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Toro Negro State Forest (Spanish: ''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro'') is one of the 21 forests that make up the public forests system in
Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Virtual Puerto Rico. Retrieved 31 July 2013. The forest has of trails, an observation tower, two natural swimming pools (
El Sur a la Vista. 18 October 2010. Rafael Torrech San Inocencio. Retrieved February 13, 2011. When created in 1935 as part of the Caribbean National Forest, the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the
Kathryn Robinson. La Editorial. University of Puerto Rico. 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2013. In 1970, the Government of Puerto Rico's Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it ''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro'' (Toro Negro State Forest).
In 1876, Spanish King
Retrieved 5 August 2013. The land where Toro Negro sits was originally used for coffee plantations until the 1930s when a program of reforestation was commenced. In 1934, those lands were acquired by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). The forest started with a total of in 1934.''CEP Technical Report No. 36 1996: Status of Protected Area Systems in the Wider Caribbean Region: ANNEX II: PUERTO RICAN PROTECTED AREAS LIST''
Retrieved 14 August 2013. In 1935, of private lands were purchased by the PRRA.
. Great Outdoor Recreation Pages (GORP): Your Complete Online Resource to the Outside World. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Alexander Gershenson. DNRE, Oct. 1976. UPR-Mayagüez Department of Biology Herbarium. Retrieved 10 August 2013. The forest was not a separate entity at the time; it was part of the Caribbean National Forest, and was administered by the U.S. Forest Service as the Toro Negro Division of the Caribbean National Forest. Additional lands brought the total size of the Toro Negro purchase that year to , and at least an additional were in the process of being acquired in 1936. Between 1934 and 1945 over 3 million seedlings and approximately 19,000 pounds of seeds were sown on of the forest. Twenty-eight species were planted in twenty-nine different plantations. In 1942, the US Department of the Interior transferred the forest to the
In 1961, Toro Negro was transferred to the
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...
. It is also Puerto Rico's highest cloud forest. It is in the Cordillera Central region of the island and covers , of mountains. Toro Negro's mountains have heights reaching up to and include Cerro de Punta,EyeTour - an independent guide to Puerto Rico sponsored by the Government of Puerto Rico Tourism Company.Retrieved 27 April 2010.
Cerro Jayuya
Monte Jayuya is the second highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Jayuya ( Barrio Saliente) and Ponce (Barrio Anón). The peak is l ...
and Cerro Rosa
Cerro Rosa is the third highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya
Jayuya (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto ...
, the three highest peaks in the island. Nested among these mountains is Lake Guineo, the island's highest lake.Toro Negro State ForestVirtual Puerto Rico. Retrieved 31 July 2013. The forest has of trails, an observation tower, two natural swimming pools (
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
:"''charcos''"), camping
Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home, either without shelter or using basic shelter such as a tent, or a recreational vehicle. Typically, participants leave developed areas to spend time outdoors in more na ...
and picnic areas, nine rivers, and numerous creeks and waterfalls. The forest spans areas within the municipalities of Ponce, Jayuya
Jayuya (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the mountainous center region of the island, north of Ponce; east of Utuado; and west of Ciales. Jayuya is spread over 10 barrios and Jayuya Pueblo (the downtown and administra ...
, Orocovis, Ciales, and Juana Díaz, and consists of seven non-contiguous tracts of land. The largest contiguous segment of the forest is located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. Some 40% of the area of Toro Negro State Forest is located in Ponce's Barrio Anón
Anón (''Barrio Anón'') is one of the 31 barrios in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Along with Marueño, Coto Laurel, Guaraguao, Quebrada Limon, Real, and San Patricio, and the coastal barrios of Canas and Capitanejo, Anón is one ...
.Historia de Nuestro Barrios: Barrio Anon, Ponce.El Sur a la Vista. 18 October 2010. Rafael Torrech San Inocencio. Retrieved February 13, 2011. When created in 1935 as part of the Caribbean National Forest, the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the
United States government
The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a feder ...
, first via the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration of the Department of the Interior (1935–1942) and later through the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture (1942–1970). Then, in 1970, the Federal Government exchanged with the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the Toro Negro section of the Caribbean National Forest for some forested lands belonging to the Commonwealth and located adjacent to the much larger federal lands at Luquillo National Forest resulting in the creation at Luquillo of the current El Yunque National Forest
El Yunque National Forest ( es, Bosque Nacional El Yunque), formerly known as the Caribbean National Forest (or ''Bosque Nacional del Caribe''), is a forest located in northeastern Puerto Rico. It is the only tropical rainforest in the United Sta ...
."Where Dwarfs Reign: A Tropical Rain Forest in Puerto Rico"Kathryn Robinson. La Editorial. University of Puerto Rico. 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2013. In 1970, the Government of Puerto Rico's Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it ''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro'' (Toro Negro State Forest).
History
In 1876, Spanish King Alfonso XII of Spain
Alfonso XII (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885), also known as El Pacificador or the Peacemaker, was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 188 ...
issued the first proclamation for the creation of forest reserves in Puerto Rico.Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental ForestRetrieved 5 August 2013. The land where Toro Negro sits was originally used for coffee plantations until the 1930s when a program of reforestation was commenced. In 1934, those lands were acquired by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (PRRA). The forest started with a total of in 1934.''CEP Technical Report No. 36 1996: Status of Protected Area Systems in the Wider Caribbean Region: ANNEX II: PUERTO RICAN PROTECTED AREAS LIST''
Retrieved 14 August 2013. In 1935, of private lands were purchased by the PRRA.
. Great Outdoor Recreation Pages (GORP): Your Complete Online Resource to the Outside World. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Alexander Gershenson. DNRE, Oct. 1976. UPR-Mayagüez Department of Biology Herbarium. Retrieved 10 August 2013. The forest was not a separate entity at the time; it was part of the Caribbean National Forest, and was administered by the U.S. Forest Service as the Toro Negro Division of the Caribbean National Forest. Additional lands brought the total size of the Toro Negro purchase that year to , and at least an additional were in the process of being acquired in 1936. Between 1934 and 1945 over 3 million seedlings and approximately 19,000 pounds of seeds were sown on of the forest. Twenty-eight species were planted in twenty-nine different plantations. In 1942, the US Department of the Interior transferred the forest to the
United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, rural economic development, and food. It aims to meet the needs of com ...
. From 1942 to 1961, it was administered by the US Forest Service
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests and 20 national grasslands. The Forest Service manages of land. Major divisions of the agency inc ...
. During these years, the U.S. Department of Agriculture continued its acquisition of lands increasing the acreage of Toro Negro.
In 1961, Toro Negro was transferred to the Government of Puerto Rico
The government of Puerto Rico is a republican form of government with separation of powers, subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.''Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro: Introducción''
DRNA - Puerto Rico Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. Retrieved 29 July 2013. The transfer was finalized on 21 May 1962, when the of land that constituted the Toro Negro Unit of the Caribbean National Forest were signed away to the Government of Puerto Rico by the Federal Government. Of these , were exchanged for located adjacent to the Luquillo Unit of the Caribbean National Forest. The remaining were ceded to Puerto Rico's Department of Agriculture for forestry purposes. This resulted in the Toro Negro State Forest. Since 1962, approximately 120 cuerdas have been planted to
Four vegetation associations have been delineated in two bioclimatic life zones. The two climatic
DRNA - Puerto Rico Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. Retrieved 29 July 2013. The transfer was finalized on 21 May 1962, when the of land that constituted the Toro Negro Unit of the Caribbean National Forest were signed away to the Government of Puerto Rico by the Federal Government. Of these , were exchanged for located adjacent to the Luquillo Unit of the Caribbean National Forest. The remaining were ceded to Puerto Rico's Department of Agriculture for forestry purposes. This resulted in the Toro Negro State Forest. Since 1962, approximately 120 cuerdas have been planted to
eucalyptus
''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including '' Corymbia'', they are commonly known as e ...
, mahoe, kadam and Honduran pine. In 1962, Toro Negro had , representing 11.32% of Puerto Rico's state forests. In 1962 the Area Recreacional Doña Juana was added to Toro Negro. In April 1970, a land exchange which included the Puerto Rico Department of Agriculture purchase and transfer of forest lands adjacent to Luquillo Experimental Forest in exchange for the complete transfer of Toro Negro forest lands to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
The lower elevations of Toro Negro used to be important coffee-producing plantations, however, the entire forest is especially critical for water and soil conservation. Today, the amount of tree foliage coverage in the forest ranges from 81% in the moist forest zone to 99% in the lower montane wet forest zone. The forest was named for the Río Toro Negro, one of nine rivers that flow out of the forest, and the name of one of the barrio
''Barrio'' () is a Spanish language, Spanish word that means "Quarter (urban subdivision), quarter" or "neighborhood". In the modern Spanish language, it is generally defined as each area of a city, usually delimited by functional (e.g. residenti ...
s in the Ciales portion of the forest.
Protected area
Toro Negro is aprotected area
Protected areas or conservation areas are locations which receive protection because of their recognized natural, ecological or cultural values. There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the ena ...
under the law. The forest has a protected status of "IV" ("Protected Area with sustainable use of natural resources") according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...
(IUCN) convention. Ecological protection is managed and enforced by the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER) is the executive department of the government of Puerto Rico tasked with protecting, conserving, developing, and managing the natural and environmental resources in Pue ...
.
Through the ''parcelero'' (from the Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
root for " parcel", or land lot) program, people who were living in the lands being incorporated into the reserve during the federal government land acquisitions of 1935 were allowed to stay in their places when forest protection went into effect.
