The Tuparí languages of

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Internal classification

The Tupari languages are:Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019
Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama
''Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli'', v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305.
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* Makuráp * Nuclear Tupari ** Akuntsu– Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya) ** Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró None are spoken by more than a few hundred people. A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020
The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages
''Journal of Language Relationship'' 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319. *Tuparian **'' Makurap'' **Core Tuparian ***Wayoró–Tuparí ****'' Wayoró'' ****'' Tuparí'' ***Corumbiara ****'' Mekéns'' ****'' Akuntsú''

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. ;Macuráp group *Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia). *Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia. *Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River. *Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region. *Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia. *Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia). *Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown. *Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the

Branco River The Branco River ( pt, Rio Branco; Engl: ''White River'') is the principal affluent of the Rio Negro from the north. Basin The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. It is enriched by many streams from the Tepui highlands w ...

São Simão River The São Simão River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under eac ...

, the same territory; now probably extinct. ;Kepkeriwát group *Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the

Pimenta Bueno River The Pimenta Bueno River is a river of Rondônia state in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Rondônia List of rivers in Rondônia (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with respective tributaries indented under ea ...

Proto-language

Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed fro
DiACL
9 February 2020. :

Syntax

In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are

absolutive In grammar, the absolutive case (abbreviated ) is the case of nouns in ergative–absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative– ...

, i.e., they index the sole

argument An argument is a statement or group of statements called premises intended to determine the degree of truth or acceptability of another statement called conclusion. Arguments can be studied from three main perspectives: the logical, the dialectic ...

of an intransitive verb (S) and the

patient A patient is any recipient of health care services that are performed by healthcare professionals. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, nurse, optometrist, dentist, veterinarian, or other health c ...

argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are

nominative In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or (in Latin and formal variants of Engl ...

: they may encode the sole

of an intransitive verb (S) or the

agent Agent may refer to: Espionage, investigation, and law *, spies or intelligence officers * Law of agency, laws involving a person authorized to act on behalf of another ** Agent of record, a person with a contractual agreement with an insuranc ...

argument of a

transitive verb A transitive verb is a verb that accepts one or more objects, for example, 'cleaned' in ''Donald cleaned the window''. This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects, for example, 'panicked' in ''Donald panicked''. Transitiv ...

(A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró. ''Eamõjãn (en).'' s-V (S) /e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/ 2-dance- TH- NFUT (2.

NOM NOM may refer to: * National Organization for Marriage * Natural organic matter * New Order Mormons * Nickelodeon Original Movies * ''Nintendo Official Magazine'', official British Nintendo magazine; now discontinued, superseded by ''Official Ni ...

) ‘You danced.’ ''Etopkwap nã on.'' p-V A /e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/ 2-see- PL- TH-''p'' FUT 1.

‘I’ll see you every day.’

References

External links

Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupari languages Tupian languages *