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Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a
city A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
and the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
of
Tomsk Oblast Tomsk Oblast (russian: То́мская о́бласть, ''Tomskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It lies in the southeastern West Siberian Plain, in the southwest of the Siberian Federal District. Its administrative cen ...
in
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, located on the
Tom River The Tom ( rus, Томь, p=tomʲ, cjs, Том) is a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob in Central Siberia. Its watershed lies within the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo Oblast, and Tomsk Oblast.Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
. The city is a notable educational and scientific center with six state universities consisting of over 100,000 students, including
Tomsk State University The National Research Tomsk State University, TSU (russian: Национа́льный иссле́довательский То́мский госуда́рственный университе́т) is a public research university located in Tom ...
, the oldest university in Siberia.


History

Tomsk originated with a decree by
Tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" i ...
Boris Godunov Borís Fyodorovich Godunóv (; russian: Борис Фёдорович Годунов; 1552 ) ruled the Tsardom of Russia as ''de facto'' regent from c. 1585 to 1598 and then as the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. After the end of his ...
in 1604 after , the
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different
duke of , asked for the Tsar's protection against Kirghiz bandits. The Tsar sent 200
Cossacks The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...
under the command of and
Gavriil Ivanovich Pisemsky Gavriil is a variant of the name Gabriel and may refer to: *Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov (1921–1992), Soviet physician *Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (1875–1960), Belarusian astronomer *Gavriil Baranovsky (1860–1920), Russian architect, civil eng ...
to construct a fortress on the bank of the
Tom River The Tom ( rus, Томь, p=tomʲ, cjs, Том) is a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob in Central Siberia. Its watershed lies within the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo Oblast, and Tomsk Oblast.General Information about Tomsk, Kommersant Daily
 In 1804, the
Imperial Russian government The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The ...
selected Tomsk as the seat of the new
Tomsk Governorate Tomsk Governorate (russian: Томская губерния) was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic located in Siberia from 1804 to 1925 as part of t ...
, which would include the modern cities of
Novosibirsk Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the Russian Census ...
,
Kemerovo Kemerovo ( rus, Ке́мерово, p=ˈkʲemʲɪrəvə) is an industrial city and the administrative center of Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Iskitimka and Tom Rivers, in the major coal mining region of the Kuznetsk Ba ...
, and
Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk ( ; rus, Красноя́рск, a=Ru-Красноярск2.ogg, p=krəsnɐˈjarsk) (in semantic translation - Red Ravine City) is the largest city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yeni ...
, as well as the territories now in Eastern
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country located mainly in Central Asia and partly in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbeki ...
. The new status brought development and the city grew quickly. The discovery of
gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile met ...
in 1830 brought further development to Tomsk in the 19th century; however, when in the 1890s the
Trans-Siberian Railway The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR; , , ) connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the ea ...
bypassed the city in favor of the village of Novonikolayevsk (Novosibirsk), development began to move south to connect with the railway. In time,
Novosibirsk Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the Russian Census ...
would surpass Tomsk in importance. In the mid-19th century one fifth of the city's residents were
exile Exile is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suf ...
s. However, within a few years, the city reinvented itself as the educational center of Siberia with the establishment of
Tomsk State University The National Research Tomsk State University, TSU (russian: Национа́льный иссле́довательский То́мский госуда́рственный университе́т) is a public research university located in Tom ...
, founded in 1880, and
Tomsk Polytechnic University National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) is a technical university in Russia. TPU was a member of 12 international associations, including the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) un ...
, founded in 1896. By
World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
, every twelfth resident of the city was a student, giving rise to the city's nickname, the ''Siberian
Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...
''. After the
October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...
of 1917, the city became a notable center of the White movement, led by
Anatoly Pepelyayev Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (russian: Анатолий Николаевич Пепеляев; , in Tomsk – 14 January 1938) was a White Russian general who led the Siberian armies of Admiral Kolchak during the Russian Civil War. His el ...
and
Maria Bochkareva Maria Leontievna Bochkareva (July 1889 – 16 May 1920; russian: Мари́я Лео́нтьевна Бочкарёва, Maria Leontievna Bochkareva, née ''Frolkova'' (Фролко́ва), nicknamed ''Yashka'') was a Russian soldier who fought ...
, among others. After the victory of the
Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
in the 1920s, Soviet authorities incorporated Tomsk into the West Siberian Krai and later into Novosibirsk Oblast. Like many Siberian cities, Tomsk became the new home for many factories relocated out of the war zone from 1941. The resulting growth of the city led the Soviet government to establish the new Tomsk Oblast, with Tomsk serving as the administrative center. During the
Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
, Tomsk became one of many designated
closed cities A closed city or closed town is a settlement where travel or residency restrictions are applied so that specific authorization is required to visit or remain overnight. Such places may be sensitive military establishments or secret research ins ...
, which outsiders and, in particular, foreigners, could not visit. In 1949 matters went a stage further with the establishment of a secret city, known as "Tomsk-7" (or sometimes simply as "Postbox 5") north-west of Tomsk; the new settlement became the home of the Tomsk Nuclear Plant (subsequently renamed the Sibirskaya Nuclear Power Plant), the
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
's first industrial-scale nuclear-power station. Tomsk-7 received municipal status in 1956 and was renamed
Seversk Seversk ( rus, Се́верск, p=ˈsʲevʲɪrsk) is a closed city in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River. Population: It was previously known as ''Pyaty Pochtovy'' (until 1949) and ''Tomsk-7'' ...
in 1992.