In January 1999, a bill in the Puerto Rico House of Representatives
The House of Representatives of Puerto Rico ( es, Cámara de Representantes de Puerto Rico) is the lower house of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico, the bicameral territorial legislature of Puerto Rico. The House, together with the Sen ...
sought to increase the size of the protected area by unifying the Toro Negro, Guilarte, and Pueblo de Adjuntas State Forests. In a March 2008 study by its International Institute of Tropical Forestry (IITF), the U.S. Department of Agriculture classified Toro Negro State Forest as a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico forest of "Status 2", s status it defines as "an area having permanent protection from conversion of natural land cover and a mandated management plan in operation to maintain a primarily natural state, but which may receive use or management practices that degrade the quality of existing natural communities". As of 2013, there were ongoing governmental initiatives in place to acquire, from private owners, additional lands adjacent to the Toro Negro State Forest to increase the protected area of the forest as well as to create a wildlife forest corridor
Corridor or The Corridor may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Films
* ''The Corridor'' (1968 film), a 1968 Swedish drama film
* ''The Corridor'' (1995 film), a 1995 Lithuanian drama film
* ''The Corridor'' (2010 film), a 2010 Canadia ...
that would join Toro Negro with the nearby Tres Picachos
Tres Picachos (Spanish for ''Three Little Peaks'') is one of the highest peaks in Puerto Rico at . It is located on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya in the central part of the island, and is part of the Cordillera Cen ...
and Guilarte state forests through plans such as the federal Forest Legacy Areas initiative.
Location
Toro Negro is located in the central mountainous region of Puerto Rico and it has a total area of . It is located in remote areas of the Cordillera Central mountain range. The forest office is at km. 32.4 of RoutePR-143
Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas.
Route description
Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, before ...
, east of the intersection with Route PR-149
Puerto Rico Highway 149 (PR-149) is a secondary highway in Puerto Rico that connects the towns of Manatí in the north coast of Puerto Rico, from PR-22 to Juana Díaz in the south coast, ending at PR-1. It goes through Ciales, and is a divide ...
. The forest distribution encompasses a range from 18°07'30" N and 18°15'00" N to 66°30'00" W and 66°37'30" W. The forest ranger's office and visitors' area are located on Puerto Rico Highway 143
Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas.
Route description
Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, before ...
Km 32.4 in Barrio Ala de la Piedra, Orocovis at 18.17342°N, 66.49231°W (). The largest sections of the forest are located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya, both of which are municipalities in the Puerto Rico Tourism Company's Porta Caribe
Porta Caribe is a tourism region in southern Puerto Rico. It was established in 2003 by the Puerto Rico Tourism Company, an agency of the Government of Puerto Rico. When created in 2003 it consisted of 14 municipalities in the south central zon ...
tourism zone. Cerro de Punta , the highest peak in Puerto Rico, is located in the western section of the forest and the lowest elevation is found at the south edge of the forest near Salto de Inabón (Inabón Falls), an altitude of approximately .
Forest types
Four vegetation associations have been delineated in two bioclimatic life zones. The two climatic biome
A biome () is a biogeographical unit consisting of a biological community that has formed in response to the physical environment in which they are found and a shared regional climate. Biomes may span more than one continent. Biome is a broader ...
zones are: the subtropical moist forest life zone (31% of the forest) and the lower mountain wet forest life zone (the remaining 69% of the forest). The topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps.
Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sci ...
is accentuated by a large number of steep slopes and high waterfalls. Toro Negro subforests are catalogued on the basis of their elevation and content. From Cerro Maravilla
Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak at . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce, close to the border with the municipality Jayuya, and is part of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). It is known a ...
, one of the tallest peaks in the forest, four of Puerto Rico's distinct forest types can be seen: Bosque Tabonuco, Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia, Bosque Sierra de Palmas, and Bosque enano.
Bosque Tabonuco forest
At the lower elevations of the forest (below above sea level) stands the Bosque Tabonuco forest which is dominated by the majestic Tabonuco tree (Dacryodes excelsa
''Dacryodes excelsa'' is a tree native to Puerto Rico with a habitat that extends into the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean region. Its English vernacular names include gommier and candlewood. Its Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from o ...
) that can reach up to and grows primarily in protected sites at low elevations. The Tabonuco forest has many of the characteristics for which tropical rain forests are noted. The forest canopy has three levels: an upper level that may be as much as 35% Tabonuco, a lower canopy, and an under story. The second most prominent tree in this forest type, the Montillo
''Sloanea berteroana'' is a tree of the Caribbean region. The name is often misspelled as ''Sloanea berteriana''.See, for example"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources." Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Na ...
(Sloanea berteroana
''Sloanea berteroana'' is a tree of the Caribbean region. The name is often misspelled as ''Sloanea berteriana''.See, for example"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources." Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Nat ...
), has large buttress roots, typical of many rain forest trees. Such roots help support the heavy canopy of large trees growing in very wet soil. The forest floor is only scarcely vegetated, but the forest canopy is rich with aerial plants: bromeliads, orchids, vines, and arboreal ferns. The tabonuco type dominates in the subtropical wet life zone.
Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest
Above is the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest. Tree height in the Micropholis Buchenavia forest is less than , and the layers of the forest canopy are less distinct than in the Tabonuco type.Micropholis
''Micropholis'' is group of trees in the family Sapotaceae, described as a genus in 1891. (2001): World Checklist of Sapotaceae &ndash''Micropholis'' The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2008-DEC-24.
These trees ar ...
and Buchenavia
''Buchenavia'' is a genus of plant in family Combretaceae. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):
* ''Buchenavia grandis'', Ducke
* ''Buchenavia hoehneana'', N. Mattos
* ''Buchenavia iguaratensis'', N. Mattos
* ''Buc ...
( Granadillo) are the dominant species in this lower montane zonal vegetation association.
Sierra de Palmas forest
At about the same elevation as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest (above ), but on very steep slopes, are the Sierra de Palmas forests dominated by the sierra palm (Prestoea montana
''Prestoea montana'' (Vernacular English: Sierran palm; The Sierra de Palmas covers the largest area of all forest types in Toro Negro. The palm forest is distinguishable at a great distance by the form and size of leaves and by the general pale green color of the foliage. Below elevation the palms appear as scattered elements; however at higher elevations the sierra palm becomes a dominant species over a large area. The trunk of the sierra palm is straight, erect, cylindrical and attains heights of . The pinnate leaves are mostly long and cast a dense shade on the ground. The palm forest, nearly always a single species dominant is normally open and free from undergrowth of any kind. The globose fruits are somewhat more than one centimeter in diameter and produced in great abundance.
PRFROGUI. Retrieved 24 July 2013. There are nine rivers that flow south ( Río Indalecia, Río Guayo,
Bosque Enano forest
At the highest elevations, near the top of Cerro de Punta,Cerro Maravilla
Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak at . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce, close to the border with the municipality Jayuya, and is part of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). It is known a ...
and similar peaks, grows the Bosque enano forest, also known as dwarf forest, cloud forest, elfin forest
Dwarf forest, elfin forest, or pygmy forest is an uncommon ecosystem featuring miniature trees, inhabited by small species of fauna such as rodents and lizards. They are usually located at high elevations, under conditions of sufficient air hu ...
and moss forest
A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, Montane forest, montane, Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist forest cha ...
. This forest type is composed of very dense stands of small, stunted trees and shrubs. The cloud forest has many of the same tree species as the Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia forest, but growth is limited by adverse climate—heavy rain, strong winds, and almost constant cloud cover.
The dwarf or cloud forest developed in the higher peaks of the Central Cordillera is quite different in general appearance from the cloud forest of Sierra Luquillo Mountains due to the less rigorous environment in Toro Negro. The physical effect of the wind is much reduced; the shrubs are neither bent nor shorn to an even surface, but are essentially erect and their crowns are rounded and uneven in outline. The mosses are reduced to a thin mantle on the more sheltered trunks and are absent in many places, while the great mats of Selaginella
''Selaginella'' is the sole genus of vascular plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses or lesser clubmosses.
This family is distinguished from Lycopodiaceae (the clubmosses) by having scale-leaves bearing a ligule and by having ...
are completely lacking.
In the Toro Negro forest, only the most inaccessible mountain tops have never been cleared. Most of the lower areas are subject to the familiar routine of logging, clearing, burning, and grazing or semi-permanent cultivation. Most of the forest lands in Toro Negro rise above the upper limit of successful coffee cultivation.
Geology
Toro Negro State Forest has both deep soils and surface soils. Deep soils are derived from volcanicigneous rock
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ''ignis'' meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main The three types of rocks, rock types, the others being Sedimentary rock, sedimentary and metamorphic rock, metamorphic. Igneous rock ...
, fine-grained. These contain high amounts of permeable clay, low amounts of sand, silt, and high amounts of iron and aluminum, but little silica. The surface soils are acidic and brittle while the subsoil is acidic and heavy, but permeable. Its hills are mostly steep. Usually the top soil
Topsoil is the upper layer of soil. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs.
Description
Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matte ...
is lost by erosion."Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro"PRFROGUI. Retrieved 24 July 2013. There are nine rivers that flow south ( Río Indalecia, Río Guayo,
Río Inabón
Río Inabón is one of one of the 14 rivers in the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. With a length of some , it is Ponce's second longest river after Río Jacaguas. It is fed by the Río Anón, Río Guayo (which itself is fed by the Chiqu ...
, Río Blanco, Río Anón and Río Prieto), and three that flow north ( Río Saliente, Río Toro Negro, and Río Matrullas) from the forest. The Matrullas and Guineo reservoirs are also part of the forest. Río Toro Negro - after which the forest is named - separates the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis; it also forms Lago El Guineo. The forest's other lake, Lago Matrullas, is accessible via Puerto Rico Highway 564, which can be accessed via PR-143
Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas.
Route description
Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, before ...
, in the municipality of Orocovis.
Flora
Toro Negro has four vegetation associations catalogued into two subtropical moist life zones: The first is a Subtropical Moist Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Subtropical) and consists of the Tabonuco forest (Bosque de Tabonuco). The second is the Lower Mountain Wet Zone (Zona Muy Húmeda Montaña Abajo). This zone consists of three sub forests: the Micropholis Buchenavia forest (Bosque Micropholis Buchenavia), the Mountain Palm forest (Bosque de Palma de Sierra), and the Dwarf forest (Bosque Enano). E. L. Little and F. H. Wadsworth reported a total of 160 tree species distributed amongst 53 families. The largest families are:Melastomaceae
Melastomataceae is a family of dicots, dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial h ...
(16 species), Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur ma ...
(11 species) and Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae, the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All speci ...
(10 species).
Fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except t ...
s and orchid
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...
s are abundant. Forty of the species found in this forest are endemic to Puerto Rico and thirteen are introduced species. The fern Thelypteris inabonensis
''Amauropelta inabonensis'', synonym ''Thelypteris inabonensis'', is a rare species of fern known by the common name cordillera maiden fern.Cerro Rosa
Cerro Rosa is the third highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya
Jayuya (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto ...
in Ciales, has been identified by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is an agency within the United States Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and natural habitats. The mission of the agency is "working with othe ...
as an endangered species.
Some of the more common trees are: ''tabonuco'' (Dacryodes excelsa
''Dacryodes excelsa'' is a tree native to Puerto Rico with a habitat that extends into the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean region. Its English vernacular names include gommier and candlewood. Its Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from o ...
), ''ausubo'' (Manilkara bidentata
''Manilkara bidentata'' is a species of ''Manilkara'' native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) " cow-tree".
D ...
), ''jagüilla'' (Magnolia portoricensis
''Magnolia portoricensis'' is a tree of the Caribbean region. Its vernacular names include jagüilla and Puerto Rico magnolia. It is native to Puerto Rico and it is found in the Toro Negro State Forest
Toro Negro State Forest (Spanish: ''B ...
), ''nuez moscada'' ( Ocotea moschata), ''granadillo'' (Buchenavia capitata
''Buchenavia capitata'' is a tree of the Caribbean and northeastern South-American regions. Its Spanish vernacular names include granadillo (Puerto Rico), almendro ( Colombia), amarillo and olivo negro (Venezuela), and mirindiba and periquiteir ...
), ''maga
Maga or MAGA may refer to:
MAGA
* Make America Great Again, a political slogan famously used by Donald Trump
* Museo MAGA, a modern-art museum in Gallarate, Italy
* ''maga'', the logo of the Cornish Language Partnership, an organisation promot ...
'' ( Montezuma speciosissima), '' higüerillo'' (Vitex divaricata
''Vitex divaricata'' is a tree shrub of the Caribbean native to Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands.almedrón'' (
Prunus occidentalis
''Prunus occidentalis'' is a plant in the family Rosaceae of the order Rosales.''Cerasus o ...
) and '' jácana'' (Pouteria multiflora
''Pouteria multiflora'' is a plant in the family Sapotaceae of the order Ericales. Its English common name is bullytree. Its Spanish common names include jácana, ácana, acana, hacana, or jacana. It is native to North and South America.
). In addition '' Palmas de sierra'' (Prestoea montana
''Prestoea montana'' (Vernacular English: Sierran palm;helechos arbóreos'' (
US FWS. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990. Retrieved 16 September 2013. known to exist only in the Toro Negro State Forest and only in extremely limited amounts. It is listed as a critically endangered species by the
There are 30 species of
Cyathea
''Cyathea'' is a genus of tree ferns, the type genus of the fern order Cyatheales.
The genus name ''Cyathea'' is derived from the Greek ''kyatheion'', meaning "little cup", and refers to the cup-shaped sori on the underside of the fronds.
De ...
Sp.) are very abundant. Some of the species that were introduced to this forest are ''mahoe'' (Hibiscus elatus
''Talipariti elatum'', the blue mahoe, is a species of Flowering plant, flowering tree in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae.
Distribution
''Talipariti elatum'' is native to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica the US. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. ...
Sw.), '' caoba hondureña'' ( Swietenia macrophylla), ''pino hondureño'' (Pinus caribaea
The Caribbean pine (''Pinus caribaea'') is a hard pine species native to Central America and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection '' Australes'' in subgenus ''Pinus''. It inha ...
), ''eucalipto'' (Eucalyptus robusta
''Eucalyptus robusta'', commonly known as swamp mahogany or swamp messmate, is a tree native to eastern Australia. Growing in swampy or waterlogged soils, it is up to high with thick spongy reddish brown bark and dark green broad leaves, which ...
) and '' kadam'' ( Anthocephalus chinensis).
Ilex cookii
''Ilex cookii'' (Cook's holly or ''te'') is a species of plant in the family Aquifoliaceae. It is endemic to Puerto Rico. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. Conservation
This tree ...
, commonly known as Cook's Holly or te, is a small evergreen holly
''Ilex'' (), or holly, is a genus of over 570 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. ''Ilex'' has the most species of any woody dioecious angiosperm genus. The species are evergreen o ...
shrub''Recovery Plan: Ilex Cookii/Cyathea dryopteroides''US FWS. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990. Retrieved 16 September 2013. known to exist only in the Toro Negro State Forest and only in extremely limited amounts. It is listed as a critically endangered species by the
IUCN
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...
and protected by law.
Between 1935 and 1943, 28 species of trees were planted in Toro Negro. Their plantings (either via seeding or via planting of saplings) consisted of both native and exotic species. Nineteen native species were planted as follows (the quantity planted/seeded is shown after the species; and X means experimental planting only):
* Buchenavia tetraphylla
''Buchenavia capitata'' is a tree of the Caribbean and northeastern South-American regions. Its Spanish vernacular names include granadillo (Puerto Rico), almendro ( Colombia), amarillo and olivo negro (Venezuela), and mirindiba and periquiteir ...
, 200
* Ocotea spathulata, 1,000
* Calophyllum calaba, 52,990
* Petitia domingensis
''Petitia'', called the bastard stopper, is a genus of flowering plants in the Mentha, mint family, Lamiaceae, first described in 1760. It contains two known species, native to Florida and the West Indies.
;Species
* ''Petitia domingensis'' Jac ...
, 9,200
* Cedrela odorata, 499,526
* Podocarpus coreacius
''Podocarpus'' () is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. The name comes from Greek πούς (poús, “foot”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). ''Podocarpus'' species ...
, X
* Cordia alliodora
''Cordia alliodora'' is a species of flowering tree in the borage family, Boraginaceae, that is native to the American tropics. It is commonly known as Spanish elm, Ecuador laurel, cypre or salmwood. It can reach 35 m in height.
Uses
''Cordia ...
, 553,892
* Pouteria multiflora
''Pouteria multiflora'' is a plant in the family Sapotaceae of the order Ericales. Its English common name is bullytree. Its Spanish common names include jácana, ácana, acana, hacana, or jacana. It is native to North and South America.
, 2,963,736
* Dacryodes excelsa
''Dacryodes excelsa'' is a tree native to Puerto Rico with a habitat that extends into the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean region. Its English vernacular names include gommier and candlewood. Its Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from o ...
, 22,375
* Prunus occidentales, X
* Eugenia stahlii, 6,500
* Sideroxylon foetidissimum, 2,098
* Guarea guidonia
''Guarea guidonia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Meliaceae. It ranges from Cuba and Honduras south to Argentina.
The bark of ''Guarea rusbyi'' (Britton) Rusby, a synonym of ''Guarea guidonia'' (L.) Sleumer, is used as an expector ...
, 109,351
* Tabebuia heterophylla
''Tabebuia heterophylla'' is a species of tree native to the Caribbean, and is also cultivated. It is also known as Roble blanco, pink manjack, pink trumpet tree, white cedar, and whitewood.
Description
''Tabebuia heterophylla'' grows up to 20 ...
, 12,400
* Hymenaea courbaril
''Hymenaea courbaril'', the courbaril or West Indian locust, is a tree common in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. It is a hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and decoration. Its hard fruit pods have edible dry pulp ...
, 14
* Thespesia grandiflora
''Thespesia grandiflora'' is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic.Manilkara bidentata
''Manilkara bidentata'' is a species of ''Manilkara'' native to a large area of northern South America, Central America and the Caribbean. Common names include bulletwood, balatá, ausubo, massaranduba, quinilla, and (ambiguously) " cow-tree".
D ...
, 3,500
* Vitex divaricada, 195,874
* Ocotea moschata, 71,131
The nine exotic species were:
* Bambusa vulgaris
''Bambusa vulgaris'', common bamboo, is an open-clump type bamboo species. It is native to Indochina and to the province of Yunnan in southern China, but it has been widely cultivated in many other places and has become naturalized in several r ...
, 2,350
* Pinus caribaea
The Caribbean pine (''Pinus caribaea'') is a hard pine species native to Central America and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection '' Australes'' in subgenus ''Pinus''. It inha ...
, X
* Cupressus lusitanica
''Cupressus lusitanica'', the Mexican cedar or cedar-of-Goa, is a species of cypress native to Mexico and Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras). It has also been introduced to Belize, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, growing at altitu ...
, X
* Swietenia macrophylla, 764,436
* Eucalyptus spp., 158,910
* Swietenia mahagoni
''Swietenia mahagoni'', commonly known as American mahogany, Cuban mahogany, small-leaved mahogany, and West Indian mahogany, is a species of ''Swietenia'' native to South Florida in the United States and islands in the Caribbean including the Ba ...
, 35443
* Fraxinus uhdei
''Fraxinus uhdei'', commonly known as tropical ash or Shamel ash, is a species of tree native to Mexico and Central America. It is commonly planted as a street tree in Mexico and the southwestern United States. It has also been planted and sprea ...
, X
* Tectona grandis
Teak (''Tectona grandis'') is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. ''Tectona grandis'' has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicl ...
, 850
* Hibiscus elatus
''Talipariti elatum'', the blue mahoe, is a species of Flowering plant, flowering tree in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae.
Distribution
''Talipariti elatum'' is native to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica the US. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. ...
, X
Fauna
There are 30 species of bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...
s reported, including 6 endemic species and two that are endangered: the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk
The Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk, ''(Accipiter striatus venator)'', ''falcón de sierra'' or ''gavilán pecho rufo'' in Spanish, is an endemic subspecies of the North American sharp-shinned hawk, occurring only in Puerto Rico. Discovered in 19 ...
(Vernacular Spanish: ''Falcón de sierra''; Taxonomy: ''Accipiter striatus venator'') and Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk
The Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (''Buteo platypterus brunnescens'') is an endangered subspecies of the broad-winged hawk (''B. platypterus''). It is a small hawk that occurs in Puerto Rico, inhabiting the Toro Negro State Forest. The
Amy M. Armstrong. Demand Media. Retrieved 29 July 2013. There are 20 species of
Its rivers and lakes are home to several species of
Puerto Rican parrot
The Puerto Rican amazon (''Amazona vittata''), also known as the Puerto Rican parrot (Puerto Rican Spanish: ''cotorra puertorriqueña'') or ''iguaca'', is the only extant parrot endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico, and belongs to the Neo ...
