Trinomial Nomenclature

In biology, trinomial nomenclature refers to names for taxa below the rank of species. These names have three parts. The usage is different in zoology and botany.

In zoology

In zoological nomenclature, a trinomen (), trinominal name, or ternary name refers to the name of a subspecies. Examples are ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'' (Savage, 1847) for the western lowland gorilla (genus ''Gorilla'', species western gorilla), and ''Bison bison bison'' (Linnaeus, 1758) for the plains bison (genus ''Bison'', species American bison).

A trinomen is a name with three parts: generic name, specific name and subspecific name. The first two parts alone form the binomen or species name. All three names are typeset in italics, and only the first letter of the generic name is capitalised. No indicator of rank is included: in zoology, subspecies is the only rank below that of species. For example: "''Buteo jamaicensis borealis'' is one of the subspecies of the red-tailed hawk (''Buteo jamaicensis'')."

In a taxonomic publication, a name is incomplete without an author citation and publication details. This indicates who published the name, in what publication, and the date of the publication. For example: "''Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae'' (Stephens, 1826)" denotes a subspecies of the great cormorant (''Phalacrocorax carbo'') introduced by James Francis Stephens in 1826 under the subspecies name ''novaehollandiae'' ("of New Holland").

If the generic and specific name have already been mentioned in the same paragraph, they are often abbreviated to initial letters. For example, one might write: "The great cormorant ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' has a distinct subspecies in Australasia, the black shag ''P. c. novaehollandiae''".

While binomial nomenclature came into being and immediately gained widespread acceptance in the mid-18th century, it was not until the early 20th century that the current unified standard of nomenclature was agreed upon. This became the standard mainly because of tireless promotion by Elliott Coues – even though trinomina in the modern usage were pioneered in 1828 by Carl Friedrich Bruch and John Cassin. As late as the 1930s, the use of trinomina was not fully established in all fields of zoology. Thus, when referring especially European works of the preceding era, the nomenclature used is usually not in accord with contemporary standards.

In botany

For algae, fungi, plants, and their fossils, there is an indeterminate number of infraspecific ranks allowed below the level of species. The secondary ranks below the species rank are variety and forma, and more ranks can be made by using the prefix "sub" to make subspecies, subvariety, subforma. Very rarely even more forms are created, such as supersubspecies. Not all of these ranks need to be specified, for example, some authors prefer to divide plant species into subspecies, while others prefer to use varieties.

These ranks are components of a biological classification, for example ''Corylopsis sinensis'' var. ''calvescens'' f. ''veitchiana'' is an ornamental garden plant. However, a name is not the same as a classification, and the name of this plant is a trinomial with only three parts, article 24.1 the two parts of the species name ''Corylopsis sinensis'', plus the forma epithet ''veitchiana'', to give ''Corylopsis sinensis'' f. ''veitchiana''.

See also

*Binomial nomenclature
*Nomenclature

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trinomial Nomenclature
Biological nomenclature