Administrative and municipal status

Tomsk serves as the
administrative center An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or ...
of the
oblast An oblast (; ; Cyrillic (in most languages, including Russian and Ukrainian): , Bulgarian: ) is a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Ukraine, as well as the Soviet Union and the Kingdom of ...
and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of
Tomsky District Tomsky District (russian: То́мский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #271-OZ and municipalLaw #241-OZ district (raion), one of the sixteen in Tomsk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the southeast of the oblast. The area of the district ...
, even though it is not a part of it.Law #271-OZ As an administrative division, it is, together with seven rural localities, incorporated separately as Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the
districts A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
. As a municipal division, Tomsk City Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Tomsk Urban Okrug.Law #238-OZ


City divisions

Tomsk is divided into four city districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, and Sovetsky.


Climate

Tomsk has a
humid continental climate A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
(
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
''Dfb'') barely escaping a
subarctic The subarctic zone is a region in the Northern Hemisphere immediately south of the true Arctic, north of humid continental regions and covering much of Alaska, Canada, Iceland, the north of Scandinavia, Siberia, and the Cairngorms. Generally, ...
classification. The annual average temperature is . Winters are severe and lengthy, and the lowest recorded temperature was in January 1931. However, the average temperature in January is between and . The average temperature in July is . The total annual rainfall is . In 2006, Tomsk experienced what might have been its first recorded winds of hurricane force, which toppled trees and damaged houses.Погода и климат - Климат Томска (Weather and climate - Climate of Tomsk)
/ref>


Politics

Tomsk is governed by a mayor and a 33-member
Duma A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...
. The current mayor, appointed in 2013, is
Ivan Klyayn Ivan () is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew meaning 'God is gracious'. It is associated worldwide with Slavic countries. The earliest person known to bear the name was Bulgari ...
, a member of The
United Russia United Russia ( rus, Единая Россия, Yedinaya Rossiya, (j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is a Conservatism in Russia, Russian conservative List of political parties in Russia, political party. As the largest party in Russia, it hold ...
party. Of the 33 members, 16 are elected from the eight double mandate districts while 17 are chosen from
party lists An electoral list is a grouping of candidates for election, usually found in proportional or mixed electoral systems, but also in some plurality electoral systems. An electoral list can be registered by a political party (a party list) or can ...
. In the October 2005 local elections,
United Russia United Russia ( rus, Единая Россия, Yedinaya Rossiya, (j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is a Conservatism in Russia, Russian conservative List of political parties in Russia, political party. As the largest party in Russia, it hold ...
was expected to cruise to a solid victory; however, the Pensioners Party put up a strong showing. The final count was (proportional representation): *19.42% — 5 seats — Pensioners Party *17.85% — 5 seats —
United Russia United Russia ( rus, Единая Россия, Yedinaya Rossiya, (j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is a Conservatism in Russia, Russian conservative List of political parties in Russia, political party. As the largest party in Russia, it hold ...
*9.95% — 3 seats —
Communist Party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A ...
*8.57% — 2 seats —
Union of Rightist Forces The Union of Right Forces (SPS; russian: Союз правых сил; СПС; ''Soyuz pravykh sil'', ''SPS''), is a Russian liberal-conservative political public organization and former party, initially founded as an electoral bloc in 1999 and ass ...
/
Yabloko The Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (RUDP Yabloko) (russian: Росси́йская объединённая демократи́ческая па́ртия «Я́блоко», Rossíyskaya obyedinyónnaya demokratícheskaya pártiya "Y ...
coalition *7.77% — 2 seats —
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia ) , abbreviation = LDPR (English)ЛДПР (Russian) , native_name = , newspaper = ''For the Russian People'' , youth_wing = , seats1_title = Seats in the Federation Council , seats1 = , seats2_title ...
*14.67% — Against all candidates ;Double mandates *10 seats — No party affiliation *4 seats — United Russia *1 seat — Pensioners Party *1 seat — Liberal Democratic Party of Russia