(Vernacular Spanish: ''Cotorra puertorriqueña''; Taxonomy: ''Amazona vittata''), a critically endangered species, has also been seen in this forest.
Recent studies have identified eight species of bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most ...
s. They are most visible at dusk as this is when these nocturnal critters are out foraging for food, primarily mosquitoes. The 13 species of bats living in the forest play an important ecological role in controlling mosquitoes, which not only carry diseases but also harass hikers. The three most prevalent bat species are the greater bulldog bat
The greater bulldog bat or fisherman bat (''Noctilio leporinus'') is a species of fishing bat native to Latin America (Spanish: ''murciélago pescador''; Portuguese: ''morcego-pescador''). The bat uses echolocation to detect water ripples made ...
, Antillean ghost-faced bat
The Antillean ghost-faced bat (''Mormoops blainvillei'') is a species of bat in the family Mormoopidae. It is found in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico.
Description
These bats range in color from a pale cinnamon to ...
and the sooty mustached bat."Animals in the Toro Negro Forest"Amy M. Armstrong. Demand Media. Retrieved 29 July 2013. There are 20 species of
reptile
Reptiles, as most commonly defined are the animals in the class Reptilia ( ), a paraphyletic grouping comprising all sauropsids except birds. Living reptiles comprise turtles, crocodilians, squamates (lizards and snakes) and rhynchocephalians ( ...
s and amphibian
Amphibians are tetrapod, four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the Class (biology), class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terres ...
s and, with the exception of Bufo marinus
The cane toad (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania ...
(Spanish: ''Sapo común''), all are endemic. Reptiles include the '' Lagarto verde''Puerto Rico DRNA erroneously calls this species ''Lagartijo gigante''. Its correct common name is Spanish is ''Lagarto verde''. (See citations to '' Anolis cuvieri'') ('' Anolis cuvieri''), '' lagartijo pigmeo'' (''Anolis occultus
The Puerto Rican twig anole or dwarf anole (''Anolis occultus'') is a species of small, arboreal anole endemic to Puerto Rico and primarily inhabiting the Cordillera Central from the Sierra de Cayey range in the Southeast to the central-western r ...
''), and ''boa de Puerto Rico'' ('' Chilabothrus inornatus''), which is in danger of extinction; amphibians include the ''siguana'' ('' Ameiva exsul'') and the ''culebra ciega'' ('' Amphisbaena caeca''). Amphibians include ''coquí común'' ('' Eleutherodactylus coqui'') and the ''coquí de la montaña'' (''Eleutherodactylus portoricensis
''Eleutherodactylus portoricensis'' (vernacular Spanish: ''coquí de la montaña'') is a frog native to Puerto Rico that belongs to the family Eleutherodactylidae. Its vernacular English names are upland coqui, mountain coqui, and Puerto Rican ...
''), a species denominated as vulnerable under Puerto Rico Law 6766. The Small Asian mongoose Small Asian mongoose is a common name applied to two mammals which were formerly considered to be a single species:
* Javan mongoose
*Small Indian mongoose
The small Indian mongoose (''Urva auropunctata'') is a mongoose species native to Iraq an ...
(Vernacular Spanish: ''Mangosta pequeña asiática''; Taxonomy: ''Herpestes javanicus''), has also been spotted inhabiting this forest.
Toro Negro State Forest is home to 11 species of snakes, all non-venomous to humans. The Puerto Rican boa ( Chilabothrus inornatus) grows to in length and weighs about . It is a heavy-bodied snake with tan to dark brown body color and dark blotches down its back. It will defend itself with a bite, but kills its prey by suffocation. It is a protected species due to over-harvesting to collect oil and skins. It is nocturnal and prefers to remain under cover during the day and hunt at night. The Puerto Rican racer (''Culebra Corredora''; Alsophis portoricensis) grows to . It slinks around in the trees of the Toro Negro Forest. His body sports a solid brown color with each of his scales edged by a darker brown. Like the forest's other various garden snakes, it is a daytime hunter. The forest also features blind snake
The Scolecophidia, commonly known as blind snakes or thread snakes, are an infraorder of snakes. They range in length from . All are fossorial (adapted for burrowing). Five families and 39 genera are recognized. The Scolecophidia infraorder is m ...
s. They spend nearly their entire lives underground but do sometimes take cover under rotting trees. They do not bite as they do not have teeth.
Its rivers and lakes are home to several species of fish
Fish are aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Approximately 95% of li ...
and crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group ...
s. Fish found here include '' Dajao'' (Vernacular English: '' Mountain Mullet''; Taxonomy: ''Agonostomus monticola
The mountain mullet (''Dajaus monticola'') is a freshwater fish of the family Mugilidae.Olivo'' (''
Sicydium plumieri
''Sicydium plumieri'' (Spanish vernacular: ''Olivo'', ''Ceti''; English vernacular: ''Sirajo Goby'') is a freshwater species of the goby native to the Antilles from Cuba to Trinidad and Tobago, though not recorded from all islands. This species ...
''), also known as '' Ceti''. Some crustaceans are the '' camarón bocu'' (''Macrobrachium crenulatum
''Macrobrachium crenulatum'' (Spanish common name: ''camarón bocú''
''), ''gata
Davionte Ganter, known professionally as GaTa, is an American rapper and actor known for his role in the FXX TV series ''Dave'', as well as for being the hype man for rapper Lil Dicky throughout his career as well as on the show.
Early life a ...
'' (''Atya lanipes
''Atya lanipes'' (Spanish common name: ''gata''buruquena'' ('' Epilobocera sinuatifrons''), all endemic to Puerto Rico.
. Igeo Puerto Rico: Ecotourism and more. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. and they are collectively known as the ''Doña Juana Recreational Area''. Guided tours are available or visitors explore on their own.
Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Hikers are often seen with
– Indicates a Hiking trail area
– Indicates Camping area
– Indicates a Picnic area
– Indicates Diving or Snorkeling area
– Indicates Fishing area
– Indicates Swimming area
– Indicates a Lookout tower
– Indicates Visitors' Center
US Department of the Interior. 13 February 1981. Retrieved 21 August 2013. It is a low challenge trail. It is essentially a loop that starts at the visitors' parking area on PR-143 and terminates on PR-143 about 1/4 mile north of the visitors' parking area, from where hikers simply walk the road back to the parking area. Starting off at the visitors' parking area, hikers cross PR-143 to head south on the trail. This section of the forest has many
Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Page 300. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Its coordinates are at 18.17502°N, 66.49202°W (). Camping is available for a maximum of 35 people. Camping facilities include restrooms and showers. A permit is required for camping and they are purchased in advance, as there are no permit sales on premises. In the proximity of the campgrounds there is also a picnic area. It has six picnic shelters with covered
(subscription required) Retrieved 5 August 2013. It is located between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis, west of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-143 at km 25.4. The lowest temperatures recorded on the Puerto Rico—some 40 °F (4 °C) -- were measured at Lake Guineo. Lake Matrullas is located at 18.2064°N 66.4798°W (), at an altitude of 2,464 feet above sea level. It too is between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. It is located northeast of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-564 at km 6.1. The Puerto Rico DRNA allows the use of
The forest includes Puerto Rico's highest peak, Cerro de Punta, which is located at km. 17.0 on Puerto Rico Highway 143. It is at 18.1722°N, 66.5917°W (). The mountain is the dividing landmark for the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. The mountain is accessible by car but the road is quite steep and many prefer to walk the road (it is about half hour's hike to the top) unless riding on an
Facilities
With the exception of the ''Salto de Doña Juana'' waterfall, all of the forest facilities, including all trails, are located within the municipality of Orocovis''Bosque Toro Negro, Orocovis''. Igeo Puerto Rico: Ecotourism and more. 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013. and they are collectively known as the ''Doña Juana Recreational Area''. Guided tours are available or visitors explore on their own.
Ziplining
A zip-line, zip line, zip-wire, flying fox, or death slide is a pulley suspended on a cable, usually made of stainless steel, mounted on a slope. It is designed to enable cargo or a person propelled by gravity to travel from the top to the bot ...
is also a common activity in the Toro Negro forest. The forest office, staffed by personnel from the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (PRDNER) is the executive department of the government of Puerto Rico tasked with protecting, conserving, developing, and managing the natural and environmental resources in Pue ...
, provides maps of the forest and its trails and services, weather conditions information, and mud slides danger levels. Among the facilities available at Toro Negro are a camping area, a recreational area, a system of hiking trails and observation points.
Trails
Officially there are 10 hiking trails covering . They are provided for hiking as well as to facilitate bird and landscape watching, meditation, and similar activities. While the official number of trails is stated as 10, some of the trails are actually dirt roads forpark ranger
A ranger, park ranger, park warden, or forest ranger is a law enforcement person entrusted with protecting and preserving parklands – national, state, provincial, or local parks.
Description
"Parks" may be broadly defined by some systems in thi ...
vehicles. Also, some of the "trails" require the hiker to walk a segment on a paved Commonwealth road or county road. Trails are generally quite wide, but being a forest in mountains with high humidity and rain precipitation, many of the trails are muddy in at least some areas."Hiking in Toro Negro Forest"Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013. Hikers are often seen with
walking stick
A walking stick or walking cane is a device used primarily to aid walking, provide postural stability or support, or assist in maintaining a good posture. Some designs also serve as a fashion accessory, or are used for self-defense.
