Toro Negro State Forest (Spanish: ''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro'') is one of the 21 forests that make up the public forests system in

Puerto Rico Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and Unincorporated ...

. It is also Puerto Rico's highest

cloud forest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud ...

. It is in the

Cordillera Central Central Cordillera refers to the New Guinea Highlands. Cordillera Central, meaning ''central range'' in Spanish, may refer to the following mountain ranges: * Cordillera Central, Andes (disambiguation), several mountain ranges in South America ** ...

region of the island and covers , of mountains. Toro Negro's mountains have heights reaching up to and include

Cerro de Punta Cerro de Punta or just Cerro Punta is the highest peak in Puerto Rico, rising to above sea level.As of February, 1981, the US Geological Survey reports the height as 1,328 meters. (See''Geographic Names Information System: Feature Query Results ...

,EyeTour - an independent guide to Puerto Rico sponsored by the Government of Puerto Rico Tourism Company.
Retrieved 27 April 2010. Cerro Jayuya and

Cerro Rosa Cerro Rosa is the third highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Ciales Ciales (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico, locate ...

, the three highest peaks in the island. Nested among these mountains is Lake Guineo, the island's highest lake.Toro Negro State Forest
Virtual Puerto Rico. Retrieved 31 July 2013. The forest has of trails, an observation tower, two natural swimming pools (

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: ** Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Ca ...

:"''charcos''"),

camping Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home, either without shelter or using basic shelter such as a tent, or a recreational vehicle. Typically, participants leave developed areas to spend time outdoors in more natu ...

and

picnic A picnic is a meal taken outdoors ( ''al fresco'') as part of an excursion, especially in scenic surroundings, such as a park, lakeside, or other place affording an interesting view, or else in conjunction with a public event such as precedi ...

areas, nine rivers, and numerous creeks and waterfalls. The forest spans areas within the municipalities of Ponce, Jayuya,

Orocovis Orocovis (from Taino language, Orocobix popularly thought to mean "''remembrance of the first mountain''") is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range, north of Villalba and Coamo; south of Morovis and Cor ...

, Ciales, and

Juana Díaz Juana is a Spanish female first name. It is the feminine form of Juan (English John), and thus corresponds to the English names Jane, Janet, Jean, Joan, and Joanna. Juanita is a common variant. The name Juana may refer to: People * Juana ...

, and consists of seven non-contiguous tracts of land. The largest contiguous segment of the forest is located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. Some 40% of the area of Toro Negro State Forest is located in Ponce's

Barrio ''Barrio'' () is a Spanish word that means " quarter" or " neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city, usually delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, a ...

Anón.Historia de Nuestro Barrios: Barrio Anon, Ponce.
El Sur a la Vista. 18 October 2010. Rafael Torrech San Inocencio. Retrieved February 13, 2011. When created in 1935 as part of the

Caribbean National Forest El Yunque National Forest ( es, Bosque Nacional El Yunque), formerly known as the Caribbean National Forest (or ''Bosque Nacional del Caribe''), is a forest located in northeastern Puerto Rico. It is the only tropical rainforest in the United Sta ...

, the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the

United States government The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a fede ...

, first via the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration of the

Department of the Interior The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government headquartered at the Main Interior Building, located at 1849 C Street NW in Washington, D.C. It is responsible for the m ...

(1935–1942) and later through the Forest Service of the

Department of Agriculture An agriculture ministry (also called an) agriculture department, agriculture board, agriculture council, or agriculture agency, or ministry of rural development) is a ministry charged with agriculture. The ministry is often headed by a minister f ...

(1942–1970). Then, in 1970, the Federal Government exchanged with the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the Toro Negro section of the Caribbean National Forest for some forested lands belonging to the Commonwealth and located adjacent to the much larger federal lands at Luquillo National Forest resulting in the creation at Luquillo of the current

El Yunque National Forest El Yunque National Forest ( es, Bosque Nacional El Yunque), formerly known as the Caribbean National Forest (or ''Bosque Nacional del Caribe''), is a forest located in northeastern Puerto Rico. It is the only tropical rainforest in the United Sta ...

."Where Dwarfs Reign: A Tropical Rain Forest in Puerto Rico"
Kathryn Robinson. La Editorial. University of Puerto Rico. 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2013. In 1970, the Government of Puerto Rico's Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it ''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro'' (Toro Negro State Forest).

History

Rio Inabon along PR-511 in Barrio Real in Ponce (IMG 3406)

In 1876, Spanish King

Alfonso XII of Spain Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885), also known as El Pacificador or the Peacemaker, was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885 ...

issued the first proclamation for the creation of forest reserves in Puerto Rico.Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest
Retrieved 5 August 2013. The land where Toro Negro sits was originally used for coffee plantations until the 1930s when a program of reforestation was commenced. In 1934, those lands were acquired by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). The forest started with a total of in 1934.''CEP Technical Report No. 36 1996: Status of Protected Area Systems in the Wider Caribbean Region: ANNEX II: PUERTO RICAN PROTECTED AREAS LIST''
Retrieved 14 August 2013. In 1935, of private lands were purchased by the PRRA.
. Great Outdoor Recreation Pages (GORP): Your Complete Online Resource to the Outside World. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Alexander Gershenson. DNRE, Oct. 1976. UPR-Mayagüez Department of Biology Herbarium. Retrieved 10 August 2013. The forest was not a separate entity at the time; it was part of the

, and was administered by the U.S. Forest Service as the Toro Negro Division of the Caribbean National Forest. Additional lands brought the total size of the Toro Negro purchase that year to , and at least an additional were in the process of being acquired in 1936. Between 1934 and 1945 over 3 million seedlings and approximately 19,000 pounds of seeds were sown on of the forest. Twenty-eight species were planted in twenty-nine different plantations. In 1942, the

US Department of the Interior The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government headquartered at the Main Interior Building, located at 1849 C Street NW in Washington, D.C. It is responsible for the m ...

transferred the forest to the

United States Department of Agriculture The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...

. From 1942 to 1961, it was administered by the

US Forest Service The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The Forest Service manages of land. Major divisions of the agency inc ...

. During these years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture continued its acquisition of lands increasing the acreage of Toro Negro.

In 1961, Toro Negro was transferred to the

Government of Puerto Rico The government of Puerto Rico is a republican form of government with separation of powers, subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro: Introducción''
DRNA - Puerto Rico Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. Retrieved 29 July 2013. The transfer was finalized on 21 May 1962, when the of land that constituted the Toro Negro Unit of the Caribbean National Forest were signed away to the Government of Puerto Rico by the Federal Government. Of these , were exchanged for located adjacent to the Luquillo Unit of the Caribbean National Forest. The remaining were ceded to Puerto Rico's Department of Agriculture for forestry purposes. This resulted in the Toro Negro State Forest. Since 1962, approximately 120 cuerdas have been planted to

eucalyptus ''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of Flowering plant, flowering trees, shrubs or Mallee (habit), mallees in the Myrtaceae, myrtle Family (biology), family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the Tribe (biology) ...

mahoe Mahoe is a common name for several plants and may refer to: *''Alectryon macrococcus'', or ʻalaʻalahua, a species of tree in the soapberry family endemic to Hawaii *''Melicytus ramiflorus'', a tree endemic to New Zealand *Other ''Melicytus ''Me ...

