Trithorax-group proteins (TrxG) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins whose main action is to maintain
gene expression. They can be categorized into three general classes based on molecular function:
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histone
In biology, histones are highly basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei. They act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn a ...
-modifying TrxG proteins
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chromatin-remodeling TrxG proteins
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DNA-binding TrxG proteins,
plus other TrxG proteins not categorized in the first three classes.
Discovery
The founding member of TrxG proteins, trithorax (trx), was discovered ~1978 by
Philip Ingham
Philip William Ingham FRS, FMedSci, Hon. FRCP (born 19 March 1955 Liverpool) is a British geneticist, currently the Toh Kian Chui Distinguished Professor at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, a partnership between Nanyang Technological Un ...
as part of his doctoral thesis while a graduate student in the laboratory of J.R.S. Whittle at the
University of Sussex
, mottoeng = Be Still and Know
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £14.4 million (2020)
, budget = £319.6 million (2019–20)
, chancellor = Sanjeev Bhaskar
, vice_chancellor = Sasha Roseneil
, ...
.
Histone-lysine ''N''-methyltransferase 2A is the human homolog of trx.
The table contains names of Drosophila TrxG members. Homologs in other species may have different names.
Function
Trithorax-group proteins typically function in large complexes formed with other proteins. The complexes formed by TrxG proteins are divided into two groups:
histone-modifying complexes and
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes. The main function of TrxG proteins, along with
polycomb group (PcG) proteins, is regulating gene expression. Whereas PcG proteins are typically associated with
gene silencing
Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell to prevent the expression of a certain gene. Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation and is often used in research. In particular, methods used to silence ge ...
, TrxG proteins are most commonly linked to
gene activation
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are wi ...
. The trithorax complex activates gene transcription by inducing
trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (
H3K4me3
H3K4me3 is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein Histone H3 that indicates tri-methylation at the 4th lysine residue of the histone H3 protein and is often involved in the regulation of gene expression. The name denotes the addi ...
) at specific sites in chromatin recognized by the complex.
Ash1 domain is involved in H3K36 methylation. Trithorax complex also interacts with
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...
(CREB binding protein) which is an acetyltransferase to acetylate
H3K27.
This gene activation is reinforced by
acetylation of
histone H4
Histone H4 is one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Featuring a main globular domain and a long N-terminal tail, H4 is involved with the structure of the nucleosome of the 'beads on ...
. The actions of TrxG proteins are often described as 'antagonistic' of PcG proteins function.
Aside from gene regulation, evidence suggests TrxG proteins are also involved in other processes including
apoptosis, cancer, and stress responses.
Role in development
During development, TrxG proteins maintain activation of required genes, particularly the
Hox genes
Hox genes, a subset of homeobox genes, are a group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals. Hox proteins encode and specify the characteristics of 'position', ensuring that the co ...
, after maternal factors are depleted.
This is accomplished by preserving the
epigenetic marks, specifically H3K4me3, established by maternally-supplied factors.
TrxG proteins are also implicated in
X-chromosome inactivation
X-inactivation (also called Lyonization, after English geneticist Mary Lyon) is a process by which one of the copies of the X chromosome is inactivated in therian female mammals. The inactive X chromosome is silenced by being packaged into ...
, which occurs during early
embryogenesis.
it is unclear whether TrxG activity is required in every cell during the entire development of an organism or only during certain stages in certain cell types.
See also
*
HIstome HIstome is a database that provides information about human histone proteins, their sites of modifications, variants and modifying enzymes, and diseases linked to histone modifications.
Update
HISTome2 is a updated version of the HIstome database ...
*
Histone acetyltransferase
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to form ε-''N''-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and, by transferring ...
*
Histone deacetylases
Histone deacetylases (, HDAC) are a class of enzymes that remove acetyl groups (O=C-CH3) from an ε-N-acetyl lysine amino acid on a histone, allowing the histones to wrap the DNA more tightly. This is important because DNA is wrapped around his ...
*
Histone methyltransferase
*
Histone-Modifying Enzymes
Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including gene expression. To safely store the eukaryotic genome, DNA is wrapped around four core hi ...
*
Nucleosome
*
PRMT4 pathway
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase-4 (PRMT4/CARM1) methylation of arginine residues within proteins plays a critical key role in transcriptional regulation (see the PRMT4 pathway on the left). PRMT4 binds to the classes of transcriptional ...
References
{{Reflist, colwidth=35em
External links
The Polycomb and Trithorax page of the Cavalli labThis page contains useful information on Polycomb and trithorax proteins, in the form of an introduction, links to published reviews, list of Polycomb and trithorax proteins, illustrative power point slides and a link to a genome browser showing the genome-wide distribution of these proteins in Drosophila melanogaster.
DNA-binding proteins
Molecular genetics
Drosophila melanogaster genes