Walking sti ...
s, which help maintain balance when walking on slippery surfaces, particularly the algae-covered ground rocks present on some of the trails. Some of the trails lead to or run near ''charcos''. Charcos are natural swimming pools (swimming holes). The Toro Negro State Forest office is the starting point for several of the trails. However, most of the trails are not well marked, nor are they well kept, so they can be hard to locate and to follow in the dense forest. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for trail maintenance. The 10 official trails are:
Key to icons:
– Indicates a Hiking trail area
– Indicates Camping area
– Indicates a Picnic area
– Indicates Diving or Snorkeling area
– Indicates Fishing area
– Indicates Swimming area
– Indicates a Lookout tower
– Indicates Visitors' Center
Trail #1 ("''El Bolo''")
Named ''Camino El Bolo'', it is the forest's longest trail, about long, and essentially a loop around Cerro El Bolo. This trail has its course along Cerro El Bolo (El Bolo Mountain), Puerto Rico's tenth tallest peak at above sea level."USGS: Geographic Name Information System"US Department of the Interior. 13 February 1981. Retrieved 21 August 2013. It is a low challenge trail. It is essentially a loop that starts at the visitors' parking area on PR-143 and terminates on PR-143 about 1/4 mile north of the visitors' parking area, from where hikers simply walk the road back to the parking area. Starting off at the visitors' parking area, hikers cross PR-143 to head south on the trail. This section of the forest has many
banana tree
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus ''Musa''. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguis ...
s and flowers along its way and starts off with a steep uphill climb. Approximately into the trail, the trail starts to head East and flattens out as it becomes a rocky at first and then grassy further on. Another heading East the trail connects to Trail #6 which leads to the swimming pool. Continuing East another , the trail becomes uphill again as it connects to the northernmost point of a paved road, Puerto Rico Highway 561, on the right hand side. From this point on the trail starts to head North on a downhill grade but in less than it connects to Trail #3 which leads to the Observation Tower, where there is a sign that reads ''La Torre'' ("The Tower"). The trail continuous downhill North-Northwest about until it reaches paved road PR-143, in the vicinity of km 32.6. From this point hikers make a left to walk southwest bound on PR-143 (that is, "West" on PR-143) until reaching the visitors' area at km 32.4."Hiking in Toro Negro Forest"Gwenn Makinowich. Puerto Rico Day Trips. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Trail #3 (Observation Tower)
This trail leads to the Observation Tower. This trail if for advanced hikers. Trail #3 does not start at the visitors' parking area, so hikers must first hike on other trails to get to Trail #3. Starting from the visitors' parking area, there are three ways to get to Trail #3. Path Option 1: This is the shortest route. Hikers get on PR-143, walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, make a right into the forest at the sign ("''Verada #6 - Piscina''") to get on Trail #6, hike the 0.8 mile of Trail #6 to its end, make a left into Trail #1 and hike about 0.3 mile to the beginning of Trail #3. Path Option 2: This is the second shortest route. Hikers take Trail #1 as described above under section "Trail #1" until they reach Trail #3 where there is a sign that reads "Observation Tower". Path Option 3: This is the longest route. Hikers head northeast bound (that is, "East" on PR-143) passed the sign stating "Trail #6 - La Piscina (this will be about 0.25 mile hike), and continue northeast bound for approximately another 0.25 mile until the sign stating "Trail #1 - Camino Bolo where hikers make a right into the forest and continue this trail about 0.9 mile until coming to Trail #3. Once on Trail #3, hikers climb this trail about 0.6 miles to its top where the observation tower is located. The trail to the observation towerlookout
A lookout or look-out is a person in charge of the observation of hazards. The term originally comes from a naval background, where lookouts would watch for other ships, land, and various dangers. The term has now passed into wider parlance.
...
hill is not for the faint of heart. It is very steep and very slippery. It is a one-way trail (in the sense that the same trail is used in the return trip) and the trail feels even more slippery in the downhill return hike. This trail is made of rocks but, because of the high humidity and low traffic, algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
have overtaken the rocks to make the trail very slippery. Walking around the rocks does not always help as the area is mud
A MUD (; originally multi-user dungeon, with later variants multi-user dimension and multi-user domain) is a Multiplayer video game, multiplayer Time-keeping systems in games#Real-time, real-time virtual world, usually Text-based game, text-bas ...
dy - though albeit less slippery. The view and fresh air and breeze make the trek quite rewarding. The views are unobstructed and panoramic 360° views are possible. The tower is 3,537 feet above sea level. Altogether the distance from the visitors' parking area to the tower is 2.14 miles.
Trail #5 ("''Las Cuarenta''")
Trail #5 is about 0.9 mile long and is a medium challenge trail. There is a significant amount of mud on this trail, but less so in the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors' parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long), cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek and then hop on Trail #8. From this point on Trail #8, hikers head West for about 0.2 mile where Trail #5 begins; its entrance is located on the right hand side. The trail heads North and leads to Puerto Rico Highway 564. The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.9 mile. The trail runs a thick tropical jungle of banana trees, sierra palms, tree ferns, flamboyant trees, and elephant ears. The trail is muddy, steep, and scantily-marked. Visibility is minimal through the dense foliage. There are several creeks near this trail and birds are abundant:black-throated blue warbler
The black-throated blue warbler (''Setophaga caerulescens'') is a small passerine bird of the New World warbler family. Its breeding ranges are located in the interior of deciduous and mixed coniferous forests in eastern North America. Over the ...
s, northern parula
The northern parula (''Setophaga americana'') is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida.
Description
The northern parula is one of the smaller North American migratory warblers, often being ...
s, green mango
The green mango (''Anthracothorax viridis'') is a large species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae. It is endemic to the main island of Puerto Rico.HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLi ...
s, Cape May warbler
The Cape May warbler (''Setophaga tigrina'') is a species of New World warbler. It breeds in northern North America. Its breeding range spans all but the westernmost parts of southern Canada, the Great Lakes region, and New England. It is migrat ...
s, belted kingfishers, among others. After the 0.9 mile trek, the trail reaches PR-564. There is water pumping station on the left. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.6 mile where the northern terminus of Trail #9 (the Doña Petra trail) is located to the right. Continuing southbound on PR-564 for another 0.1 mile, the road trail meets PR-143, where hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #5. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors' parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trails #7 and #8 plus the hikes on roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #5 is 2.95 miles long, making it the second longest hike of all of Toro Negro's trails.
Trail #6 (The Pool)
This trail is about 0.5 miles long and a low challenge trail. The trail is well maintained, but the natural pool that it leads to is open during summer months only. Starting from the visitors' parking area, hikers get on PR-143 walking northeast bound (that is, making a left from the parking area to head "East" on PR-143) about 0.25 miles, then make a right into the forest at the sign ("''Verada #6 - Piscina''") to get on Trail #6. This trail runs along a river for about 1/4 mile before it comes to the sign "Piscina" pointing left. Continuing south on the trail, there are two eye-catchingwaterfall
A waterfall is a point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep drops. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of a tabular iceberg or ice shelf.
Waterfalls can be formed in several wa ...
s visible from the trail. Continuing southbound and uphill, the trail goes through two flat and open areas with picnic tables. After this, the trail continues uphill and southbound for about 0.6 miles where it comes to its end, reaching Trail #1. Once at Trail #1, hikers either make a left or a right to get onto Trail #1 (trail #1 is a loop trail) or, of course, may turn around to return to the parking area via Trail #6. The entire length of Trail #6 is 0.8 miles.
Trail #7 (Camping Area)
This trail is actually a paved forest road leading to the ''Los Viveros'' camping area, Toro Negro State Forest's onlycampground
A campsite, also known as a campground or camping pitch, is a place used for camping, overnight stay in an outdoor area. In British English, a ''campsite'' is an area, usually divided into a number of pitches, where people can camp overnight u ...
. It is located north of the parking area. The "trail" is only 0.1 mile long, wide and flat, thus a low challenge trail. The trail is also the connecting trail to Trail #8, which leads to ''Charco La Confesora'' (see below). Another use of this trail is that it leads to one of the forest's three official picnic areas. Its picnic area is the one closes to the visitors' parking area. The Doña Juana Creek runs next to the picnic area.
Trail #8 ("''Charco La Confesora''")
This trail is 0.54 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail, and leads to ''El Charco'' ("The Pond"), a natural swimming hole. It is located north of the parking area, and starts at the end of Trail #7. After hiking north from the parking area on Trail #7 (Trail #7 is a 0.1 mile long paved road), and hiking by thecamping
Camping is an outdoor activity involving overnight stays away from home, either without shelter or using basic shelter such as a tent, or a recreational vehicle. Typically, participants leave developed areas to spend time outdoors in more na ...
area, Trail #7 comes to an end at the Doña Juana Creek. There is a sign pointing West (''Charco Confesora'') near the picnic area next to the camping area that serves as a landmark. At this point hikers walk over a little bridge to cross the creek, where Trail #8 begins. The trail heads northwest along the creek (the creek is located to the left of the trail) and the trail is abundant with wild flowers. It is a downhill trail and a bit muddy. A section of the trail consists of concrete steps. At the end of the trail is Charco La Confesora, a natural "pool", with a waterfall as a backdrop. swimming is allowed at this ''charco''. The return path is the same as the path to the ''charco'' as the trail terminates at the ''charco''.