, kadam and Honduran pine. In 1962, Toro Negro had , representing 11.32% of Puerto Rico's state forests. In 1962 the Area Recreacional Doña Juana was added to Toro Negro. In April 1970, a land exchange which included the Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture purchase and transfer of forest lands adjacent to Luquillo Experimental Forest in exchange for the complete transfer of Toro Negro forest lands to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The lower elevations of Toro Negro used to be important coffee-producing plantations, however, the entire forest is especially critical for water and soil conservation. Today, the amount of tree foliage coverage in the forest ranges from 81% in the moist forest zone to 99% in the lower montane wet forest zone. The forest was named for the

Río Toro Negro The Toro Negro River ( es, Río Toro Negro) is a river of Ciales, Orocovis, and Jayuya in Puerto Rico. Gallery Toro Negro, Ciales, Puerto Rico - panoramio (2).jpg, Waterfall in Toro Negro River See also * List of rivers of Puerto Rico *Toro ...

, one of nine rivers that flow out of the forest, and the name of one of the

barrio ''Barrio'' () is a Spanish word that means " quarter" or " neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city, usually delimited by functional (e.g. residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), social, a ...

s in the Ciales portion of the forest.

Protected area

Toro Negro is a

protected area Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the ena ...

under the law. The forest has a protected status of "IV" ("Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources") according to the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natur ...

(IUCN) convention. Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Through the ''parcelero'' (from the

root for "

parcel Parcel may refer to: * Parcels (band), an Australian modern soul band * Parcel (consignment), an individual consignment of cargo for shipment * ''Parcel'' (film), 2019 Bengali film * Parcel (package), sent through the mail or package delivery ...

", or land lot) program, people who were living in the lands being incorporated into the reserve during the federal government land acquisitions of 1935 were allowed to stay in their places when forest protection went into effect. In January 1999, a bill in the

Puerto Rico House of Representatives The House of Representatives of Puerto Rico ( es, Cámara de Representantes de Puerto Rico) is the lower house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the bicameral state legislature (United States), territorial legislature of Puerto Rico. ...

sought to increase the size of the protected area by unifying the Toro Negro,

Guilarte Guilarte is a rural barrio in the municipality of Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. History In the 19th century, Guilarte was a large coffee producer. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Tre ...

, and Pueblo de Adjuntas State Forests. In a March 2008 study by its International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), the U.S. Department of Agriculture classified Toro Negro State Forest as a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico forest of "Status 2", s status it defines as "an area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover and a mandated management plan in operation to maintain a primarily natural state, but which may receive use or management practices that degrade the quality of existing natural communities". As of 2013, there were ongoing governmental initiatives in place to acquire, from private owners, additional lands adjacent to the Toro Negro State Forest to increase the protected area of the forest as well as to create a wildlife forest corridor that would join Toro Negro with the nearby

Tres Picachos Tres Picachos (Spanish for ''Three Little Peaks'') is one of the highest peaks in Puerto Rico at . It is located on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya in the central part of the island, and is part of the Cordillera Ce ...

and

state forests through plans such as the federal Forest Legacy Areas initiative.

Location

Toro Negro is located in the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico and it has a total area of . It is located in remote areas of the

mountain range. The forest office is at km. 32.4 of Route

PR-143 Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas. Route description Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto R ...

, east of the intersection with Route PR-149. The forest distribution encompasses a range from 18°07'30" N and 18°15'00" N to 66°30'00" W and 66°37'30" W. The forest ranger's office and visitors' area are located on Puerto Rico Highway 143 Km 32.4 in Barrio Ala de la Piedra,

at 18.17342°N, 66.49231°W (). The largest sections of the forest are located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya, both of which are municipalities in the Puerto Rico Tourism Company's Porta Caribe tourism zone. Cerro de Punta , the highest peak in Puerto Rico, is located in the western section of the forest and the lowest elevation is found at the south edge of the forest near Salto de Inabón (Inabón Falls), an altitude of approximately .

Forest types

Four vegetation associations have been delineated in two bioclimatic life zones. The two climatic

biome A biome () is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Biomes may span more than one continent. Biome is a broader ...

zones are: the subtropical moist forest life zone (31% of the forest) and the lower mountain wet forest life zone (the remaining 69% of the forest). The

topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary s ...

is accentuated by a large number of steep slopes and high waterfalls. Toro Negro subforests are catalogued on the basis of their elevation and content. From Cerro Maravilla, one of the tallest peaks in the forest, four of Puerto Rico's distinct forest types can be seen: Bosque Tabonuco, Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia, Bosque Sierra de Palmas, and Bosque enano.

Bosque Tabonuco forest

At the lower elevations of the forest (below above sea level) stands the Bosque Tabonuco forest which is dominated by the majestic Tabonuco tree (

Dacryodes excelsa ''Dacryodes excelsa'' is a tree native to Puerto Rico with a habitat that extends into the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean region. Its English vernacular names include gommier and candlewood. Its Spanish common name is ''tabonuco''. According ...

) that can reach up to and grows primarily in protected sites at low elevations. The Tabonuco forest has many of the characteristics for which tropical rain forests are noted. The forest canopy has three levels: an upper level that may be as much as 35% Tabonuco, a lower canopy, and an under story. The second most prominent tree in this forest type, the Montillo ( Sloanea berteroana), has large buttress roots, typical of many rain forest trees. Such roots help support the heavy canopy of large trees growing in very wet soil. The forest floor is only scarcely vegetated, but the forest canopy is rich with aerial plants: bromeliads, orchids, vines, and arboreal ferns. The tabonuco type dominates in the subtropical wet life zone.

Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest

Above is the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest. Tree height in the Micropholis Buchenavia forest is less than , and the layers of the forest canopy are less distinct than in the Tabonuco type. Micropholis and Buchenavia ( Granadillo) are the dominant species in this lower montane zonal vegetation association.

Sierra de Palmas forest

At about the same elevation as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest (above ), but on very steep slopes, are the Sierra de Palmas forests dominated by the sierra palm ( Prestoea montana). Sometimes called palm-breaker, this forest type may reach in height. The Sierra de Palmas covers the largest area of all forest types in Toro Negro. The palm forest is distinguishable at a great distance by the form and size of leaves and by the general pale green color of the foliage. Below elevation the palms appear as scattered elements; however at higher elevations the sierra palm becomes a dominant species over a large area. The trunk of the sierra palm is straight, erect, cylindrical and attains heights of . The pinnate leaves are mostly long and cast a dense shade on the ground. The palm forest, nearly always a single species dominant is normally open and free from undergrowth of any kind. The globose fruits are somewhat more than one centimeter in diameter and produced in great abundance.

