The House of the Huangcheng Chancellor, also known by its Chinese name, Huangcheng Xiangfu, is a walled estate on Phoenix Hill (Fenghuangshan) comprising Huangcheng,
[.] a
village
A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town (although the word is often used to describe both hamlets and smaller towns), with a population typically ranging from a few hundred to ...
occupying a
hollow
Hollow may refer to:
Natural phenomena
*Hollow, a low, wooded area, such as a copse
* Hollow (landform), a small vee-shaped, riverine type of valley
*Tree hollow, a void in a branch or trunk, which may provide habitat for animals
Places
* Sleepy ...
above the
Changhe Valley between
Yangcheng and
Jincheng
Jincheng is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Shanxi province, China, bordering Henan province to the south and southeast. It is an industrial city in an area where coal mining is an important industry. The entire city has a population ...
in southeastern
Shanxi
Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
, China. It is composed of numerous ''
siheyuan
A ''siheyuan'' (; IPA: ɹ̩̂.xɤ̌.ɥɛ̂n is a historical type of residence that was commonly found throughout China, most famously in Beijing and rural Shanxi. Throughout Chinese history, the siheyuan composition was the basic pattern used ...
''-style courtyards built into the side of a hill, overlooked by defensive towers and enclosed by high
crenellated
A battlement in defensive architecture, such as that of city walls or castles, comprises a parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between chest-height and head-height), in which gaps or indentations, which are often rectangular, occur at interva ...
walls that divide it into two sections. The fortifications were built in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, during the late
Ming
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
and early
Qing
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...
dynasties.
It has been called the "greatest cultural residence in North China".
[ China's ]National Tourism Administration
The China National Tourism Administration (CNTA; ) was a Chinese government authority responsible for the development of tourism in the country. The CNTA was subordinate to the State Council. Its headquarters are in Beijing, with regional branche ...
gave it a AAAAA rating in 2011.[
]
History
The Chen family in Shanxi began erecting buildings on Phoenix Hill overlooking the Fanxi River[ around the 1440s under China's ]Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
. The family began as farmers, built a fortune through coal mining
Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its energy content and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from ...
, and then began emphasizing the education of their children.[ During the Ming and ]Qing
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...
dynasties, the family produced 66 mandarins,[.] 33 poets
A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...
, and 9 first-place winners of Shanxi
Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
's provincial examinations
Canadian primary and secondary standardized examinations are examinations developed in Canada and taken by primary and secondary students in some provinces and territories in Canada.
The majority of the exams listed are developed provincially an ...
.[
The property was encastellated for Chen Changyan in 1633.][ The fortifications served to protect the household and its attendant villagers from unrest during the reign of the ]Chongzhen Emperor
The Chongzhen Emperor (; 6 February 1611 – 25 April 1644), personal name Zhu Youjian (), courtesy name Deyue (),Wang Yuan (王源),''Ju ye tang wen ji'' (《居業堂文集》), vol. 19. "聞之張景蔚親見烈皇帝神主題御諱字德 ...
.[.] This "inner city" ''Nèichéng'') runs along a north–south axis along the side of the hill, facing downhill toward the west.[
The compound was expanded in 1703 for ]Chen Tingjing
Chen Tingjing (, 31 December 1638 – 23 May 1712) was a Han Chinese politician and scholar who served as tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and was chief editor of the Kangxi Dictionary.
Biography
Chen Jing was born in Zezhou in Shanxi province. H ...
, tutor to the Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
of the Qing
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speaki ...
and the chief editor of the Kangxi Dictionary
The ''Kangxi Dictionary'' ( (Compendium of standard characters from the Kangxi period), published in 1716, was the most authoritative dictionary of Chinese characters from the 18th century through the early 20th. The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing d ...
.[.] His "outer city" ''Wàichéng'') lies on flat ground against the entrance to the upper section of the estate, facing south toward the warehouses and shops lining the Street of Ancient Culture.[ Supposedly, the grand nature of the finished complex drew charges of disloyalty and imperial pretensions from Chen's political opponents, but he claimed to have established it to please his mother, who wished to see Beijing, but was too frail to complete the journey.][ In any case, the ]Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
visited the location twice, praising it and its owner, who never fell from his favor.