Trail #9 ("''Doña Petra''")
This trail is 0.4 mile long, it is a medium challenge trail. Like Trail #5, it is located north of the parking area, and starts where Trail #7 end. Also, like trail #5, there is a significant amount of mud on this trail, though less so during the dry season months of December through March and June through July. To reach this trail from the visitors' parking area hikers must first head northbound to trek the entire length of Trail #7 (the Camping Area trail, 0.1 mile long) and cross the bridge over the Doña Juana Creek. Trail #9 begins at this bridge. Heading to the left from the bridge is the path for Trail #8, but heading straight up (northbound) gets hikers onto Trail #9, the Doña Petra Trail. (Like trail #5, the "''Las Cuarenta''" trail, Trail #9 will also bring the hiker to State Route PR-564, but being a shorter trail, it does not encounter PR-564 as far north as Trail #5 does.) The first segment of the trail runs downhill for 0.2 mile, where according to ranger office maps, there used to be a trail to the left (i.e., westbound) leading to Trail #5. However, vegetation apparently overran such connecting trail because it is no longer visible. The trail then continues another 0.2 mile where it reaches PR-564. From this point the "trail" turns right, as PR-564 is intended to be part of the trail. Hikers walk South on PR-564 for 0.1 mile where the "road trail" meets PR-143. At State Route PR-143 hikers turn right to continue South on Trail #9. From this point hikers walk another 0.25 mile to arrive at the visitors' parking area on the right side of the road. Considering the hikes on Trail #7 and roads PR-564 and PR-143, Trail #9 is 0.75 mile long.Trails #2, #4, and #10
Trails #2, #4 and #10 are no longer active trails. Trail #2 was called ''Camino Ortolaza'' and was 0.5 mile long. It was a "one-way" trail (i.e., same entrance and exit) and ran from PR-143 to the Doña Juana Creek. It started on PR-143 some 0.25 mile west of the entrance to the Area Recreativa/visitors' parking area and headed North ending at the Doña Juana Creek, about 0.2 mile west of ''Charco La Confesora''. Trail #4 was called ''Camino Vega Grande'' and was 0.4 mile long. It was another "one-way" trail and began on PR-143 about 0.1 mile east of the current Trail #1 eastern terminus. Trail #10 was called ''Camino El Tabonuco'' and was about 0.2 mile long. It was also a "one-way" trail. It originated at km 32.3 on PR-143 and headed north into the forest.Trail #11 (T9-to-T5 Connector)
An unnamed trail, but referenced and marked in the DRNA maps, is a trail that could be termed Trail #11 for referential purposes. It was located midway on Trail #9 (that is, about 0.2 mile west of PR-546) and headed north to Trail #5. It met Trail #9 at a point about 0.2 mile west of PR-546. This trail was about 0.3 mile long. It served the double purpose of acting as a nature trail while at the same time it connected Trails 5 and 9, thus making for a shortcut from Trail #5 back to the car parking area via Trail #9. DRNA considers this unnamed trail a part of (an offshoot of) Trail #5.Campgrounds
Thecampground
A campsite, also known as a campground or camping pitch, is a place used for camping, overnight stay in an outdoor area. In British English, a ''campsite'' is an area, usually divided into a number of pitches, where people can camp overnight u ...
s (camping area) at Toro Negro is called ''Los Viveros''. It is located on PR-143, Km 32.5.''Let's go to Puerto Rico''. 3rd EditionPage 300. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Its coordinates are at 18.17502°N, 66.49202°W (). Camping is available for a maximum of 35 people. Camping facilities include restrooms and showers. A permit is required for camping and they are purchased in advance, as there are no permit sales on premises. In the proximity of the campgrounds there is also a picnic area. It has six picnic shelters with covered
BBQ
Barbecue or barbeque (informally BBQ in the UK, US, and Canada, barbie in Australia and braai in South Africa) is a term used with significant regional and national variations to describe various cooking methods that use live fire and smoke t ...
, on-site water, and a spot for a campfire.
Lakes and water sports
Lake El Guineo and Lake Matrullas are both man-made reservoirs. Fishing, boating andkayak
A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is typically propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic word ''qajaq'' ().
The traditional kayak has a covered deck and one or more cockpits, each se ...
ing is allowed at the El Guineo and Matrullas reservoirs. Lake El Guineo is located at 18.1579°N 66.5284°W (), at an altitude of 3,002 feet above sea level."Topographic Map of Lago El Guineo."(subscription required) Retrieved 5 August 2013. It is located between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis, west of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-143 at km 25.4. The lowest temperatures recorded on the Puerto Rico—some 40 °F (4 °C) -- were measured at Lake Guineo. Lake Matrullas is located at 18.2064°N 66.4798°W (), at an altitude of 2,464 feet above sea level. It too is between the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. It is located northeast of the Doña Juana Recreation Area, on PR-564 at km 6.1. The Puerto Rico DRNA allows the use of
kayak
A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is typically propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic word ''qajaq'' ().
The traditional kayak has a covered deck and one or more cockpits, each se ...
s in Lake Matrullas. The ambiance is cool and misty. Both lakes are all well stocked with Peacock
Peafowl is a common name for three bird species in the genera ''Pavo (genus), Pavo'' and ''Afropavo'' within the tribe Pavonini of the family Phasianidae, the pheasants and their allies. Male peafowl are referred to as peacocks, and female pea ...
and Largemouth bass
The largemouth bass (''Micropterus salmoides'') is a carnivorous freshwater gamefish in the Centrarchidae ( sunfish) family, a species of black bass native to the eastern and central United States, southeastern Canada and northern Mexico, but ...
. Creeks are abundant in the area, and in addition to the Quebrada Doña Juana, the forest also has a number of other creeks, such as Quebrada Rosa.
Observation tower
The observation tower, accessible only on foot via Trail #3, rises at 3,537 feet above sea level, making it the highest manmade point on the island. The observation tower sits atop Cerro Doña Juana, Puerto Rico's 11th highest peak at above sea level. The tower's coordinates are 18.17178°N, 66.48091°W (). The tower is used for observation of the landscape surrounding Toro Negro and, on clear mornings before the afternoon clouds roll in, both the northern and southern shores of Puerto Rico are visible. San Juan is also visible as a distant haze in the northeastern horizon. The observation tower affords views Lake El Guineo and Lake Guayabal as well as the Caribbean Sea. It was built by theSpaniard
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance ethnic group native to Spain. Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history, including a number of different languages, both ind ...
s during colonial times as a lookout tower to protect the south coast of the Island.
''Charcos''
Charcos are natural ponds, or swimming holes, formed by the mountain rivers as they fall as waterfalls onto the ground below. They are popular way of refreshing from the summer heat in the Toro Negro State Forest. The forest's "official" pool is accessed via Trail number 6, the ''La Piscina'' ("The Pool") trail. To reach trail 6, hikers start out from the forest office/parking area and hike north on route PR-143 about 1/4 mile. Trail 6 is located on the right hand side of the road. This pool is a river-fed pool. It became deteriorated, in disrepair and closed to public use sometime prior to 2010 and, in February 2013, there were unconfirmed reports that it had been repaired and reopen. In 2008, it was reported that an agreement between DNRA and the local community had been signed whereby the community would help repair the pool. Under an agreement with the government of Puerto Rico, the municipality of Orocovis is the entity responsible for pool maintenance. In any case, this pool opens only during the summer months. The pool's water temperature is very chilled, but refreshing, given the high humidity of the area, particularly in the afternoons. La Piscina is located at 18.1713°N 66.4876°W (). A second river-fed swimming pool ''charco'' is located at ''Charco La Confesora''. It is about 15 x 25 feet large and deep enough to dive feet first. This ''charco'' is accessed via Trail number 8, located at the end of Trail 7, the trail to the camping area. The pool at ''Charco La Confesora'' is located at 18.176901, -66.495861. ().Cerro de Punta and other peaks
The forest includes Puerto Rico's highest peak, Cerro de Punta, which is located at km. 17.0 on Puerto Rico Highway 143. It is at 18.1722°N, 66.5917°W (). The mountain is the dividing landmark for the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya. The mountain is accessible by car but the road is quite steep and many prefer to walk the road (it is about half hour's hike to the top) unless riding on an all-wheel drive
An all-wheel drive vehicle (AWD vehicle) is one with a powertrain capable of providing power to all its wheels, whether full-time or on-demand.
The most common forms of all-wheel drive are:
;1x1 : All unicycles Reflecting one axle with one w ...
vehicle. There is parking on PR-143 for those who prefer to walk to the hilltop. Another peak in the Toro Negro is Cerro Maravilla
Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak at . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce, close to the border with the municipality Jayuya, and is part of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). It is known a ...
, infamous due to the murders of two independentistas youth at the hand of police in an ambush. This peak is also accessible by car from PR-143. The road leading to the top of Cerro Maravilla is PR-577
Puerto Rico Highway 577 (PR-577) is a short tertiaryCook's holly (''Ilex cookii''): Cook's holly range
. ARKives. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
These falls (Spanish: Salto de Doña Juana) are about 200 feet tall. They are not located within the Toro Negro State Forest itself but they are near it, requiring visitors to drive 3.9 km westbound on route PR-143 from the Doña Juana Recreational Area to reach PR-149, then drive an additional 2.3 kilometers northbound on PR-149 (towards Ciales). The falls are on PR-149 at km 41.3. They are the tallest waterfalls in Puerto Rico. Their coordinates are 18.182836, -66.512257. ().
The falls are part of the Doña Juana Creek as it runs into Rio Toro Negro at the line that divides the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. The falls are very accessible, as they are viewable from the road as drivers cross the bridge of these falls. The falls fall next to the road on its eastern side and then run under the PR-149 bridge, to feed into Rio Toro Negro located a few yards on the western side of PR-149.
"Mean Annual Rainfall Map for Puerto Rico"
By: GLM Engineering. For: PR DNER. Page 10. Figure 1: "Mean Annual Rainfall: 1931-1960". June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013. The average annual rainfall is 110 inches. The months of September and May experience the most precipitation. A dry season runs from December through March. The months of June and July also tend to be dry.
File:Hymenaea courbaril 1.jpg, ''Algarrobo''
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('' Cedrela odorata'') File:Mexican Cypress.jpg, ''Cyprés''
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File:Zumbador verde kolibrik hummingbird.jpg, ''Zumbador verde''
('' Anthracothorax viridis'') File:Puerto Rican parrot.jpg, ''Cotorra puertorriqueña''
('' Amazona vittata'')
'' Critically Endangered'' File:Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned hawk sitting on tree branch.jpg, ''Falcón de sierra''
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''
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('' Anolis cuvieri'') File:Common Coquí.jpg, ''Coquí común''
('' Eleutherodactylus coqui'') File:Young Bufo marinus.jpg, ''Sapo común''
(''
('' Ameiva exsul'') File:Epicrates inornatus.jpg, ''Boa de Puerto Rico'' ('' Chilabothrus inornatus'') File:Small asian mongoose.jpg, ''Mangosta pequeña asiática'' (''
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. ARKives. 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
Cerro Rosa
Cerro Rosa is the third highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Ciales and Jayuya
Jayuya (, ) is a town and municipality of Puerto ...
and Cerro Jayuya
Monte Jayuya is the second highest peak of Puerto Rico measuring above sea level. The mountain is located in the Cordillera Central, on the border between the municipalities of Jayuya ( Barrio Saliente) and Ponce (Barrio Anón). The peak is l ...