Bosque Enano forest

At the highest elevations, near the top of

, Cerro Maravilla and similar peaks, grows the Bosque enano forest, also known as dwarf forest,

elfin forest Dwarf forest, elfin forest, or pygmy forest is an uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards. They are usually located at high elevations, under conditions of sufficient air humi ...

and moss forest. This forest type is composed of very dense stands of small, stunted trees and shrubs. The cloud forest has many of the same tree species as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest, but growth is limited by adverse climate—heavy rain, strong winds, and almost constant cloud cover. The dwarf or cloud forest developed in the higher peaks of the Central Cordillera is quite different in general appearance from the cloud forest of Sierra Luquillo Mountains due to the less rigorous environment in Toro Negro. The physical effect of the wind is much reduced; the shrubs are neither bent nor shorn to an even surface, but are essentially erect and their crowns are rounded and uneven in outline. The mosses are reduced to a thin mantle on the more sheltered trunks and are absent in many places, while the great mats of

Selaginella ''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses. This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...

are completely lacking. In the Toro Negro forest, only the most inaccessible mountain tops have never been cleared. Most of the lower areas are subject to the familiar routine of logging, clearing, burning, and grazing or semi-permanent cultivation. Most of the forest lands in Toro Negro rise above the upper limit of successful coffee cultivation.

Geology

Toro Negro State Forest has both deep soils and surface soils. Deep soils are derived from volcanic

igneous rock Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ''ignis'' meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or l ...

, fine-grained. These contain high amounts of permeable clay, low amounts of sand, silt, and high amounts of iron and aluminum, but little silica. The surface soils are acidic and brittle while the subsoil is acidic and heavy, but permeable. Its hills are mostly steep. Usually the top soil is lost by erosion."Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro"
PRFROGUI. Retrieved 24 July 2013. There are nine rivers that flow south ( Río Indalecia,

Río Guayo The Guayo River ( es, Río Guayo) is a river near barrio Collores in the municipality of Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico Juana is a Spanish female first name. It is the feminine form of Juan (English John), and thus corresponds to the English names J ...

, Río Inabón, Río Blanco, Río Anón and Río Prieto), and three that flow north ( Río Saliente,

, and

Río Matrullas The Matrullas River ( es, Río Matrullas) is a river of Ciales Ciales (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico, located on the Central Mountain Range, northwest of Orocovis; south of Florida and Manatí; east of Utuado and Jayuya; and we ...

) from the forest. The Matrullas and Guineo reservoirs are also part of the forest. Río Toro Negro - after which the forest is named - separates the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis; it also forms Lago El Guineo. The forest's other lake, Lago Matrullas, is accessible via Puerto Rico Highway 564, which can be accessed via

, in the municipality of Orocovis.

Flora

Toro Negro has four vegetation associations catalogued into two subtropical moist life zones: The first is a Subtropical Moist Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Subtropical) and consists of the Tabonuco forest (Bosque de Tabonuco). The second is the Lower Mountain Wet Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Montaña Abajo). This zone consists of three sub forests: the Micropholis Buchenavia forest (Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia), the Mountain Palm forest (Bosque de Palma de Sierra), and the Dwarf forest (Bosque Enano). E. L. Little and F. H. Wadsworth reported a total of 160 tree species distributed amongst 53 families. The largest families are: Melastomaceae (16 species),

Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur m ...

(11 species) and

Myrtaceae Myrtaceae, the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All spe ...

(10 species).

Fern A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except ...

s and

orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

s are abundant. Forty of the species found in this forest are endemic to Puerto Rico and thirteen are introduced species. The fern Thelypteris inabonensis, endemic to this forest and found only at the headwaters of Rio Inabon and at the Toro Negro's

in Ciales, has been identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as an endangered species. Some of the more common trees are: ''tabonuco'' (

), ''ausubo'' (

Manilkara bidentata ''Manilkara bidentata'' is a species of ''Manilkara'' native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) " cow-tree". D ...

), ''jagüilla'' ( Magnolia portoricensis), ''nuez moscada'' (

Ocotea moschata ''Ocotea moschata'' is a tree of the Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Car ...

), ''granadillo'' (

Buchenavia capitata ''Buchenavia capitata'' is a tree of the Caribbean and northeastern South-American regions. Its Spanish vernacular names include granadillo (Puerto Rico), almendro ( Colombia), amarillo and olivo negro (Venezuela), and mirindiba and periquiteir ...

), '' maga'' ( Montezuma speciosissima), '' higüerillo'' ( Vitex divaricata), '' almedrón'' (

Prunus occidentalis ''Prunus occidentalis'' is a plant in the family Rosaceae of the order Rosales.''Cerasus o ...

) and ''

jácana ''Pouteria multiflora'' is a plant in the family Sapotaceae of the order Ericales. Its English common name is bullytree. Its Spanish common names include jácana, ácana, acana, hacana, or jacana. It is native to North and South America.

'' ( Pouteria multiflora). In addition '' Palmas de sierra'' ( Prestoea montana) and '' helechos arbóreos'' (

Cyathea ''Cyathea'' is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales. The genus name ''Cyathea'' is derived from the Greek ''kyatheion'', meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds. D ...

Sp.) are very abundant. Some of the species that were introduced to this forest are ''mahoe'' ( Hibiscus elatus Sw.), '' caoba hondureña'' (

Swietenia macrophylla ''Swietenia macrophylla'', commonly known as mahogany, Honduran mahogany, Honduras mahogany, or big-leaf mahogany is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of three species that yields genuine mahogany timber ( Swietenia), the oth ...

), ''pino hondureño'' (

Pinus caribaea The Caribbean pine (''Pinus caribaea'') is a hard pine species native to Central America and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection '' Australes'' in subgenus ''Pinus''. It inha ...

), ''eucalipto'' ( Eucalyptus robusta) and '' kadam'' (

Anthocephalus chinensis ''Neolamarckia cadamba'', with English common names burflower-tree, laran, and Leichhardt pine, and called kadam or cadamba locally, is an evergreen, tropical tree native to South Asia, South and Southeast Asia. The genus name honours French natu ...

). Ilex cookii, commonly known as Cook's Holly or te, is a small evergreen

holly ''Ilex'' (), or holly, is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergree ...

shrub''Recovery Plan: Ilex Cookii/Cyathea dryopteroides''
US FWS. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990. Retrieved 16 September 2013. known to exist only in the Toro Negro State Forest and only in extremely limited amounts. It is listed as a critically endangered species by the IUCN and protected by law. Between 1935 and 1943, 28 species of trees were planted in Toro Negro. Their plantings (either via seeding or via planting of saplings) consisted of both native and exotic species. Nineteen native species were planted as follows (the quantity planted/seeded is shown after the species; and X means experimental planting only): * Buchenavia tetraphylla, 200 *

Ocotea spathulata ''Ocotea'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Lauraceae. Many are evergreen trees with lauroid leaves. There are over 520 species currently accepted within the genus, distributed mostly in tropical and subtropical areas of ...