The site was damaged during the Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution, formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC) launched by Mao Zedong in 1966, and lasting until his death in 1976. Its stated goal ...
in the 1960s and 1970s.[ It received a 30m]RMB
The renminbi (; symbol: ¥; ISO code: CNY; abbreviation: RMB) is the official currency of the People's Republic of China and one of the world's most traded currencies, ranking as the fifth most traded currency in the world as of April 2022. ...
restoration starting in 1998,[.] and the China National Tourism Administration
The China National Tourism Administration (CNTA; ) was a Chinese government authority responsible for the development of tourism in the country. The CNTA was subordinate to the State Council. Its headquarters are in Beijing, with regional branche ...
named the House of the Huangcheng Chancellor a AAAAA tourist attraction in 2011.[. ] By 2012, it was attracting millions of visitors each year.[.]
Architecture
The walls have nine gates and enclose 19 gardens
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...
and 640 rooms.[ In its present form, almost all of the structures are organized in the '']siheyuan
A ''siheyuan'' (; IPA: ɹ̩̂.xɤ̌.ɥɛ̂n is a historical type of residence that was commonly found throughout China, most famously in Beijing and rural Shanxi. Throughout Chinese history, the siheyuan composition was the basic pattern used ...
'' style, with most buildings opening onto enclosed and interconnected courtyard
A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.
Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary ...
s.[
The Shideyuan ''Shìdéyuàn''; 1505 1521) encloses three lofty rooms on the hilltop,][ now at the southeast corner of the "inner city".][ It was the site of Chen Tingjing's birth in 1638.][.] The yard to its rear is flanked to the north by the Zhongyi and to the south by the Yongkun. Both are composed of a three-story main building with two-story wing buildings extending forward at each side.[
Rongshan's House ''Róngshān Gōngfǔ''; ) was the home of ]Chen Tianyou
Chen may refer to:
People
*Chen (surname) (陳 / 陈), a common Chinese surname
* Chen (singer) (born 1992), member of the South Korean-Chinese boy band EXO
* Chen Chen (born 1989), Chinese-American poet
* (), a Hebrew first name or surname:
* ...
( styled "Rongshan"), the first member of the family to pass the imperial examination
The imperial examination (; lit. "subject recommendation") refers to a civil-service examination system in Imperial China, administered for the purpose of selecting candidates for the state bureaucracy. The concept of choosing bureaucrats by ...
s and become a mandarin
Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to:
Language
* Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country
** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China
** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...
. He began to serve under the Jiajing Emperor
The Jiajing Emperor (; 16September 150723January 1567) was the 12th List of emperors of the Ming dynasty, Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1521 to 1567. Born Zhu Houcong, he was the former Zhengde Emperor's cousin. His father, Zhu You ...
, eventually reaching the rank of vice-inspector for Shaanxi
Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see #Name, § Name) is a landlocked Provinces of China, province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichu ...
.
The Clan Temple ''Chénshì Zōngcí''; 1521 1567) is the Chen's ancestral shrine
An ancestral shrine, hall or temple ( or , vi, Nhà thờ họ; Chữ Hán: 家祠户), also called lineage temple, is a temple dedicated to deified ancestors and progenitors of surname lineages or families in the Chinese tradition. Ancestra ...
, placed on the central axis of the estate, with a worshipping hall in the front and a hall of celebrated ancestors in the back.
The Tower of Rivers and Mountains ''Héshānlóu''; 1632) was a defensive structure used to protect the family and its attendants during periods of unrest and war. Counting the basement,[ it has seven stories, totaling ten'']zhang Zhang may refer to:
Chinese culture, etc.
* Zhang (surname) (張/张), common Chinese surname
** Zhang (surname 章), a rarer Chinese surname
* Zhang County (漳县), of Dingxi, Gansu
* Zhang River (漳河), a river flowing mainly in Henan
* ''Zha ...
''[ (about 30m or 100ft).][ The entrance is located on the second floor and is accessed only by a bridge to another level of the complex.][ The base is 3'']zhang Zhang may refer to:
Chinese culture, etc.
* Zhang (surname) (張/张), common Chinese surname
** Zhang (surname 章), a rarer Chinese surname
* Zhang County (漳县), of Dingxi, Gansu
* Zhang River (漳河), a river flowing mainly in Henan
* ''Zha ...
s'', 4''chi
Chi or CHI may refer to:
Greek
*Chi (letter), the Greek letter (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ);
Chinese
*Chi (length), ''Chi'' (length) (尺), a traditional unit of length, about ⅓ meter
*Chi (mythology) (螭), a dragon
*Chi (surname) (池, pin ...
'' wide (''kaijian'') by 2''zhang Zhang may refer to:
Chinese culture, etc.