Smart Vote

In 2020, supporters of
Alexei Navalny Alexei Anatolievich Navalny ( rus, links=no, Алексей Анатольевич Навальный, , ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej ɐnɐˈtolʲjɪvʲɪtɕ nɐˈvalʲnɨj; born 4 June 1976) is a Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia, Russian opposition ...
won at least 16 seats in Tomsk's 37-seat city council while the pro-Putin
United Russia United Russia ( rus, Единая Россия, Yedinaya Rossiya, (j)ɪˈdʲinəjə rɐˈsʲijə) is a Conservatism in Russia, Russian conservative List of political parties in Russia, political party. As the largest party in Russia, it hold ...
party secured no more than 11 seats.


Economy


Energy generation

Tomsk has the oldest electrical grid in
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
. There are three power stations in the city: #TEC-1 (launched on January 1, 1896) #GRES-2 (launched on May 28, 1945) #TEC-3 (launched on October 29, 1988) Tomsk consumes more electric energy than it produces. The bulk of the city's electric and thermal energy is produced by the GRES-2 (281 MWt) and TEC-3 (140 MWt) powerplants, belonging to Tomskenergo Inc. Tomsk supplements its energy needs with electricity generated at
Seversk Seversk ( rus, Се́верск, p=ˈsʲevʲɪrsk) is a closed city in Tomsk Oblast, Russia, located northwest of Tomsk on the right bank of the Tom River. Population: It was previously known as ''Pyaty Pochtovy'' (until 1949) and ''Tomsk-7'' ...
.


Education

A large number of educational institutions in the city have contributed to making Tomsk a major center for Russia's IT industry. Tomsk was one of the first cities in Russia to gain access to the Internet, which became available in the early 1990s owing to grants received by universities and scientific cooperation. Tomsk has a number of prominent institutions of higher education, including: *
Tomsk Polytechnic University National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) is a technical university in Russia. TPU was a member of 12 international associations, including the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) un ...
, founded in 1896 and opened in 1900, the oldest technical university in Siberia. *
Tomsk State University The National Research Tomsk State University, TSU (russian: Национа́льный иссле́довательский То́мский госуда́рственный университе́т) is a public research university located in Tom ...
, the oldest
university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. Universities typically offer both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. In the United States, t ...
in
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...
(founded in 1878, opened in 1888). *
Siberian State Medical University The Siberian State Medical University, SibMed (Russian language, Russian: «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет», СибГМУ) is a public medical school in Tomsk Oblast, Tomsk, Russia. ...
, founded in 1930. *
Tomsk State Pedagogical University Tomsk State Pedagogical University (russian: Томский государственный педагогический университет) is a university in Tomsk, Russia. It is the successor of the Tomsk Teaching Institute founded in 1902. ...
*
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Construction The Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building (russian: Томский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет) is located in Tomsk, Russia. Tomsk State University of Arch ...
*
Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics (russian: Томский государственный университет систем управления и радиоэлектроники, abbreviated as TUSUR) is a public ...
*
Tomsk Economics and Law University Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
*
Tomsk Institute of Business Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
*Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
*Institute of Petroleum Chemistry, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
*Institute for Monitoring Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
*Republican Scientific-Technical Center at ISPMS SB RAS *Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
*High Current Electronics Institute, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...
*
Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences—one of the institutes of the Tomsk Research Center of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is located in T ...
*Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat *Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Siberian Branch of
RAS Ras or RAS may refer to: Arts and media * RAS Records Real Authentic Sound, a reggae record label * Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol, a south Tyrolese public broadcasting service * Rás 1, an Icelandic radio station * Rás 2, an Icelandic radio stati ...