, 1,000 * Calophyllum calaba, 52,990 * Petitia domingensis, 9,200 * Cedrela odorata, 499,526 *

Podocarpus coreacius ''Podocarpus'' () is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. The name comes from Greek πούς (poús, “foot”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). ''Podocarpus'' species ...

, X * Cordia alliodora, 553,892 * Pouteria multiflora, 2,963,736 *

, 22,375 * Prunus occidentales, X * Eugenia stahlii, 6,500 *

Sideroxylon foetidissimum ''Sideroxylon foetidissimum'', commonly known as false mastic or yellow mastic, is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is native to Florida in the United States, the Caribbean, and northern Central America Central Am ...

, 2,098 * Guarea guidonia, 109,351 * Tabebuia heterophylla, 12,400 * Hymenaea courbaril, 14 *

Thespesia grandiflora ''Thespesia grandiflora'' is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic.Manilkara bidentata ''Manilkara bidentata'' is a species of ''Manilkara'' native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) " cow-tree". D ...

, 3,500 * Vitex divaricada, 195,874 *

, 71,131 The nine exotic species were: *

Bambusa vulgaris ''Bambusa vulgaris'', common bamboo, is an open-clump type bamboo species. It is native to Indochina and to the province of Yunnan in southern China, but it has been widely cultivated in many other places and has become naturalized in several r ...

, 2,350 *

, X * Cupressus lusitanica, X *

, 764,436 * Eucalyptus spp., 158,910 * Swietenia mahagoni, 35443 *

Fraxinus uhdei ''Fraxinus uhdei'', commonly known as tropical ash or Shamel ash, is a species of tree native to Mexico and Central America. It is commonly planted as a street tree in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It has also been planted and sprea ...

, X * Tectona grandis, 850 * Hibiscus elatus, X

Fauna

Guaragüao de bosque, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus brunnescens

There are 30 species of

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...

s reported, including 6 endemic species and two that are endangered: the

Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk The Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk, ''(Accipiter striatus venator)'', ''falcón de sierra'' or ''gavilán pecho rufo'' in Spanish, is an endemic subspecies of the North American sharp-shinned hawk, occurring only in Puerto Rico. Discovered in ...

(Vernacular Spanish: ''Falcón de sierra''; Taxonomy: ''Accipiter striatus venator'') and

Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk The Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (''Buteo platypterus brunnescens'') is an endangered subspecies of the broad-winged hawk (''B. platypterus''). It is a small hawk Hawks are bird of prey, birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. They are ...

(Vernacular Spanish: ''Guaragüao de bosque''; Taxonomy: ''Buteo platypterus brunnescens''). The Puerto Rican parrot (Vernacular Spanish: ''Cotorra puertorriqueña''; Taxonomy: ''Amazona vittata''), a critically endangered species, has also been seen in this forest. Recent studies have identified eight species of bats. They are most visible at dusk as this is when these nocturnal critters are out foraging for food, primarily mosquitoes. The 13 species of bats living in the forest play an important ecological role in controlling mosquitoes, which not only carry diseases but also harass hikers. The three most prevalent bat species are the

greater bulldog bat The greater bulldog bat or fisherman bat (''Noctilio leporinus'') is a species of fishing bat native to Latin America (Spanish: ''murciélago pescador''; Portuguese: ''morcego-pescador''). The bat uses echolocation to detect water ripples made ...

, Antillean ghost-faced bat and the

sooty mustached bat The sooty mustached bat (''Pteronotus quadridens'') is a species of bat in the family Mormoopidae. It is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. Description Sooty mustached bat is the smallest species in the ge ...

."Animals in the Toro Negro Forest"
Amy M. Armstrong. Demand Media. Retrieved 29 July 2013. There are 20 species of reptiles and amphibians and, with the exception of

Bufo marinus The cane toad (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Ocea ...

(Spanish: ''Sapo común''), all are endemic. Reptiles include the '' Lagarto verde''Puerto Rico DRNA erroneously calls this species ''Lagartijo gigante''. Its correct common name is Spanish is ''Lagarto verde''. (See citations to ''

Anolis cuvieri ''Anolis cuvieri'' (Vernacular Spanish: ''lagarto verde'',

'') (''

Anolis cuvieri ''Anolis cuvieri'' (Vernacular Spanish: ''lagarto verde'',

''), '' lagartijo pigmeo'' ('' Anolis occultus''), and ''boa de Puerto Rico'' ('' Chilabothrus inornatus''), which is in danger of extinction; amphibians include the ''siguana'' (''

Ameiva exsul The common Puerto Rican ameiva or Puerto Rican ground lizard (''Pholidoscelis exsul'') is a species of lizard in the whiptail family.

'') and the ''culebra ciega'' (''

Amphisbaena caeca ''Amphisbaena caeca'', commonly known as the Puerto Rican worm lizard or blind worm lizard, is a species of worm lizard endemic to Puerto Rico. These animals are vermicular reptiles that live under logs, rocks, and dirt. Other species of Amphisba ...

''). Amphibians include ''coquí común'' (''

Eleutherodactylus coqui ''Eleutherodactylus'' is a genus of frogs in the family Eleutherodactylidae.Hedges, S. B., W. E. Duellman, and M. P. Heinicke . 2008. New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and co ...

'') and the ''coquí de la montaña'' (''

Eleutherodactylus portoricensis ''Eleutherodactylus portoricensis'' (vernacular Spanish: ''coquí de la montaña'') is a frog native to Puerto Rico that belongs to the family Eleutherodactylidae. Its vernacular English names are upland coqui, mountain coqui, and Puerto Rican ...

''), a species denominated as vulnerable under Puerto Rico Law 6766. The

Small Asian mongoose Small Asian mongoose is a common name applied to two mammals which were formerly considered to be a single species: *Javan mongoose *Small Indian mongoose The small Indian mongoose (''Urva auropunctata'') is a mongoose species native to Iraq and ...

(Vernacular Spanish: ''Mangosta pequeña asiática''; Taxonomy: ''Herpestes javanicus''), has also been spotted inhabiting this forest. Toro Negro State Forest is home to 11 species of snakes, all non-venomous to humans. The Puerto Rican boa ( Chilabothrus inornatus) grows to in length and weighs about . It is a heavy-bodied snake with tan to dark brown body color and dark blotches down its back. It will defend itself with a bite, but kills its prey by suffocation. It is a protected species due to over-harvesting to collect oil and skins. It is nocturnal and prefers to remain under cover during the day and hunt at night. The Puerto Rican racer (''Culebra Corredora'';

Alsophis portoricensis ''Borikenophis portoricensis'' (Puerto Rican Spanish: culebra corredora; English: Puerto Rican racer) is a snake endemic to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. It can grow to three feet long. Range The Puerto Rican racer is endemic to the isla ...