* Zhang (surname) (張/张), common Chinese surname
** Zhang (surname 章), a rarer Chinese surname
* Zhang County (漳县), of Dingxi, Gansu
* Zhang River (漳河), a river flowing mainly in Henan
* ''Zha ...
s'', 4''chi
Chi or CHI may refer to:
Greek
*Chi (letter), the Greek letter (uppercase Χ, lowercase χ);
Chinese
*Chi (length), ''Chi'' (length) (尺), a traditional unit of length, about ⅓ meter
*Chi (mythology) (螭), a dragon
*Chi (surname) (池, pin ...
'' long (''jinshen'').[ Its basement accesses multiple secret tunnels; it also includes a well and room for food stores to wait out longer ]siege
A siege is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition warfare, attrition, or a well-prepared assault. This derives from la, sedere, lit=to sit. Siege warfare is a form of constant, low-intensity con ...
s.[ It was completed in a span of seven months ][ and supposedly proved its worth shortly after construction, when locals easily weathered a raid that devastated the neighboring village of Guoyu.][
The Villa of the Golden Mean ''Zhōngdàozhuāng''; 1642)][. ] was Chen Tingjing's primary residence.[
The House of the Academician ''Dàxuéshì Dì'') or Chancellor ''Xiāngfǔyuàn''; 1644–1703)][. ] is a complete household with gardens
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is ''control''. The garden can incorporate both ...
, a hall, a study, bedrooms, and servant quarters.[ It was visited by the ]Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
twice,[ and he wrote a plaque in its honor.][.]
The Studying Rooms ''Nánshūyuàn''; 1651) are a courtyard
A courtyard or court is a circumscribed area, often surrounded by a building or complex, that is open to the sky.
Courtyards are common elements in both Western and Eastern building patterns and have been used by both ancient and contemporary ...
and adjacent classrooms used for centuries by tutors to educate the younger members of the family.
The Zhiyuan Garden ''Zhǐyuán''; 1661) is the biggest garden in the estate, covering .
The Stone Portal ''Shípáifāng''; 1699) is a paifang
A ''paifang'', also known as a ''pailou'', is a traditional style of Chinese architectural arch or gateway structure. Evolved from the Indian subcontinent's ''torana'' through the introduction of Buddhism to China, it has developed many styles ...
that was erected while Chen Tingjing
Chen Tingjing (, 31 December 1638 – 23 May 1712) was a Han Chinese politician and scholar who served as tutor to the Kangxi Emperor and was chief editor of the Kangxi Dictionary.
Biography
Chen Jing was born in Zezhou in Shanxi province. H ...
was the imperial Minister of Personnel. It is decorated with panels detailing the accomplishments of the Chens over the preceding five generations. A plaque by the Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
reads "Nine winners of the state examination
The ("state examination" or "exam by state"; pl.: ''Staatsexamina'') is a German government licensing examination that future physicians, dentists, teachers, pharmacists, food chemists, psychotherapists and jurists (i.e., lawyers, judges, p ...
within one family full of virtues and good deeds, and six academicians throughout three generations bearing the favor and trust of the Emperor".[
The Tower of Imperial Handwriting ''Yùshūlóu''; 1714) was built to store plaques and other written documents given to the family by the ]Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
.
Other areas of the estate include the Douzhuju Residence ''Dòuzhùjū''); the Wenchang Tower ''Wénchānggé'') with its Confucian shrine
A temple of Confucius or Confucian temple is a temple for the veneration of Confucius and the sages and philosophers of Confucianism in Chinese folk religion and other East Asian religions. They were formerly the site of the administration of ...
; the Chunqiu Tower of General Guan ''Chūnqiūgé'') with its shrine to the war god
War is an intense armed conflict between states, governments, societies, or paramilitary groups such as mercenaries, insurgents, and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, destruction, and mortality, using regular o ...
Guan Yu
Guan Yu (; ), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on ...
; the Xishanyuan Courtyard ''Xīshānyuàn'') with its area for Taoist
Taoism (, ) or Daoism () refers to either a school of philosophical thought (道家; ''daojia'') or to a religion (道教; ''daojiao''), both of which share ideas and concepts of Chinese origin and emphasize living in harmony with the ''Tao'' ...
rituals
A ritual is a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, actions, or objects, performed according to a set sequence. Rituals may be prescribed by the traditions of a community, including a religious community. Rituals are characterized, ...
; the "Cave of Fighters" garrison
A garrison (from the French ''garnison'', itself from the verb ''garnir'', "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it. The term now often applies to certain facilities that constitute a mil ...
(, ''Zàngbīngdòng''), whose rooms are built into the side of the hill;[.] the Qilin Yard ''Qílínyuàn'') first built for Chen Tingjing's grandfather Chen Jingji, with its stone decorations of the "Chinese unicorn
The unicorn is a legendary creature that has been described since antiquity as a beast with a single large, pointed, spiraling horn projecting from its forehead.