Transportation


Roads

*northern branch of the M53 federal road; *road R 398 to Kolpashevo; *road R 400 to Mariinsk; *Northern latitude highway Perm—
Surgut Surgut ( rus, Сургу́т, p=sʊrˈgut; Khanty: Сәрханӆ, ''Sərhanł'') is a city in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia, located on the Ob River near its junction with the Irtysh River. It is one of the few cities in Russia to be lar ...
—Tomsk (under construction).


Railways

Tomsk is a small railway center that is situated on the Tayga— Bely Yar line (
Tomsk branch Tomsk ( rus, Томск, p=tomsk, sty, Түң-тора) is a city and the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast in Russia, located on the Tom River. Population: Founded in 1604, Tomsk is one of the oldest cities in Siberia. The city is a not ...
) of the
Trans-Siberian Railway The Trans-Siberian Railway (TSR; , , ) connects European Russia to the Russian Far East. Spanning a length of over , it is the longest railway line in the world. It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the ea ...
. The main line of the Trans-Siberian railway, built in 1896, passes south of Tomsk and bypasses Tomsk. Access from Tomsk to the Trans-Siberian railway is available via the town of Tayga. A
regional rail Regional rail, also known as local trains and stopping trains, are passenger rail services that operate between towns and cities. These trains operate with more stops over shorter distances than inter-city rail, but fewer stops and faster serv ...
line links Tomsk with Tayga. The
Tomsk Railway Tomsk Railway was a rail operator in Siberia. Main information The railway existed as a company from 1912 to 1961 in Russian Empire, then in USSR. The management of the line was in Tomsk, since 1934 in Novosibirsk. History Tomsk railway was form ...
existed as an independent entity until 1961. At the present time, the Tomsk line belongs to the West-Siberian Railway, branch of Russian Railways Corp. Trains link Tomsk to
Anapa Anapa (russian: Ана́па, ) is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the northern coast of the Black Sea near the Sea of Azov. Population: History The area around Anapa was settled in antiquity. It was originally a major seaport (Sin ...
, Asino, Barnaul, Bely Yar,
Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...
, Novokuznetsk,
Novosibirsk Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the Russian Census ...
,
Sochi Sochi ( rus, Со́чи, p=ˈsotɕɪ, a=Ru-Сочи.ogg) is the largest resort city in Russia. The city is situated on the Sochi River, along the Black Sea in Southern Russia, with a population of 466,078 residents, up to 600,000 residents in ...
, and Tayga.