) grows to . It slinks around in the trees of the Toro Negro Forest. His body sports a solid brown color with each of his scales edged by a darker brown. Like the forest's other various garden snakes, it is a daytime hunter. The forest also features blind snakes. They spend nearly their entire lives underground but do sometimes take cover under rotting trees. They do not bite as they do not have teeth. Olivo (aka, Ceti) (English=Sirajo Goby) (Taxonomy=Sicydium plumieri)

Olivo (aka, Ceti) (English=Sirajo Goby) (Taxonomy=Sicydium plumieri)

Its rivers and lakes are home to several species of

fish Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% ...

and

crustacean Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean gro ...

s. Fish found here include '' Dajao'' (Vernacular English: '' Mountain Mullet''; Taxonomy: '' Agonostomus monticola'') and ''

Olivo Olivo is both a Spanish, Italian, and French surname and a masculine given name, and it referred to someone who grew olives. Notable people with the name include: Surname: *America Olivo (born 1978), American actress and singer *Brock Olivo (bor ...

'' (''

Sicydium plumieri ''Sicydium plumieri'' (Spanish vernacular: ''Olivo'', ''Ceti''; English vernacular: ''Sirajo Goby'') is a freshwater species of the goby native to the Antilles from Cuba to Trinidad and Tobago, though not recorded from all islands. This species ...

''), also known as '' Ceti''. Some crustaceans are the ''

camarón bocu ''Macrobrachium crenulatum'' (Spanish common name: ''camarón bocú''

'' ('' Macrobrachium crenulatum''), ''

gata Davionte Ganter, known professionally as GaTa, is an American rapper and actor known for his role in the FXX TV series ''Dave'', as well as for being the hype man for rapper Lil Dicky throughout his career as well as on the show. Early life ...

'' ('' Atya lanipes''), and ''

buruquena ''Epilobocera sinuatifrons'' Epilobocera sinuatifrons ''Epilobocera sinuatifrons''

Facilities

With the exception of the ''Salto de Doña Juana'' waterfall, all of the forest facilities, including all trails, are located within the municipality of Orocovis''Bosque Toro Negro, Orocovis''
. Igeo Puerto Rico: Ecotourism and more. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. and they are collectively known as the ''Doña Juana Recreational Area''. Guided tours are available or visitors explore on their own. Ziplining is also a common activity in the Toro Negro forest. The forest office, staffed by personnel from the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, provides maps of the forest and its trails and services, weather conditions information, and mud slides danger levels. Among the facilities available at Toro Negro are a camping area, a recreational area, a system of hiking trails and observation points.

Trails

Officially there are 10 hiking trails covering . They are provided for hiking as well as to facilitate bird and landscape watching, meditation, and similar activities. While the official number of trails is stated as 10, some of the trails are actually dirt roads for

park ranger A ranger, park ranger, park warden, or forest ranger is a law enforcement person entrusted with protecting and preserving parklands – national, state, provincial, or local parks. Description "Parks" may be broadly defined by some systems in th ...

vehicles. Also, some of the "trails" require the hiker to walk a segment on a paved Commonwealth road or county road. Trails are generally quite wide, but being a forest in mountains with high humidity and rain precipitation, many of the trails are muddy in at least some areas."Hiking in Toro Negro Forest"
Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Hikers are often seen with

walking stick A walking stick or walking cane is a device used primarily to aid walking, provide postural stability or support, or assist in maintaining a good posture. Some designs also serve as a fashion accessory, or are used for self-defense. Walking s ...

s, which help maintain balance when walking on slippery surfaces, particularly the algae-covered ground rocks present on some of the trails. Some of the trails lead to or run near ''charcos''. Charcos are natural swimming pools (swimming holes). The Toro Negro State Forest office is the starting point for several of the trails. However, most of the trails are not well marked, nor are they well kept, so they can be hard to locate and to follow in the dense forest. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for trail maintenance. The 10 official trails are: Key to icons:
Sinnbild Wanderer bgw

– Indicates a Hiking trail area
Gfi-set01-camping

– Indicates Camping area
Pictograms-nps-picnic area

– Indicates a Picnic area
Scuba

– Indicates Diving or Snorkeling area
Fishing

– Indicates Fishing area
– Indicates Swimming area
– Indicates a Lookout tower
About icon (The Noun Project)

– Indicates Visitors' Center

Trail #1 ("''El Bolo''")

Named ''Camino El Bolo'', it is the forest's longest trail, about long, and essentially a loop around Cerro El Bolo. This trail has its course along Cerro El Bolo (El Bolo Mountain), Puerto Rico's tenth tallest peak at above sea level."USGS: Geographic Name Information System"
US Department of the Interior. 13 February 1981. Retrieved 21 August 2013. It is a low challenge trail. It is essentially a loop that starts at the visitors' parking area on PR-143 and terminates on PR-143 about 1/4 mile north of the visitors' parking area, from where hikers simply walk the road back to the parking area. Starting off at the visitors' parking area, hikers cross PR-143 to head south on the trail. This section of the forest has many banana trees and flowers along its way and starts off with a steep uphill climb. Approximately into the trail, the trail starts to head East and flattens out as it becomes a rocky at first and then grassy further on. Another heading East the trail connects to Trail #6 which leads to the swimming pool. Continuing East another , the trail becomes uphill again as it connects to the northernmost point of a paved road, Puerto Rico Highway 561, on the right hand side. From this point on the trail starts to head North on a downhill grade but in less than it connects to Trail #3 which leads to the Observation Tower, where there is a sign that reads ''La Torre'' ("The Tower"). The trail continuous downhill North-Northwest about until it reaches paved road PR-143, in the vicinity of km 32.6. From this point hikers make a left to walk southwest bound on PR-143 (that is, "West" on PR-143) until reaching the visitors' area at km 32.4."Hiking in Toro Negro Forest"
Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.

Trail #3 (Observation Tower)

This trail leads to the Observation Tower. This trail if for advanced hikers. Trail #3 does not start at the visitors' parking area, so hikers must first hike on other trails to get to Trail #3. Starting from the visitors' parking area, there are three ways to get to Trail #3. Path Option 1: This is the shortest route. Hikers get on PR-143, walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, make a right into the forest at the sign ("''Verada #6 - Piscina''") to get on Trail #6, hike the 0.8 mile of Trail #6 to its end, make a left into Trail #1 and hike about 0.3 mile to the beginning of Trail #3. Path Option 2: This is the second shortest route. Hikers take Trail #1 as described above under section "Trail #1" until they reach Trail #3 where there is a sign that reads "Observation Tower". Path Option 3: This is the longest route. Hikers head northeast bound (that is, "East" on PR-143) passed the sign stating "Trail #6 - La Piscina (this will be about 0.25 mile hike), and continue northeast bound for approximately another 0.25 mile until the sign stating "Trail #1 - Camino Bolo where hikers make a right into the forest and continue this trail about 0.9 mile until coming to Trail #3. Once on Trail #3, hikers climb this trail about 0.6 miles to its top where the observation tower is located. The trail to the observation tower

lookout A lookout or look-out is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships, land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance. ...

hill is not for the faint of heart. It is very steep and very slippery. It is a one-way trail (in the sense that the same trail is used in the return trip) and the trail feels even more slippery in the downhill return hike. This trail is made of rocks but, because of the high humidity and low traffic,

algae Algae ( , ; : alga ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. The name is an informal term for a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from ...

have overtaken the rocks to make the trail very slippery. Walking around the rocks does not always help as the area is muddy - though albeit less slippery. The view and fresh air and breeze make the trek quite rewarding. The views are unobstructed and panoramic 360° views are possible. The tower is 3,537 feet above sea level. Altogether the distance from the visitors' parking area to the tower is 2.14 miles.