In European literature and art, the unicorn has for the last thousand years o ...
" or qilin
The qilin (; ) is a legendary hooved chimerical creature that appears in Chinese mythology, and is said to appear with the imminent arrival or passing of a sage or illustrious ruler. Qilin are a specific type of the mythological family of on ...
;[. ] the Wanghe Pavilion ''Wànghétíng'') and Yard of Young Ladies ''Xiǎojieyuàn'') in the women's quarters
A woman is an adult female human. Prior to adulthood, a female human is referred to as a girl (a female child or adolescent). The plural ''women'' is sometimes used in certain phrases such as "women's rights" to denote female humans regardl ...
on the lowest level;[ the Ziyunqian Graveyard ''Zǐyúnqiān'') with memorials to Chen Tingjing by his family and the ]Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
; the southern-style West Garden ''Xīhuāyuán''), consisting of Clam
Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two she ...
Pool and surrounding rockeries imitating Shandong
Shandong ( , ; ; alternately romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history since the beginning of Chinese civilizati ...
's Mount Tai
Mount Tai () is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Tai'an. It is the highest point in Shandong province, China. The tallest peak is the '' Jade Emperor Peak'' (), which is commonly reported as being t ...
;[ the Housekeepers' Yard ''Guǎnjiāyuàn'') with the small,][.] lower-ranking servants' quarters; and a Street of Ancient Culture ''Gǔwénhuā Jiē'') in the estate's old trading and warehousing area.
Performances
The estate holds a ceremony imitating those held to welcome the Kangxi Emperor
The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 1654– 20 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, born Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1661 to 1 ...
.[
]
Museums
The Inspector's House ''Yùshǐfǔ'') was originally the home of Chen Changyan, an uncle of Chen Tingjing, who served as the imperial inspector for Zhejiang
Zhejiang ( or , ; , also romanized as Chekiang) is an eastern, coastal province of the People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou, and other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiang ...
. It is now used as a museum to describe Yangcheng County
Yangcheng County () is a county (PRC), county in the southeast of Shanxi, Shanxi Province, China, bordering Henan, Henan Province to the south. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jincheng and located in the latter's sout ...
's history of iron casting.
The complex now also houses the Chinese Dictionary Museum ''Zhōnghuá Zìdiǎn Bówùguǎn'').[ The museum, established in May 2016 with a private donation of 4,000 works, now holds more than 15,000 volumes.][ It describes the history of Chinese encyclopedias and dictionaries, with a special focus on the '']Kangxi Zidian
The ''Kangxi Dictionary'' ( (Compendium of standard characters from the Kangxi period), published in 1716, was the most authoritative dictionary of Chinese characters from the 18th century through the early 20th. The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing d ...
'', compiled under Chen Tingjing.[.] The museum has 128 editions of the dictionary, the earliest copy having been donated by Hua Shaofeng in 2014 and dating to the Kangxi Era. It is so fragile that special tools are used to turn its pages.[.]
Erya Yi - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Luo Yuan's '' Erya Yi''
Erya Yinytu - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The '' Erya Yintu''
Erya Zhushu - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The '' Erya Zhushu''
Ganlu Zishu - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Yan Yuansun
Yan may refer to:
Chinese states
* Yan (state) (11th century – 222 BC), a major state in northern China during the Zhou dynasty
* Yan (Han dynasty kingdom), first appearing in 206 BC
* Yan (Three Kingdoms kingdom), officially claimed indep ...
's ''Ganlu Zishu
''Ganlu Zishu'' () is a Chinese orthography dictionary of the Tang Dynasty. The first surviving orthographical dictionary for the regular script, it was authored by Yan Yuansun (顏元孫), a descendant of the famous scholar Yan Shigu. It is rou ...
'', a guide to calligraphy
Calligraphy (from el, link=y, καλλιγραφία) is a visual art related to writing. It is the design and execution of lettering with a pen, ink brush, or other writing instrument. Contemporary calligraphic practice can be defined as "t ...
for test-takers
Guangyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The ''Guangyun
The ''Guangyun'' (''Kuang-yun''; ) is a Chinese rime dictionary that was compiled from 1007 to 1008 under the patronage of Emperor Zhenzong of Song. Its full name was ''Dà Sòng chóngxiū guǎngyùn'' (, literally "Great Song revised and expan ...
'' rhyming dictionary
Jingdian Shiwen - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Lu Deming
Lu Deming (; 556(?)–630) was Tang dynasty Chinese scholar, author of the Jingdian Shiwen, which provides annotations on the classics, including alternate pronunciations of characters in specific contexts. In addition to authoring this work, Lu ...