Public transportation

The majority of inner-city and suburban transportation is provided by ''
marshrutka ''Marshrutka''PAZ, and serving about forty routes). Additionally, the city has eleven proper bus routes, eight trolleybus lines (built in 1967), and five tram lines (constructed in 1949). Private taxis are also readily available. File:Asia AM928 AC225 20070910.JPG, Asia AM928 File:Mudan MD6106 BC997 20080122.jpg, Mudan MD6106 File:LiAZ 5256 45 BC965 20080404.jpg,
LiAZ-5256 LiAZ () is a bus manufacturing company located in Likino-Dulyovo, Russia. It is now a wholly owned subsidiary of GAZ. Specializes in designing and manufacturing buses large and extra large class (length 10.5 m and +). Starting in 2015, th ...
File:PAZ buses in Tomsk, 2009.jpg,
PAZ-3205 PAZ-3205 is a common Soviet midibus model made by the Pavlovo Bus Factory. It is common in Russia and other Eastern European countries as both a low-intensity route public bus and as a hearse. Model 3205 was launched on December 1, 1989, replac ...
File:Tomsk tram 324 20070522.jpg, Tram KTM-19 (71-619KT) File:Tomsk tram 305 20070514.jpg, Tram KTM-5M3 (71-605) File:Tomsk trolley 338.jpg, Tomsk trolley File:Trolza trolleybuses in Tomsk.jpg, Trolleybuses Trolza File:Tomsk trolleybus 405 20100427.JPG, AKSM-321 low-floor trolleybus Tomsk_-_Bogashevo_(TOF_-_UNTT)_AN1038500.jpg,
Bogashevo Airport Tomsk Bogashevo Airport (russian: Аэропорт Богашёво) is an airport that serves Tomsk, Russia. It is located approximately 20 km south-east of Tomsk city center, near the village Bogashevo in Tomsky District of Tomsk Oblast. ...
ТЭМ2УМ-580 на станции Томск-1.jpg, Tomsk-1 railway station Речной порт Томск.jpg, Tomsk River Port


Air transportation

The city is served by
Bogashevo Airport Tomsk Bogashevo Airport (russian: Аэропорт Богашёво) is an airport that serves Tomsk, Russia. It is located approximately 20 km south-east of Tomsk city center, near the village Bogashevo in Tomsky District of Tomsk Oblast. ...
, which offers both domestic and international flights. Located 20 kilometers from the city center, the airport was renovated in 2013. The airport is home to offices for S7 Airlines,
Aeroflot PJSC AeroflotRussian Airlines (russian: ПАО "Аэрофло́т — Росси́йские авиали́нии", ), commonly known as Aeroflot ( or ; russian: Аэрофлот, , ), is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Russia. The ...
, Ural Airlines,
Turukhan Airlines LLC Turukhan Airlines (russian: ООО Авиакомпания "Турухан") is an airline based in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. History Established in 1997 as subsidiary of "Yeniseyskij Meridian" airlines, it became independent in 2001. It operat ...
, NordStar Airlines, RusLine,
Red Wings Airlines Red Wings Airlines is a Russian regional leisure airline based in Moscow Domodedovo Airport. The airline provides both scheduled passenger and cargo services. History Red Wings was founded in 1999 under the name VARZ-400, after the Russian acr ...
, ALROSA, and UTair Aviation.