Trail #5 ("''Las Cuarenta''")

Trail #5 is about 0.9 mile long and is a medium challenge trail. There is a significant amount of mud on this trail, but less so in the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors' parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long), cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek and then hop on Trail #8. From this point on Trail #8, hikers head West for about 0.2 mile where Trail #5 begins; its entrance is located on the right hand side. The trail heads North and leads to Puerto Rico Highway 564. The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.9 mile. The trail runs a thick tropical jungle of banana trees, sierra palms, tree ferns, flamboyant trees, and elephant ears. The trail is muddy, steep, and scantily-marked. Visibility is minimal through the dense foliage. There are several creeks near this trail and birds are abundant: black-throated blue warblers,

northern parula The northern parula (''Setophaga americana'') is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida. Description The northern parula is one of the smaller North American migratory warblers, often bein ...

s, green mangos, Cape May warblers, belted kingfishers, among others. After the 0.9 mile trek, the trail reaches PR-564. There is water pump, water pumping station on the left. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.6 mile where the northern terminus of Trail #9 (the Doña Petra trail) is located to the right. Continuing southbound on PR-564 for another 0.1 mile, the road trail meets PR-143, where hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #5. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors' parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trails #7 and #8 plus the hikes on roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #5 is 2.95 miles long, making it the second longest hike of all of Toro Negro's trails.

Trail #6 (The Pool)

This trail is about 0.5 miles long and a low challenge trail. The trail is well maintained, but the natural pool that it leads to is open during summer months only. Starting from the visitors' parking area, hikers get on PR-143 walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, then make a right into the forest at the sign ("''Verada #6 - Piscina''") to get on Trail #6. This trail runs along a river for about 1/4 mile before it comes to the sign "Piscina" pointing left. Continuing south on the trail, there are two eye-catching waterfalls visible from the trail. Continuing southbound and uphill, the trail goes through two flat and open areas with

tables. After this, the trail continues uphill and southbound for about 0.6 miles where it comes to its end, reaching Trail #1. Once at Trail #1, hikers either make a left or a right to get onto Trail #1 (trail #1 is a loop trail) or, of course, may turn around to return to the parking area via Trail #6. The entire length of Trail #6 is 0.8 miles.

Trail #7 (Camping Area)

This trail is actually a paved forest road leading to the ''Los Viveros'' camping area, Toro Negro State Forest's only campground. It is located north of the parking area. The "trail" is only 0.1 mile long, wide and flat, thus a low challenge trail. The trail is also the connecting trail to Trail #8, which leads to ''Charco La Confesora'' (see below). Another use of this trail is that it leads to one of the forest's three official picnic areas. Its picnic area is the one closes to the visitors' parking area. The Doña Juana Creek runs next to the picnic area.

Trail #8 ("''Charco La Confesora''")

This trail is 0.54 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail, and leads to ''El Charco'' ("The Pond"), a natural swimming hole. It is located north of the parking area, and starts at the end of Trail #7. After hiking north from the parking area on Trail #7 (Trail #7 is a 0.1 mile long paved road), and hiking by the

area, Trail #7 comes to an end at the Doña Juana Stream, Creek. There is a sign pointing West (''Charco Confesora'') near the picnic area next to the camping area that serves as a landmark. At this point hikers walk over a little bridge to cross the creek, where Trail #8 begins. The trail heads northwest along the creek (the creek is located to the left of the trail) and the trail is abundant with wild flowers. It is a downhill trail and a bit muddy. A section of the trail consists of concrete steps. At the end of the trail is Charco La Confesora, a natural "pool", with a waterfall as a backdrop. swimming is allowed at this ''charco''. The return path is the same as the path to the ''charco'' as the trail terminates at the ''charco''.

Trail #9 ("''Doña Petra''")

This trail is 0.4 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail. Like Trail #5, it is located north of the parking area, and starts where Trail #7 end. Also, like trail #5, there is a significant amount of mud on this trail, though less so during the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors' parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long) and cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek. Trail #9 begins at this bridge. Heading to the left from the bridge is the path for Trail #8, but heading straight up (northbound) gets hikers onto Trail #9, the Doña Petra Trail. (Like trail #5, the "''Las Cuarenta''" trail, Trail #9 will also bring the hiker to State Route PR-564, but being a shorter trail, it does not encounter PR-564 as far north as Trail #5 does.) The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.2 mile, where according to ranger office maps, there used to be a trail to the left (i.e., westbound) leading to Trail #5. However, vegetation apparently overran such connecting trail because it is no longer visible. The trail then continues another 0.2 mile where it reaches PR-564. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.1 mile where the "road trail" meets PR-143. At State Route PR-143 hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #9. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors' parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trail #7 and roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #9 is 0.75 mile long.

Trails #2, #4, and #10

Trails #2, #4 and #10 are no longer active trails. Trail #2 was called ''Camino Ortolaza'' and was 0.5 mile long. It was a "one-way" trail (i.e., same entrance and exit) and ran from PR-143 to the Doña Juana Creek. It started on PR-143 some 0.25 mile west of the entrance to the Area Recreativa/visitors' parking area and headed North ending at the Doña Juana Creek, about 0.2 mile west of ''Charco La Confesora''. Trail #4 was called ''Camino Vega Grande'' and was 0.4 mile long. It was another "one-way" trail and began on PR-143 about 0.1 mile east of the current Trail #1 eastern terminus. Trail #10 was called ''Camino El Tabonuco'' and was about 0.2 mile long. It was also a "one-way" trail. It originated at km 32.3 on PR-143 and headed north into the forest.

Trail #11 (T9-to-T5 Connector)

An unnamed trail, but referenced and marked in the DRNA maps, is a trail that could be termed Trail #11 for referential purposes. It was located midway on Trail #9 (that is, about 0.2 mile west of PR-546) and headed north to Trail #5. It met Trail #9 at a point about 0.2 mile west of PR-546. This trail was about 0.3 mile long. It served the double purpose of acting as a nature trail while at the same time it connected Trails 5 and 9, thus making for a shortcut from Trail #5 back to the car parking area via Trail #9. DRNA considers this unnamed trail a part of (an offshoot of) Trail #5.

Campgrounds

The campgrounds (camping area) at Toro Negro is called ''Los Viveros''. It is located on PR-143, Km 32.5.''Let's go to Puerto Rico''. 3rd Edition
Page 300. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Its coordinates are at 18.17502°N, 66.49202°W (). Camping is available for a maximum of 35 people. Camping facilities include restrooms and showers. A permit is required for camping and they are purchased in advance, as there are no permit sales on premises. In the proximity of the campgrounds there is also a picnic area. It has six picnic shelters with covered BBQ, on-site water, and a spot for a campfire.