's ''Jingdian Shiwen
''Jingdian Shiwen'' (), often abbreviated as ''Shiwen'' in Chinese philological literature, was a c. 583 exegetical dictionary or glossary, edited by the Tang dynasty classical scholar Lu Deming. Based on the works of 230 scholars during the H ...
''
Kangxi Dictionary (annotated with katakana) - Chinese Dictionary Museum 2.JPG , An annotated Japanese edition of the ''Kangxi Dictionary
The ''Kangxi Dictionary'' ( (Compendium of standard characters from the Kangxi period), published in 1716, was the most authoritative dictionary of Chinese characters from the 18th century through the early 20th. The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing d ...
''
Liushu Tongshi - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The '' Liushu Tongshi''
Longkan Shoujian - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Xingjun's ''Longkan Shoujian
''Longkan Shoujian'' () is a Chinese dictionary compiled during the Liao Dynasty by the Khitan monk Xingjun (). Completed in 997, the work had originally been entitled Longkan Shoujing (; and are synonyms), but had its title changed owing to n ...
''
Qieyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Lu Fayan's ''Qieyun
The ''Qieyun'' () is a Chinese language, Chinese rhyme dictionary, published in 601 during the Sui dynasty. The book was a guide to proper reading of classical texts, using the ''fanqie'' method to indicate the pronunciation of Chinese characters ...
'' rhyming dictionary
Shuowen Jiezi - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The ''Shuowen Jiezi
''Shuowen Jiezi'' () is an ancient Chinese dictionary from the Han dynasty. Although not the first comprehensive Chinese character dictionary (the '' Erya'' predates it), it was the first to analyze the structure of the characters and to give ...
''
Tangyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Sun Mian's ''Tangyun
The ''Tangyun'' () is a Chinese language, Chinese rime dictionary, published in 732 CE during the Tang dynasty, by Sun Mian (孫愐), which is a revised version of ''Qieyun'', a guide for Chinese pronunciation by using the fanqie method. The ori ...
'' rhyming dictionary
Wujing Wenzi - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The ''Wujing Wenzi Wujing may refer to:
* Five Classics (五經), five classic Chinese books
* Sha Wujing (沙悟淨), one of the three helpers of Xuánzàng in the classic Chinese novel ''Journey to the West''
* ''Wujing Zongyao'' (武經總要, Chinese military com ...
''
Yupian - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , Gu Yewang's ''Yupian
The ''Yupian'' (; "Jade Chapters") is a c. 543 Chinese dictionary edited by Gu Yewang ( 顧野王; Ku Yeh-wang; 519–581) during the Liang dynasty. It arranges 12,158 character entries under 542 radicals, which differ somewhat from the original ...
''
Zihui - Chinese Dictionary Museum 3.JPG , Mei Yingzuo
The 1615 ''Zìhuì'' is a Chinese dictionary edited by the Ming Dynasty scholar Mei Yingzuo ( 梅膺祚). It is renowned for introducing two lexicographical innovations that continue to be used in the present day: the 214-radical system for ind ...
's ''Zihui
The 1615 ''Zìhuì'' is a Chinese dictionary edited by the Ming Dynasty scholar Mei Yingzuo ( 梅膺祚). It is renowned for introducing two lexicographical innovations that continue to be used in the present day: the 214-radical system for ind ...
''
Zilei Biaoyun - Chinese Dictionary Museum.JPG , The '' Zilei Biaoyun''
In popular culture
Ten movies or television shows have been produced at the mansion since its reopening in 1998, including the 2001 CCTV
Closed-circuit television (CCTV), also known as video surveillance, is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly t ...
drama ''Kangxi Dynasty
''Kangxi Dynasty'' is a 2001 Chinese television series based on the novel ''Kangxi Da Di'' (康熙大帝; ''The Great Kangxi Emperor'') by Eryue He. The series is a prequel to the 1997 television series ''Yongzheng Dynasty'', and was followed by '' ...
''.[.]
See also
* List of AAAAA-rated tourist attractions in the People's Republic of China
* Shanxi Courtyard Houses The courtyard houses of Shanxi or the Shanxi family compounds are located in Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China, approximately 500 km south of Beijing. "These castle-like structures were constructed in the Qing dynasty by loc ...
Notes
References
Citations
Bibliography
* . &
* .
External links
A diagram of the layout of the complex
from Wang's paper, after an original by Yang Jing.
{{coord, 35, 30, 52, N, 112, 34, 39.5, E, display=title
AAAAA-rated tourist attractions
History of Shanxi
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanxi
Villages in China