Water transportation

There is a commercial and passenger port on the
Tom River The Tom ( rus, Томь, p=tomʲ, cjs, Том) is a river in Russia, a right tributary of the Ob in Central Siberia. Its watershed lies within the Republic of Khakassia, Kemerovo Oblast, and Tomsk Oblast. Tomsk has many local cultural institutions including several drama theaters, as well as a children's theater and a puppet theater. Major concert venues in the city include the Conservatory Concert hall and the Tomsk Palace of Sport. The city also boasts cultural centers dedicated to
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) **Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ger ...
,
Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
and
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different
languages and culture. One of the city's prominent theaters was destroyed in an act of
terrorism Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of criminal violence to provoke a state of terror or fear, mostly with the intention to achieve political or religious aims. The term is used in this regard primarily to refer to intentional violen ...
in 1905. The
Korolevsky Theater Korolevsky (russian: Королевский) is a rural locality (a khutor) in Novonikolayevskoye Rural Settlement, Novonikolayevsky District, Volgograd Oblast Volgograd Oblast (russian: Волгогра́дская о́бласть, ''Volgogra ...
(built in 1884–85) was being used by a group of
communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...
revolutionaries when the theater was attacked and set on fire by members of the Black Hundred, a hard-line nationalist organization. Those who escaped the flames were gunned down by Black Hundred members waiting outside the theater. Estimates put the number of casualties between 200 and 1000. There are a number of museums in Tomsk devoted to various subjects, most notably art, local history and wood carving. There is also a Museum of Oppression, housed in a former KGB dungeon. Tomsk State University has a number of small museums with exhibits on
archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...
,
paleontology Paleontology (), also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossi ...
,
zoology Zoology ()The pronunciation of zoology as is usually regarded as nonstandard, though it is not uncommon. is the branch of biology that studies the Animal, animal kingdom, including the anatomy, structure, embryology, evolution, Biological clas ...
, as well as a
herbarium A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sheet of paper (called ...
and a
botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...
As in many other cities in the former
Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, the revolutionary government destroyed a number of old churches in the city including two that had existed since the 17th century. However, Tomsk managed to save some of its churches by transforming them into machine shops, warehouses, archives, and even residential buildings. Since the end of the communist era some of the churches have been renovated and returned to their congregations. Tomsk is well known for its intricate "gingerbread" decoration of traditional wooden houses in the area. However, the number of old homes in this style is decreasing due to redevelopment or some of them catching fire, as the structures have little to no fire protection. Trud (Labor) Stadium, in central Tomsk is the base for matches with the FC Tom Tomsk, the city's professional
football Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
club. The team's 2004 promotion to the Russian Premier League gave local fans a chance to see some of the nation's best teams play at the city's own stadium. Tomsk has many local media outlets including the ' television station, shut down by the authorities and turned into an internet TV medium, the radio stations ''
Radio Siberia Radio is the technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 30 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmit ...
'' and '' Echo of Moscow in Tomsk'' along with several newspapers (''
Tomskaya Nedelya Tomsky (masculine), Tomskaya (feminine), or Tomskoye (neuter) may refer to: *Mikhail Tomsky (1880–1936), Russian Bolshevik leader *Nikolai Tomsky (1900–1984), Russian sculptor *Tomsky District, a district of Tomsk Oblast, Russia *Tomsky (inhabit ...
,
Krasnoye Znamya Krasnoye may refer to: * Krasnoye, Krasnensky District, Belgorod Oblast, rural locality and the administrative center of Krasnensky District of Belgorod Oblast, Russia * Krasnoye, Krasninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, rural locality in the Krasninsk ...
'' and '' Vechernii Tomsk''). In April 2006 Tomsk received international media attention as the venue of a major summit on economic cooperation, held in the city between Russian President
Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who holds the office of president of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: as prime min ...
and
German Chancellor The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany,; often shortened to ''Bundeskanzler''/''Bundeskanzlerin'', / is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the Ger ...
Angela Merkel.