Lakes and water sports

Lake El Guineo and Lake Matrullas are both man-made reservoirs. Fishing, boating and kayaking is allowed at the El Guineo and Matrullas reservoirs. Lake El Guineo is located at 18.1579°N 66.5284°W (), at an altitude of 3,002 feet above sea level."Topographic Map of Lago El Guineo."
(subscription required) Retrieved 5 August 2013. It is located between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis, west of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-143 at km 25.4. The lowest temperatures recorded on the Puerto Rico—some 40 °F (4 °C) -- were measured at Lake Guineo. Lake Matrullas is located at 18.2064°N 66.4798°W (), at an altitude of 2,464 feet above sea level. It too is between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. It is located northeast of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-564 at km 6.1. The Puerto Rico DRNA allows the use of kayaks in Lake Matrullas. The ambiance is cool and misty. Both lakes are all well stocked with Peacock bass, Peacock and Largemouth bass. Creeks are abundant in the area, and in addition to the Quebrada Doña Juana, the forest also has a number of other creeks, such as Quebrada Rosa.

Observation tower

The observation tower, accessible only on foot via Trail #3, rises at 3,537 feet above sea level, making it the highest manmade point on the island. The observation tower sits atop Cerro Doña Juana, Puerto Rico's 11th highest peak at above sea level. The tower's coordinates are 18.17178°N, 66.48091°W (). The tower is used for observation of the landscape surrounding Toro Negro and, on clear mornings before the afternoon clouds roll in, both the northern and southern shores of Puerto Rico are visible. San Juan, Puerto Rico, San Juan is also visible as a distant haze in the northeastern horizon. The observation tower affords views Lake El Guineo and Lake Guayabal as well as the Caribbean Sea. It was built by the Spaniards during colonial times as a lookout tower to protect the south coast of the Island.

''Charcos''

Charcos are natural ponds, or swimming holes, formed by the mountain rivers as they fall as waterfalls onto the ground below. They are popular way of refreshing from the summer heat in the Toro Negro State Forest. The forest's "official" pool is accessed via Trail number 6, the ''La Piscina'' ("The Pool") trail. To reach trail 6, hikers start out from the forest office/parking area and hike north on route PR-143 about 1/4 mile. Trail 6 is located on the right hand side of the road. This pool is a river-fed pool. It became deteriorated, in disrepair and closed to public use sometime prior to 2010 and, in February 2013, there were unconfirmed reports that it had been repaired and reopen. In 2008, it was reported that an agreement between DNRA and the local community had been signed whereby the community would help repair the pool. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for pool maintenance. In any case, this pool opens only during the summer months. The pool's water temperature is very chilled, but refreshing, given the high humidity of the area, particularly in the afternoons. La Piscina is located at 18.1713°N 66.4876°W (). A second river-fed swimming pool ''charco'' is located at ''Charco La Confesora''. It is about 15 x 25 feet large and deep enough to dive feet first. This ''charco'' is accessed via Trail number 8, located at the end of Trail 7, the trail to the camping area. The pool at ''Charco La Confesora'' is located at 18.176901, -66.495861. ().

Cerro de Punta and other peaks

The forest includes Puerto Rico's highest peak,

, which is located at km. 17.0 on Puerto Rico Highway 143. It is at 18.1722°N, 66.5917°W (). The mountain is the dividing landmark for the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. The mountain is accessible by car but the road is quite steep and many prefer to walk the road (it is about half hour's hike to the top) unless riding on an all-wheel drive vehicle. There is parking on PR-143 for those who prefer to walk to the hilltop. Another peak in the Toro Negro is Cerro Maravilla, infamous due to the murders of two Puerto Rico independence movement, independentistas youth at the hand of police in an ambush. This peak is also accessible by car from PR-143. The road leading to the top of Cerro Maravilla is PR-577 and is not as steep as that to Cerro de Punta (the Cerro de Punta road has no state signing.) This road is also much shorter, about 0.5 kilometer total length. Cerro Maravilla is located at 18.1532°N, 66.5543°W (). Communications towers for radio, television, cellular and similar systems are located atop each of these peaks and armed security personnel, including police, is on the premises. However, private individuals can access both of these peaks. Overall, the Forest contains Cerro Punta,Cook's holly (''Ilex cookii''): Cook's holly range
. ARKives. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.

and Cerro Jayuya, which are considered to be Puerto Rico's three highest peaks. Cerro Maravilla, Cerro El Bolo, and Cerro Doña Juana are also located within the Toro Negro Forest.

Nearby attractions

Doña Juana Falls

These falls (Spanish: Salto de Doña Juana) are about 200 feet tall. They are not located within the Toro Negro State Forest itself but they are near it, requiring visitors to drive 3.9 km westbound on route PR-143 from the Doña Juana Recreational Area to reach PR-149, then drive an additional 2.3 kilometers northbound on PR-149 (towards Ciales). The falls are on PR-149 at km 41.3. They are the tallest waterfalls in Puerto Rico. Their coordinates are 18.182836, -66.512257. (). The falls are part of the Doña Juana Creek as it runs into Rio Toro Negro at the line that divides the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. The falls are very accessible, as they are viewable from the road as drivers cross the bridge of these falls. The falls fall next to the road on its eastern side and then run under the PR-149 bridge, to feed into Rio Toro Negro located a few yards on the western side of PR-149.

Villalba-Orocovis Lookout

This lookout position (known in Spanish as the ''Mirador Villalba-Orocovis'' or the Villalba-Orocovis Lookout) is located outside the Toro Negro State Forest but still on PR-143 (km 39.8) and a short distance from the forest, and it is a popular stop over for visitors to the forest. It contains picnic areas, restroom facilities and various trails. It is located at 18°10'37"N, 66°27'0"W, that is, 7.4 kilometers east of Toro Negro State Forest's Doña Juana Recreational Area.

Climate

The Toro Negro State Forest is located in the cool, moist mountains of the Cordillera Central. Mean annual temperature from 19.4 to 25 °C. Temperatures are unmistakably cooler at higher elevations. Average yearly temperature is 18.4 °C (65.12 °F). Average annual precipitation of five weather stations in and surrounding the forest ranges from 203 to 292 cm. As much as 150 inches of annual rainfall has registered at Toro Negro."Mean Annual Rainfall Map for Puerto Rico"
By: GLM Engineering. For: PR DNER. Page 10. Figure 1: "Mean Annual Rainfall: 1931-1960". June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013. The average annual rainfall is 110 inches. The months of September and May experience the most precipitation. A dry season runs from December through March. The months of June and July also tend to be dry.