, which are considered to be Puerto Rico's three highest peaks. Cerro Maravilla
Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak at . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce, close to the border with the municipality Jayuya, and is part of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). It is known a ...
, Cerro El Bolo, and Cerro Doña Juana are also located within the Toro Negro Forest.
Nearby attractions
Doña Juana Falls
These falls (Spanish: Salto de Doña Juana) are about 200 feet tall. They are not located within the Toro Negro State Forest itself but they are near it, requiring visitors to drive 3.9 km westbound on route PR-143 from the Doña Juana Recreational Area to reach PR-149, then drive an additional 2.3 kilometers northbound on PR-149 (towards Ciales). The falls are on PR-149 at km 41.3. They are the tallest waterfalls in Puerto Rico. Their coordinates are 18.182836, -66.512257. ().
The falls are part of the Doña Juana Creek as it runs into Rio Toro Negro at the line that divides the municipalities of Ciales and Orocovis. The falls are very accessible, as they are viewable from the road as drivers cross the bridge of these falls. The falls fall next to the road on its eastern side and then run under the PR-149 bridge, to feed into Rio Toro Negro located a few yards on the western side of PR-149.
Villalba-Orocovis Lookout
This lookout position (known in Spanish as the ''Mirador Villalba-Orocovis'' or the Villalba-Orocovis Lookout) is located outside the Toro Negro State Forest but still on PR-143 (km 39.8) and a short distance from the forest, and it is a popular stop over for visitors to the forest. It contains picnic areas, restroom facilities and various trails. It is located at 18°10'37"N, 66°27'0"W, that is, 7.4 kilometers east of Toro Negro State Forest's Doña Juana Recreational Area.Climate
The Toro Negro State Forest is located in the cool, moist mountains of the Cordillera Central. Mean annual temperature from 19.4 to 25 °C. Temperatures are unmistakably cooler at higher elevations. Average yearly temperature is 18.4 °C (65.12 °F). Average annual precipitation of five weather stations in and surrounding the forest ranges from 203 to 292 cm. As much as 150 inches of annual rainfall has registered at Toro Negro.By: GLM Engineering. For: PR DNER. Page 10. Figure 1: "Mean Annual Rainfall: 1931-1960". June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2013. The average annual rainfall is 110 inches. The months of September and May experience the most precipitation. A dry season runs from December through March. The months of June and July also tend to be dry.
Gallery of flora and fauna
Flora
(''
Hymenaea courbaril
''Hymenaea courbaril'', the courbaril or West Indian locust, is a tree common in the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. It is a hardwood that is used for furniture, flooring, and decoration. Its hard fruit pods have edible dry pulp ...
'')
File:Golden Bamboo(Bambusa vulgaris) in Hong Kong.jpg, ''Bambú''(''
Bambusa vulgaris
''Bambusa vulgaris'', common bamboo, is an open-clump type bamboo species. It is native to Indochina and to the province of Yunnan in southern China, but it has been widely cultivated in many other places and has become naturalized in several r ...
'')
File:Tree in new leaves I IMG 6222.jpg, ''Caoba dominicana''(''
Swietenia mahagoni
''Swietenia mahagoni'', commonly known as American mahogany, Cuban mahogany, small-leaved mahogany, and West Indian mahogany, is a species of ''Swietenia'' native to South Florida in the United States and islands in the Caribbean including the Ba ...
'')
File:Cordia alliodora.jpg, ''Capá prieto''(''
Cordia alliodora
''Cordia alliodora'' is a species of flowering tree in the borage family, Boraginaceae, that is native to the American tropics. It is commonly known as Spanish elm, Ecuador laurel, cypre or salmwood. It can reach 35 m in height.
Uses
''Cordia ...
'')
File:Cedrela odorata foliage.jpg, ''Cedro''('' Cedrela odorata'') File:Mexican Cypress.jpg, ''Cyprés''
(''
Cupressus lusitanica
''Cupressus lusitanica'', the Mexican cedar or cedar-of-Goa, is a species of cypress native to Mexico and Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras). It has also been introduced to Belize, Costa Rica and Nicaragua, growing at altitu ...
'')
File:Eucalyptus robusta robson2.jpg, ''Eucalipto''(''
Eucalyptus robusta
''Eucalyptus robusta'', commonly known as swamp mahogany or swamp messmate, is a tree native to eastern Australia. Growing in swampy or waterlogged soils, it is up to high with thick spongy reddish brown bark and dark green broad leaves, which ...
'')
File:Eucalyptus tereticornis flowers, capsules, buds and foliage.jpeg, ''Eucalipto''(''
Eucalyptus tereticornis
''Eucalyptus tereticornis'', commonly known as forest red gum, blue gum or red irongum, is a species of tree that is native to eastern Australia and southern New Guinea. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in grou ...
'')
File:Guarea guidonia 3.JPG, ''Guaraguao''(''
Guarea guidonia
''Guarea guidonia'' is a species of flowering plant in the family Meliaceae. It ranges from Cuba and Honduras south to Argentina.
The bark of ''Guarea rusbyi'' (Britton) Rusby, a synonym of ''Guarea guidonia'' (L.) Sleumer, is used as an expector ...
'')
File:Cyathea_arborea_1.JPG, ''Helecho gigante''(''
Cyathea arborea
''Cyathea arborea'' (vernacular English: West Indian treefern, vernacular Spanish: ''helecho gigante'' or ''palo camarón'') is a plant of the family Cyatheaceae in the order Cyatheales. Tree ferns are an ancient growth form of plant, although Cy ...
'')
File:Arbol de jagüilla (Magnolia portoricensis) en Puerto Rico.jpg, ''Jagüilla''(''
Magnolia portoricensis
''Magnolia portoricensis'' is a tree of the Caribbean region. Its vernacular names include jagüilla and Puerto Rico magnolia. It is native to Puerto Rico and it is found in the Toro Negro State Forest
Toro Negro State Forest (Spanish: ''B ...
'')
File:Thespesia grandiflora.jpg, ''Maga''(''
Thespesia grandiflora
''Thespesia grandiflora'' is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic.Hibiscus elatus
''Talipariti elatum'', the blue mahoe, is a species of Flowering plant, flowering tree in the Malva, mallow family, Malvaceae.
Distribution
''Talipariti elatum'' is native to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica the US. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. ...
'')
File:Pinus caribaea Morelet 1851 2013 001.jpg, ''Pino Hondureño''
File:Blue Mahoe Tree.JPG, ''Majó''<br />(''<div class=){kind=link}
(''
Pinus caribaea
The Caribbean pine (''Pinus caribaea'') is a hard pine species native to Central America and the northern West Indies (in Cuba, the Bahamas, and the Turks and Caicos Islands). It belongs to subsection '' Australes'' in subgenus ''Pinus''. It inha ...
'')
File:Arbol de Tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa), jpg format.jpg, ''Tabonuco''(''
Dacryodes excelsa
''Dacryodes excelsa'' is a tree native to Puerto Rico with a habitat that extends into the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean region. Its English vernacular names include gommier and candlewood. Its Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from o ...
'')
File:Starr 010304-0485 Tectona grandis.jpg, ''Teca''(''
Tectona grandis
Teak (''Tectona grandis'') is a tropical hardwood tree species in the family Lamiaceae. It is a large, deciduous tree that occurs in mixed hardwood forests. ''Tectona grandis'' has small, fragrant white flowers arranged in dense clusters (panicl ...
'')
Fauna
('' Anthracothorax viridis'') File:Puerto Rican parrot.jpg, ''Cotorra puertorriqueña''
('' Amazona vittata'')
'' Critically Endangered'' File:Puerto Rican Sharp-shinned hawk sitting on tree branch.jpg, ''Falcón de sierra''
(''
Accipiter striatus venator
The Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk, ''(Accipiter striatus venator)'', ''falcón de sierra'' or ''gavilán pecho rufo'' in Spanish, is an endemic subspecies of the North American sharp-shinned hawk, occurring only in Puerto Rico. Discovered in 19 ...
'')''
Endangered
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inva ...
''
File:Guaragüao de bosque, Puerto Rican Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus brunnescens.jpg, ''Guaragüao de bosque'' (''Buteo platypterus brunnescens
The Puerto Rican broad-winged hawk (''Buteo platypterus brunnescens'') is an endangered subspecies of the broad-winged hawk (''B. platypterus''). It is a small hawk that occurs in Puerto Rico, inhabiting the Toro Negro State Forest.Endangered
An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction. Endangered species may be at risk due to factors such as habitat loss, poaching and inva ...
''
File:Captive Noctilio leporinus.jpg, ''Murciélago pescador''(''
Noctilio leporinus
The greater bulldog bat or fisherman bat (''Noctilio leporinus'') is a species of fishing bat native to Latin America (Spanish: ''murciélago pescador''; Portuguese: ''morcego-pescador''). The bat uses echolocation to detect water ripples made ...
'')
File:Anolis cuvieri image 2.jpg, ''Lagarto verde''('' Anolis cuvieri'') File:Common Coquí.jpg, ''Coquí común''
('' Eleutherodactylus coqui'') File:Young Bufo marinus.jpg, ''Sapo común''
(''
Bufo marinus
The cane toad (''Rhinella marina''), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania ...
'')
File:Puerto rican ameiva.jpg, ''Siguana''('' Ameiva exsul'') File:Epicrates inornatus.jpg, ''Boa de Puerto Rico'' ('' Chilabothrus inornatus'') File:Small asian mongoose.jpg, ''Mangosta pequeña asiática'' (''
Herpestes javanicus
The Javan mongoose (''Urva javanica'') is a mongoose species native to Southeast Asia.
Taxonomy
''Ichneumon javanicus'' was the scientific name proposed by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1818. It was later classified in the genus ''Herpestes ...
'')
File:Agonostomus monticola.jpg, ''Dajao''(''
Agonostomus monticola
The mountain mullet (''Dajaus monticola'') is a freshwater fish of the family Mugilidae.Macrobrachium
''Macrobrachium'' is a genus of freshwater prawns or shrimps characterised by the extreme enlargement of the second pair of pereiopods, at least in the male.
