Toyota FCHV

The Toyota FCHV is a current hybrid hydrogen fuel cell vehicle development programme of the Toyota Motor Corporation, which was leased to a limited number of drivers in the United States and Japan beginning in 2002. "FCHV" stands for "Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle". A number of prototypes have been produced, up to the latest FCHV-adv ("advanced").

History

There are currently five generations of the FCHV, beginning with preliminary prototypes FCHV-1 (1997) and FCHV-2 (1999). The FCHV-3 was presented at the "International Symposium on Fuel-Cell Vehicles" in March 2001 in Tokyo, and the FCHV-4 was the first production version, although Toyota did not plan a full-scale commercial hydrogen fuel cell vehicle launch until around 2015.

As of 2008 the FCHV-adv was available for lease in Japan. The use of the vehicles by government ministries and companies is intended to provide detailed development feedback on the FCHV performance under varied driving conditions.

In 2007 a FCHV was driven between Osaka and Tokyo on a single tank of hydrogen, proving that a hydrogen vehicle could compete with conventional vehicles for range. In August 2009, Toyota USA announced an estimated FCHV-adv range of from a tank of hydrogen, based on a test trip in "real-world" conditions between Torrance and San Diego, California.

FCHV system

The FCHV designs are based on the first generation Highlander SUV, although a bus version is also in development. The powertrain consists of a 90 kW fuel cell supplied from onboard compressed hydrogen tanks, and a nickel–metal hydride battery in parallel. Battery and fuel cell can provide power to the 90 kW driving motors either singly or together. The mechanism is very similar to the Hybrid Synergy Drive in the Toyota Prius and Toyota Auris HSD but with the fuel cell replacing the petrol internal combustion engine, thus minimising greenhouse gas emissions at point of use.

At low speeds the FCHV can run on battery alone, with a range of about . For high performance, such as when accelerating from rest, the fuel cell and battery supply power in tandem. The battery can also charge by regenerative braking, improving overall efficiency.

Hydrogen storage

The 700 Bar (10000 PSI) hydrogen tanks holds 156 liters - enough fuel for a range of on the Japanese 10-15 test cycle and on the Japanese JC08 test cycle. Test vehicles on the Japanese 10-15 test cycle average with a top speed of . Vehicles on the JC08 test cycle average and a top speed of .

Models

FCHV-1

FCHV-2

FCHV-3

FCHV-4

FCHV-adv

FCHV-BUS

The Toyota FCHV-BUS is a fuel cell bus based on the Hino Blue Ribbon City(KL-HU2PMEE) low-floor bus.
*90 kW PEFC Fuel cell stack: twice
*Motor: AC synchronous 80 kW twice
*Hydrogen tank: Compressed hydrogen gas 35 MPa / 150 liter, five (version 2002) or seven (version 2005)
*Passenger capacity: 63 (included 22 seats)

FCHV-BUS demonstrated at Toei Bus (August 2003 - December 2004) and Expo 2005. After Expo 2005, some were lent to bus fleet operators, and also demonstrated in fuel cell events.
* Chita Noriai (March 2006 - December 2009) as route bus in Chubu International Airport
* Chubu International Airport (since July 2006) as ramp bus
* Meitetsu Bus (since October 2010) as route bus in Toyota City, Aichi
*Airport Transport Service (since December 2010) as airport shuttle bus for Tokyo International Airport

FC Bus

The FC Bus uses the Toyota Fuel Cell System (TFCS) in a bus, based on experience with Hino on the Hino Blue Ribbon bus.

In 2015, the bus was lent to Meitetsu Bus for free, as a demonstration that fuel cell buses were practical. It was used on the Toyota City Community Bus ''Oiden Bus Toyota East Circle Line'' (Section：Toyotashi Station ↔ Mikawa-Toyota Station). In September on 2015, the bus started running ''Toyota Oiden Bus Fujioka・Toyota Line'' (Section：Toyotashi Station ↔ Fujioka Elementary School).

Toyota planned to start sales in 2017 and to have 100 units in Tokyo in time for the 2020 Olympics. The bus was delivered to Toei Bus on lease contract.

SORA

The Toyota SORA bus will be made from 2018. The name "SORA" stands for Sky, Ocean, River, Air, which is the water cycle. It includes a Toyota Fuel Cell System (TFCS) and a collision warning system. It has a capacity of up to 79 people. The seats can also stow automatically when not in use. It also uses LED lights to communicate with other buses and travel in convoys to conserve energy. They can also be used as an emergency power source, having up to .

Project Portal trucks

Toyota started testing two Mirai fuel cells (114 kW each) in a converted Kenworth T680 electric Class 8 semi-trailer truck in the Port of Los Angeles in April 2017 as part of 'Project Portal', doing drayage for Toyota. The truck has two motors for a combined and of torque, a 200 kW 12 kWh battery, and a fixed gear ratio of 15.5:1. It has a range of determined by the size of the hydrogen tanks. It accelerates (empty) from in 7 seconds. The motors are mainly powered by the fuel cells rather than from the small battery.

Toyota added a terminal tractor to the project in 2019. The project was updated with a truck in 2020.

Cultural impact

Prophets of Science Fiction

The FCHV is featured in the Jules Verne episode of the Science Channel program Prophets of Science Fiction. Some measure of credit is given to Jules Verne in the episode, for helping to inspire the idea.

See also

* List of fuel cell vehicles
* Toyota ''FINE''
** Fine-S
** Fine-N
** Fine-T
** Fine-X
* Toyota ''Mirai''
** Toyota ''FCV-R''
** Toyota ''FCV''

References

External links

Putting the Green in Our Machine. Toyota USA.Fuel Cell Vehicle. Toyota Global

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FCHV
Hydrogen cars
Fuel cell vehicles
Fuel cell buses