Gallery of flora and fauna

Flora

File:Hymenaea courbaril 1.jpg, ''Algarrobo''
('' Hymenaea courbaril'') File:Golden Bamboo(Bambusa vulgaris) in Hong Kong.jpg, ''Bambú''
(''

'') File:Tree in new leaves I IMG 6222.jpg, ''Caoba dominicana''
('' Swietenia mahagoni'') File:Cordia alliodora.jpg, ''Capá prieto''
('' Cordia alliodora'') File:Cedrela odorata foliage.jpg, ''Cedro''
('' Cedrela odorata'') File:Mexican Cypress.jpg, ''Cyprés''
('' Cupressus lusitanica'') File:Eucalyptus robusta robson2.jpg, ''Eucalipto''
('' Eucalyptus robusta'') File:Eucalyptus tereticornis flowers, capsules, buds and foliage.jpeg, ''Eucalipto''
(''Eucalyptus tereticornis'') File:Guarea guidonia 3.JPG, ''Guaraguao''
('' Guarea guidonia'') File:Cyathea_arborea_1.JPG, ''Helecho gigante''
(''Cyathea arborea'') File:Arbol de jagüilla (Magnolia portoricensis) en Puerto Rico.jpg, ''Jagüilla''
('' Magnolia portoricensis'') File:Thespesia grandiflora.jpg, ''Maga''
(''

'') File:Arbol de Tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), jpg format.jpg, ''Tabonuco''
(''

'') File:Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg, ''Teca''
('' Tectona grandis'')

Fauna

File:Zumbador verde kolibrik hummingbird.jpg, ''Zumbador verde''
(''Anthracothorax viridis'') File:Puerto Rican parrot.jpg, ''Cotorra puertorriqueña''
(''Amazona vittata'')
''Critically endangered species, Critically Endangered'' File:Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned hawk sitting on tree branch.jpg, ''Falcón de sierra''
(''Accipiter striatus venator'')
''Endangered species, Endangered'' File:Guaragüao de bosque, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus brunnescens.jpg, ''Guaragüao de bosque'' (''Buteo platypterus brunnescens'')
''Endangered species, Endangered'' File:Captive Noctilio leporinus.jpg, ''Murciélago pescador''
(''Noctilio leporinus'') File:Anolis cuvieri image 2.jpg, ''Lagarto verde''
(''

Anolis cuvieri ''Anolis cuvieri'' (Vernacular Spanish: ''lagarto verde'',

'') File:Common Coquí.jpg, ''Coquí común''
(''

'') File:Young Bufo marinus.jpg, ''Sapo común''
(''

'') File:Puerto rican ameiva.jpg, ''Siguana''
(''

Ameiva exsul The common Puerto Rican ameiva or Puerto Rican ground lizard (''Pholidoscelis exsul'') is a species of lizard in the whiptail family.

'') File:Epicrates inornatus.jpg, ''Boa de Puerto Rico'' ('' Chilabothrus inornatus'') File:Small asian mongoose.jpg, ''Mangosta pequeña asiática'' (''Herpestes javanicus'') File:Agonostomus monticola.jpg, ''Dajao''
('' Agonostomus monticola'') File:Scientific name, Macrobrachium, a crustacean (freshwater shrimp) in Puerto Rico.jpg, ''Macrobrachium''
(''Macrobrachium'') File:Atya lanipes, a crustacean (freshwater shrimp).jpg, ''Gata''
('' Atya lanipes'')

Notes

References

External links

* Descriptions, General *

at PRFROGUI.com. *
Beaudon, Aaron. n.d. "Into the Forest; Toro Negro, Puerto Rico
''Trekity: Daily Travel Ideas for Women'' (blog) * Fauna and flora *
Tree Fern (foreground) and Palm forest (background)
*

** [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060051/http://www.keularts.com/flora/trees/151.html Maga - ''Montezuma eciosissima'' Sessé & Moc]. *
Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest
*
Frank Wadsworth: Tropical Research and Technology Transfer
Barry Walden Walsh. *
Puerto Rico Fishing Regulations
*
"Forest Legacy for Puerto Rico: An Assessment of Need"
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Forest Service Bureau. July 2000. *
"Toro Negro Vegetation Map"
* Landmarks (Photos) *
Salto de Doña Juana (Doña Juana Falls)
on PR-139 *
Area de descanso (Rest Area)
at Cerro Maravilla *
Cloud forest at Toro Negro
on

*
Another view of the Cloud Forest
at Toro Negro on

*
Bridge
over PR-139 in Barrio Anon, Ponce, inside Toro Negro State Forest *
Doña Juana Creek
flowing down towards Rio Toro Negro near PR-139 * Maps ** Driving maps **
"PR DRNA Fullscreen Map. Directions to Toro Negro"
**
"PR DRNA Small Map. Directions to Toro Negro"
** Trail maps **
"Toro Negro State Forest Trail Map by the PR Department of Natural and Environmental Resources"
**

**
"Color Trail Map"
**

*** [https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=18.177778&mlon=-66.532222&zoom=12#map=16/18.1695/-66.4900 "OpenStreetMap"]. (An open source map of Toro Negro foot trails) * Miscellaneous *
"Photo of Camino El Bolo trail"
*
"General advice, tips, contacts, comments, etc."
* Trails (Photos) *
View of Toro Negro State Forest
*
A section of Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) between Camino La Piscina (Trail #6) and the PR-561 terminus
*
View
of the town of Villalba, Puerto Rico, Villalba from Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) *
Torre de Observacion (Observation Tower) Trail #3
*
Lago Matrullas (Lake Matrullas) as seen from the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Entryway and steps leading to the top of the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Doña Juana Creek as it rolls down next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
A view of one of the Doña Juana Creek waterfalls next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
"Dam" at natural pool area on Trail #6
*
Area de Acampar (Camping Area), Trail #7
*
Steps on part of Camino to Charco La Confesora (Trail #8)
*
Doña Juana Creek near the campgrounds at Toro Negro, Trail #8
* Videos *
Hiking to the Roof of Puerto Rico: The Real Puerto Rico, Episode 2 (Hike to Cerro de Punta)
*
Bosque de Toro Negro - Piscina de Agua Natural (Natural Swimming Pool)
*
Sights in Toro Negro Forest (Trail to the Observation Tower)
{{Protected areas of Puerto Rico , collapsed Tourist attractions in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico state forests Geography of Ponce, Puerto Rico 1934 establishments in Puerto Rico Jayuya, Puerto Rico Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico Villalba, Puerto Rico Tourist attractions in Ponce, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican moist forests

History

Protected area

Location

Forest types

Bosque Tabonuco forest

Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest

Sierra de Palmas forest

Bosque Enano forest

Geology

Flora

Fauna

Facilities

Trails

Trail #1 ("''El Bolo''")

Trail #3 (Observation Tower)

Trail #5 ("''Las Cuarenta''")

Trail #6 (The Pool)

Trail #7 (Camping Area)

Trail #8 ("''Charco La Confesora''")

Trail #9 ("''Doña Petra''")

Trails #2, #4, and #10

Trail #11 (T9-to-T5 Connector)

Campgrounds

Lakes and water sports

Observation tower

''Charcos''

Cerro de Punta and other peaks

Nearby attractions

Doña Juana Falls

Villalba-Orocovis Lookout

Climate

Gallery of flora and fauna

Flora

Fauna

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links