyanovsk Aircraft Museum.

Operators

;
*Aeroflot
*Soviet Air Force
*Soviet Naval Aviation

Specifications (TB-1)

See also

Notes

References

* Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. ''Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft''. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife Publishing, 1996. .
* Gunston, Bill. ''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995''. London:Osprey, 1995. .
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External links

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External links

Aviation.ru

{{Soviet transport designations

TB-001
1920s Soviet and Russian bomber aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Four-engined piston aircraft