Notable people

*
Theodore Kuzmich of Tomsk Fyodor Kuz’mích (russian: link=no, Фёдор Кузьми́ч), also Feódor Kuz’mích, (russian: link=no, Фео́дор Кузьми́ч), or Righteous Theodore of Tomsk, Siberian, elder (), or ''Fomich'' (born c. 1776 – died 1 Februa ...
(1776/1777 – 1864), Russian Orthodox saint * Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876), anarchist *
Maria Bochkareva Maria Leontievna Bochkareva (July 1889 – 16 May 1920; russian: Мари́я Лео́нтьевна Бочкарёва, Maria Leontievna Bochkareva, née ''Frolkova'' (Фролко́ва), nicknamed ''Yashka'') was a Russian soldier who fought ...
(1889–1920), soldier *
Nikolai Borschevsky Nikolai Konstantinovich Borschevsky (russian: Николай Константинович Борщевский; born January 12, 1965) is a Russian former professional ice hockey player and the current head coach of the Atlant Moscow Oblast of th ...
(b. 1965), hockey player * Nikolay Burdenko (1876–1946), surgeon * Edison Denisov (1929–1996), musician *
Nikolai Erdman Nikolai Robertovich Erdman ( rus, Николай Робертович Эрдман, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ˈrobʲɪrtəvʲɪtɕ ˈɛrdmən, a=Nikolay Robyertovich Erdman.ru.vorb.oga; , Moscow – 10 August 1970) was a Soviet dramatist and screenwriter ...
(1900–1970), dramatist *
Abram Petrovich Gannibal Abram Petrovich Gannibal, also Hannibal or Ganibal, or Abram Hannibal or Abram Petrov ( ru , Абра́м Петро́вич Ганниба́л; c. 1696 – 14 May 1781), was a Russian military engineer, general-in-chief, and nobleman of Africa ...
(c. 1696 – 1781), general * Leonid Govorov (1897–1955), Marshal of the Soviet Union *
Murat Kamaletdinov Murat Abdulkhakovich Kamaletdinov (18 July 1928 – 1 July 2013) was a Bashkir petroleum geologist. Early life and career Born on 18 July 1928 in Tomsk, Russia, Kamaletdinov graduated from Kazan State University in 1953. He began his career a ...
(1928–2013), geologist * Nikolay Kamov (1902–1973), engineer * Sasha Kaun (b. 1985), basketball player *
Sergey Kirov Sergei Mironovich Kirov (né Kostrikov; 27 March 1886 – 1 December 1934) was a Soviet politician and Bolshevik revolutionary whose assassination led to the first Great Purge. Kirov was an early revolutionary in the Russian Empire and membe ...
(1886–1934), statesman *
Nikolai Klyuev Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev ( rus, Николай Алексеевич Клюев, p=nʲɪkɐˈlaj ɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvʲɪtɕ ˈklʲʉjɪf; 22 October 1884 – 23/25 October 1937), was a notable Russian poet. He was influenced by the symbolist mo ...
(1884–1937), poet *
Vladimir Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (russian: Влади́мир Галактио́нович Короле́нко, ua, Володи́мир Галактіо́нович Короле́нко; 27 July 1853 – 25 December 1921) was a Ukrainian-born ...
(1853–1921), writer * Valerian Kuybyshev (1888–1935), revolutionary *
Yegor Ligachyov Yegor Kuzmich Ligachyov (also transliterated as Ligachev; russian: Егор Кузьмич Лигачёв, link=no; 29 November 1920 – 7 May 2021) was a Soviet and Russian politician who was a high-ranking official in the Communist Party o ...
(1920–2021), statesman * Mikhail Mil (1909–1970), helicopter designer *
Theodor Molien Theodor Georg Andreas Molien (russian: Fedor Eduardovich Molin; in Riga – 25 December 1941 in Tomsk) was a Russian mathematician of Baltic German origin. He was born in Riga, Latvia, which at that time was a part of Russian Empire. Molien stud ...
(1861–1941), mathematician *
Nikolai Nikitin Nikolay Vasilyevich Nikitin (; 15 December 1907 – 3 March 1973) was a structural designer and construction engineer of the Soviet Union, best known for his monumental structures. Biography Nikolay was born in Tobolsk, Russian Empire to the fami ...
(1907–1973), engineer *
Vladimir Obruchev Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (russian: Влади́мир Афана́сьевич О́бручев; , Klepenino near Rzhev, Tver Oblast, Russian Empire – June 19, 1956, Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Моск ...
(1863–1956), scientist *
Anatoly Pepelyayev Anatoly Nikolayevich Pepelyayev (russian: Анатолий Николаевич Пепеляев; , in Tomsk – 14 January 1938) was a White Russian general who led the Siberian armies of Admiral Kolchak during the Russian Civil War. His el ...
(1891–1938), general *
Ivan Petlin Ivan Petlin (russian: Иван Петлин; 17th-century diminutive form, russian: Ивашко Петлин, Ivashko (Evashko) Petlin), a Siberian Cossack, was the first Russian to have reached China on an official mission (1618-1619). His exped ...
(17th century), traveler *
Grigory Potanin Grigory Nikolayevich Potanin (alt. Grigorij Potanin) (russian: Григорий Николаевич Потанин; 4 October 1835 – 6 June 1920) was a Russian ethnographer and natural historian. He was an explorer of Inner Asia, and was the ...
(1835–1920), geographer * Alexander Radishchev (1749–1802), writer, philosopher *
Viatcheslav Repin Vyacheslav Repin (Russian: Вячеслав Борисович Репин; French: Viatcheslav Répine) is a French writer of Russian extraction, born 1960 in Tomsk (Siberia). He writes in French and Russian and is the author of novels, short stor ...
(born 1960), Russian and French author of novels, short stories and essays * Nikolay Rukavishnikov (1932–2002), cosmonaut *
Gustav Shpet Gustav Gustavovich Shpet (; , Kiev, Russian Empire November 16, 1937, Tomsk, Russian SFSR) was a Russian philosopher, historian of philosophy, psychologist, art theoretician, and interpreter (he knew 17 languages) of German-Polish descent. He was ...
(1879–1937), philosopher *
Pyotr Sobolevsky Pyotr Stanislavovich Sobolevsky (russian: Пётр Станиславович Соболевский; 22 May 1904 – 26 June 1977) was a Soviet actor. He appeared in more than 50 films between 1926 and 1973. Biography Sobolevsky was born on 22 ...
1904–1977), actor *
Konstantin Staniukovich Konstantin Mikhaylovich Staniukovich or Stanyukovich (russian: Константин Михайлович Станюкович; March 30, 1843 – May 20, 1903) National Library of Australia"Library items by K. M. Staniukovich" was a Russian writer, ...
(1843–1903), writer *
Kanysh Satbayev Kanysh Imantayuli Satbayev ( kk, Қаныш Имантайұлы Сәтбаев, ''Qanyş İmantaiūly Sätbaev''; russian: Каны́ш Иманта́евич Сатпа́ев, ''Kanysh Imantaevich Satpaev'') (April 11, 1899 – January 31, 1 ...
(1899–1964), geologist *
Herzl Yankl Tsam Herzel Yankel Tsam (russian: Герцель Янкелевич Цам, Gertsel Yankelevich Tsam; 1835–1915) was a Jewish cantonist in the Russian Empire, one of only nine Jewish officers in the Tsarist army in the 19th century who didn't conver ...
(1835–1915), military officer *
Mikhail Usov Mikhail Antonovich Usov (russian: Михаил Антонович Усов; February 20, 1883 in Kainsk (now Kuybyshev), Tomsk Governorate  – July 26, 1939 in Belokurikha, Altai Krai) was a Russian and Soviet geologist and member of the Ac ...
(1883–1939), geologist * Alexander Volkov (1891–1977), writer * Lyubov Yegorova (b. 1966), Olympic cross-country skier *
Yakov Yurovsky Yakov Mikhailovich Yurovsky (; Unless otherwise noted, all dates used in this article are of the Gregorian Calendar, as opposed to the Julian Calendar which was used in Russia prior to . – 2 August 1938) was a Russian Old Bolshevik, revo ...
(1878–1938), Bolshevik


