Toxopneustidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of globular

sea urchin Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin live on the seabed of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore down to . The spherical, hard shells (tests) of ...

s in the

class Class or The Class may refer to: Common uses not otherwise categorized * Class (biology), a taxonomic rank * Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects * Class (philosophy), an analytical concept used differentl ...

Echinoidea Sea urchins () are spiny, globular echinoderms in the class Echinoidea. About 950 species of sea urchin live on the seabed of every ocean and inhabit every depth zone from the intertidal seashore down to . The spherical, hard shells (tests) of ...

Characteristics

All Camarodonts have imperforate

tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection ...

s and compound ambulacral plates. In addition, the Toxopneustids are characterised by the

peristome Peristome (from the Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mosses In mosses, ...

, or opening through the test, having a sharp margin with the buccal notches being prominent. The tubercles lack the crenulations or ring of cog-like structures that articulate with the spines in certain other families. The

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of phil ...

's lantern, or jaw apparatus, has the keeled teeth and the epiphyses united above the foramen magnum, the V-shaped gap between the hemipyramids that support the lantern's tooth.The Echinoid Directory
The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2011-08-27.

Genera

*'' Goniopneustes'' Duncan, 1889 *'' Gymnechinus'' Mortensen, 1903b *''

Lytechinus ''Lytechinus'' is a genus of sea urchins. Species The following extant species are listed in this genus by the World Register of Marine Species:

'' A. Agassiz, 1863 *'' Nudechinus'' H.L. Clark, 1912 *'' Oligophyma'' Pomel, 1869 *'' Pseudoboletia'' Troschel, 1869 *'' Schizechinus'' Pomel, 1869 *'' Scoliechinus'' Arnold & H.L. Clark, 1927 *'' Sphaerechinus'' Desor, 1856 *'' Toxopneustes'' L. Agassiz, 1841b *'' Tripneustes'' L. Agassiz, 1841b Lytechinus variegatus.jpg, ''

Lytechinus variegatus ''Lytechinus variegatus'', commonly called the green sea urchin or the variegated sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin that can be found in the warm waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Subspecies There are four subspec ...

'' Withe seaurchin.JPG, ''

Sphaerechinus granularis ''Sphaerechinus granularis'' is a species of sea urchin in the family Toxopneustidae, commonly known as the violet sea urchin, or sometimes the purple sea urchin (though the latter is also a common name for a Pacific sea urchin ''Strongylocentr ...

'' Toxopneustes pileolus (Sea urchin).jpg, ''

Toxopneustes pileolus ''Toxopneustes pileolus'', commonly known as the flower urchin, is a widespread and commonly encountered species of sea urchin from the Indo-West Pacific. It is considered highly dangerous, as it is capable of delivering extremely painful and me ...

'' Tripneustes ventricosus (West Indian Sea Egg) edit.jpg, '' Tripneustes ventricosus '' Pseudoboletia maculata.jpg, '' Pseudoboletia maculata''

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3200924

Characteristics

Genera

See also

References