Species
It contains these species:
*'' Macrobrachium acanthochirus'' F. Villalobo ...
'')
File:Atya lanipes, a crustacean (freshwater shrimp).jpg, ''Gata''(''
Atya lanipes
''Atya lanipes'' (Spanish common name: ''gata''List of fauna at Toro Negro State Forest
*
"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources"
Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca. 2011) 171 pages.
"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources"
Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca. 2011) 100 pages.
"Guide to the Ecological Systems of Puerto Rico"
Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry. General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35. June 2009. * Gould, W.A.; Alarcón, C.; Fevold, B.; Jiménez, M.E.; Martinuzzi, S.; Potts, G.; Solórzano, M.; Ventosa, E. Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project–final report. Moscow, ID: U.S. Geological Survey, and Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. 159 pages and 8 appendices. 2007.
Volume 1: ''Land Cover, Vertebrate Species Distributions, and Land Stewardship''
William A. Gould, Caryl Alarcón, Brick Fevold, Michael E. Jiménez, Sebastián Martinuzzi, Gary Potts, Maya Quiñones, Mariano Solórzano, and Eduardo Ventosa. The Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project. (Publication Number: IITF-GTR-39) USDA. Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry. March 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
"Forest Area Trends in Puerto Rico"
Richard A. Birdsey and Peter L. Weaver. USDA. Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. Research Note. SO-331. February 1987. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
at PRFROGUI.com. *
Beaudon, Aaron. n.d. "Into the Forest; Toro Negro, Puerto Rico
''Trekity: Daily Travel Ideas for Women'' (blog) * Fauna and flora *
Tree Fern (foreground) and Palm forest (background)
*
** ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160304060051/http://www.keularts.com/flora/trees/151.html Maga - ''Montezuma eciosissima'' Sessé & Moc *
Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest
*
Frank Wadsworth: Tropical Research and Technology Transfer
Barry Walden Walsh. *
Puerto Rico Fishing Regulations
*
"Forest Legacy for Puerto Rico: An Assessment of Need"
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Forest Service Bureau. July 2000. *
"Toro Negro Vegetation Map"
* Landmarks (Photos) *
Salto de Doña Juana (Doña Juana Falls)
on
List of flora at Toro Negro State Forest
The following are flora species present at Toro Negro State Forest in Ponce, Puerto Rico.
# Buchenavia capitata
# Caribbean pine
# Dacryodes excelsa
# Eucalyptus robusta
# Ilex cookii
# Magnolia portoricensis
# Manilkara zapota
# Neolamarcki ...
* List of Puerto Rico state forests
This article lists state forests in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico state forests
The following are Puerto Rico state forests. Note on the area: As of August 2013, the Government of Puerto Rico is engaged in an ongoing plan of land p ...
* Puerto Rican tody
The Puerto Rican tody (''Todus mexicanus'') is a bird endemic to Puerto Rico. It is locally known in Spanish as "San Pedrito" ("little Saint Peter") and "medio peso" ("half-dollar bird").
Taxonomy
Todies are the closest relative to the motmots ...
Notes
References
Further reading
"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources"
Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca. 2011) 171 pages.
"Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources"
Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca. 2011) 100 pages.
"Guide to the Ecological Systems of Puerto Rico"
Gary L. Miller and Ariel E. Lugo. United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry. General Technical Report IITF-GTR-35. June 2009. * Gould, W.A.; Alarcón, C.; Fevold, B.; Jiménez, M.E.; Martinuzzi, S.; Potts, G.; Solórzano, M.; Ventosa, E. Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project–final report. Moscow, ID: U.S. Geological Survey, and Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. 159 pages and 8 appendices. 2007.
Volume 1: ''Land Cover, Vertebrate Species Distributions, and Land Stewardship''
William A. Gould, Caryl Alarcón, Brick Fevold, Michael E. Jiménez, Sebastián Martinuzzi, Gary Potts, Maya Quiñones, Mariano Solórzano, and Eduardo Ventosa. The Puerto Rico Gap Analysis Project. (Publication Number: IITF-GTR-39) USDA. Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry. March 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
"Forest Area Trends in Puerto Rico"
Richard A. Birdsey and Peter L. Weaver. USDA. Forest Service. Southern Forest Experiment Station. Research Note. SO-331. February 1987. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
External links
* Descriptions, General *at PRFROGUI.com. *
Beaudon, Aaron. n.d. "Into the Forest; Toro Negro, Puerto Rico
''Trekity: Daily Travel Ideas for Women'' (blog) * Fauna and flora *
Tree Fern (foreground) and Palm forest (background)
*
** ttps://web.archive.org/web/20160304060051/http://www.keularts.com/flora/trees/151.html Maga - ''Montezuma eciosissima'' Sessé & Moc *
Caribbean National Forest/Luquillo Experimental Forest
*
Frank Wadsworth: Tropical Research and Technology Transfer
Barry Walden Walsh. *
Puerto Rico Fishing Regulations
*
"Forest Legacy for Puerto Rico: An Assessment of Need"
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Forest Service Bureau. July 2000. *
"Toro Negro Vegetation Map"
* Landmarks (Photos) *
Salto de Doña Juana (Doña Juana Falls)
on
PR-139
Puerto Rico Highway 139 (PR-139) is a two-way secondaryArea de descanso (Rest Area)
at
Cloud forest at Toro Negro
on
Another view of the Cloud Forest
at Toro Negro on
Bridge
over
at
Cerro Maravilla
Cerro Maravilla is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak at . It is located on the northern edge Barrio Anón in Ponce, close to the border with the municipality Jayuya, and is part of the Cordillera Central (Central Mountain Range). It is known a ...
*Cloud forest at Toro Negro
on
PR-143
Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas.
Route description
Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, before ...
*Another view of the Cloud Forest
at Toro Negro on
PR-143
Puerto Rico Highway 143 (PR-143) is a secondary highway that connects the town of Adjuntas to the town of Barranquitas.
Route description
Heading east from Adjuntas, PR-143 runs through the northern border of the municipality of Ponce, before ...
*Bridge
over
PR-139
Puerto Rico Highway 139 (PR-139) is a two-way secondaryDoña Juana Creek
flowing down towards Rio Toro Negro near
flowing down towards Rio Toro Negro near
PR-139
Puerto Rico Highway 139 (PR-139) is a two-way secondary"PR DRNA Fullscreen Map. Directions to Toro Negro"
**
"PR DRNA Small Map. Directions to Toro Negro"
** Trail maps **
"Toro Negro State Forest Trail Map by the PR Department of Natural and Environmental Resources"
**
**
"Color Trail Map"
**
*** ttps://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=18.177778&mlon=-66.532222&zoom=12#map=16/18.1695/-66.4900 "OpenStreetMap" (An open source map of Toro Negro foot trails) * Miscellaneous *
"Photo of Camino El Bolo trail"
*
"General advice, tips, contacts, comments, etc."
* Trails (Photos) *
View of Toro Negro State Forest
*
A section of Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) between Camino La Piscina (Trail #6) and the PR-561 terminus
*
View
of the town of Villalba from Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) *
Torre de Observacion (Observation Tower) Trail #3
*
Lago Matrullas (Lake Matrullas) as seen from the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Entryway and steps leading to the top of the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Doña Juana Creek as it rolls down next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
A view of one of the Doña Juana Creek waterfalls next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
"Dam" at natural pool area on Trail #6
*
Area de Acampar (Camping Area), Trail #7
*
Steps on part of Camino to Charco La Confesora (Trail #8)
*
Doña Juana Creek near the campgrounds at Toro Negro, Trail #8
* Videos *
Hiking to the Roof of Puerto Rico: The Real Puerto Rico, Episode 2 (Hike to Cerro de Punta)
*
Bosque de Toro Negro - Piscina de Agua Natural (Natural Swimming Pool)
*
Sights in Toro Negro Forest (Trail to the Observation Tower)
{{Protected areas of Puerto Rico , collapsed Tourist attractions in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico state forests Geography of Ponce, Puerto Rico 1934 establishments in Puerto Rico Jayuya, Puerto Rico Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico Villalba, Puerto Rico Tourist attractions in Ponce, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican moist forests
**
"PR DRNA Small Map. Directions to Toro Negro"
** Trail maps **
"Toro Negro State Forest Trail Map by the PR Department of Natural and Environmental Resources"
**
**
"Color Trail Map"
**
*** ttps://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=18.177778&mlon=-66.532222&zoom=12#map=16/18.1695/-66.4900 "OpenStreetMap" (An open source map of Toro Negro foot trails) * Miscellaneous *
"Photo of Camino El Bolo trail"
*
"General advice, tips, contacts, comments, etc."
* Trails (Photos) *
View of Toro Negro State Forest
*
A section of Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) between Camino La Piscina (Trail #6) and the PR-561 terminus
*
View
of the town of Villalba from Camino El Bolo (Trail #1) *
Torre de Observacion (Observation Tower) Trail #3
*
Lago Matrullas (Lake Matrullas) as seen from the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Entryway and steps leading to the top of the Observation Tower on Trail #3
*
Doña Juana Creek as it rolls down next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
A view of one of the Doña Juana Creek waterfalls next to Camino to Pool (Trail #6)
*
"Dam" at natural pool area on Trail #6
*
Area de Acampar (Camping Area), Trail #7
*
Steps on part of Camino to Charco La Confesora (Trail #8)
*
Doña Juana Creek near the campgrounds at Toro Negro, Trail #8
* Videos *
Hiking to the Roof of Puerto Rico: The Real Puerto Rico, Episode 2 (Hike to Cerro de Punta)
*
Bosque de Toro Negro - Piscina de Agua Natural (Natural Swimming Pool)
*
Sights in Toro Negro Forest (Trail to the Observation Tower)
{{Protected areas of Puerto Rico , collapsed Tourist attractions in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico state forests Geography of Ponce, Puerto Rico 1934 establishments in Puerto Rico Jayuya, Puerto Rico Juana Díaz, Puerto Rico Villalba, Puerto Rico Tourist attractions in Ponce, Puerto Rico Puerto Rican moist forests