International relations

Tomsk is the only non-capital member of the
Asian Network of Major Cities 21 Asian Network of Major Cities 21 was a body representing the interests of several of Asia's largest capital cities around common themes of importance, including urban planning, sustainability and crisis management. The organization was advocated b ...
.


Twin towns and sister cities

Tomsk is twinned with: * Monroe,
Michigan Michigan () is a state in the Great Lakes region of the upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the 10th-largest state by population, the 11th-largest by area, and the ...
,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
*
Toledo Toledo most commonly refers to: * Toledo, Spain, a city in Spain * Province of Toledo, Spain * Toledo, Ohio, a city in the United States Toledo may also refer to: Places Belize * Toledo District * Toledo Settlement Bolivia * Toledo, Orur ...
,
Ohio Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...
, United States *
Tbilisi Tbilisi ( ; ka, თბილისი ), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis ( ), is the Capital city, capital and the List of cities and towns in Georgia (country), largest city of Georgia (country), Georgia, lying on the ...
, Georgia *
Novorossiysk Novorossiysk ( rus, Новоросси́йск, p=nəvərɐˈsʲijsk; ady, ЦIэмэз, translit=Chəməz, p=t͡sʼɜmɜz) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It is one of the largest ports on the Black Sea. It is one of the few cities hono ...
, Russia * Smolensk, Russia *
Ulsan Ulsan (), officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City is South Korea's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall, with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants. It is located in the south-east of the country, neighboring ...
,
South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...


See also

* Akademgorodok in Tomsk *
Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, Tomsk The Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary or more formally Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, Queen of the Holy Rosary (russian: Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы Царицы Святого Роз ...


References


Notes


Sources

* * *


External links

*
Tomsk: Cultural treasure in the taigaPictures for the 400th anniversary of Tomsk

The Pictures of Tomsk on Flickr.comTomsk live webcams

Pictures of Tomsk
{{Authority control 1604 establishments in Russia Populated places established in 1604 Tomsk Governorate