Thomas G. W. Settle

Thomas Greenhow Williams "Tex" Settle (November 4, 1895 – April 28, 1980) was an officer of the United States Navy who on November 20, 1933, together with Army major Chester L. Fordney, set a world altitude record in the ''Century of Progress'' stratospheric balloon. An experienced balloonist, long-time flight instructor, and officer on the airships and , Settle won the Litchfield Trophy in 1929 and 1931, the International Gordon Bennett Race in 1932, the Harmon Aeronaut Trophy for 1933,Post and Settle Win Flying Prizes
''New York Times'' April 22, 1934 and the Harmon National Trophy for 1932
''New York Times'' April 15, 1933 and 1933. He also set numerous distance and endurance records.

In 1934 Settle transferred to sailing duties, initially as captain of the China-based . In 1944–1945 he commanded the heavy cruiser , earning the Navy Cross for his action in the Battle of Surigao Strait. After World War II Vice Admiral Settle held Navy appointments in the continental United States and overseas, and was charged with tasks ranging from distributing international aid to Greece and Turkey to conducting nuclear tests in the Aleutian islands.

Early career

Settle graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1918, second in his class, and began his naval career as an ensign on the destroyers , and . During his time as a naval officer in the Black Sea at the time of the Russian civil war Settle helped the Russian compose
Sergei Bortkiewicz
(1877-1952) in Yalta and Constantinople in 1920. As a gratitude for his help Bortkiewicz dedicated his piano cycle ''Der kleine Wanderer'' opus 21 to Settle. The nickname "Tex" dates back to his Academy years. After these assignment he attended the Cruft High Tension Laboratory of Harvard University, graduating as a communications engineer in the summer of 1924.Vaeth, p. 35

Settle married Fay Brackett, an employee of Cruft Laboratory, in June 1924,Vaeth, p. 36 and in July assumed his next Navy assignment, that of communications officer on , a rigid, 207-meter airship based at Lakehurst Naval Air Station. When the newly built arrived at Lakehurst later in October 1924, Settle was appointed its communications officer as well;Vaeth, p. 37 dual appointments were possible because helium supplies allowed flying only one airship at a time.Vaeth, p. 38

Airship pilot

On the day when ''Shenandoah'' crashed, Settle was training alone in a captive kite balloon. After the crash he volunteered for airship pilot training and received his Naval Aviator's (Airship) wings No. 3350 on January 19, 1927.Althoff, p. 39 Settle also wanted to train as an airplane pilot, but Admiral Moffett declined his requests.Vaeth, p. 61 Soon he flew a small balloon for 21 hours over —a flight that could make a world distance record had it been equipped with a barograph.

On August 25, 1927, when captain Charles E. Rosendahl was on the ground, Settle happened be the senior officer on board ''Los Angeles'' when the airship, tied to a mooring mast, literally "stood on its nose". At 13:29 a sudden cold weather front hit ''Los Angeles''; the resulting increase in the buoyancy of the airship, warmed by sunlight, pushed it upward.Althoff, p. 96 The tail freely went up while the nose remained tied to the tower. Settle requested Rosendahl's permission to disengage from the tower, but the captain "saw no need for it".Vaeth, p. 42 Winds threw the tail further upward; Settle sent the men into the tail, but ''Los Angeles'' kept rising until reaching a nearly vertical (88 degrees) nose-down position. The airship slowly rotated back; Settle called his men back and released aft balance, saving ''Los Angeles'' from a tail-first impact. ''Los Angeles'' survived the accident and served until 1932, performing 331 flights without major accidents or fatalities.

Test pilot

Later Settle piloted different types of airships stationed at Lakehurst. In January 1928 Settle nearly drowned at sea when his J-3 non-rigid airship carrying trainee pilots lost power and was swept into the Atlantic; the crew managed to restart the engines and reach Lakehurst. As a flight instructor, Settle—although an aviator himself—was known for merciless airborne training drills and advocated abolition of flight pay incentives, convinced that they attracted "deadwood" into naval aviation. In October 1928 Settle crossed the Atlantic on board '' Graf Zeppelin'' together with two other Navy observers. Inspired by the reliability of German airships, he publicly denounced United States dependence on German Maybach engines.

Settle spent the first half of 1929 in the Akron, Ohio hangars of Goodyear-Zeppelin, supervising construction of the future and , threatened by saboteurs. In 1930 he tested captive sailplanes carried by ''Los Angeles'', where he remained the second in command. In 1931 Settle became the first pilot of ''K-1'', the first U. S. Navy non-rigid airship with an internally suspended control car, and the first using propane as engine fuel.Grossnick, p. 34 ''K-1'' remained the sole specimen of its type; the Navy considered it too large for its tasks.

Balloon races

Settle entered his first balloon race together with George N. Stevens on May 30, 1927. They had to ground their balloon due to heavy rain after only in flight, losing the race. This incident motivated Settle to seek all possible cooperation from Navy meteorologists in the future. Settle became the definitive Navy competitor in national and, when qualified, international gas balloon races:

* In May 1928 Settle withdrew early from the National Race in Pittsburgh, where lightning strikes downed three balloons, killing two pilots and injuring four.
* In May 1929 Settle and ensign Wilfred Bushnell competed at the National Race, winning the Litchfield Trophy with a flight which set a world record in three balloon categories and qualified them for the International Balloon Race.
* In July 1931 Settle and Bushnell (now lieutenant) won their second Litchfield Trophy.
* In September 1932 Settle and Bushnell won the International Gordon Bennett Race with a record flight from Basel to Vilnius. The flight earned Settle his first national Harmon Trophy.
* In September 1933 Settle and lieutenant Kendall made a flight, setting a world endurance record but only coming second in the International Gordon Bennett Race, losing in distance to the Polish team of Franciszek Hynek and Zbigniew Burzyński.

''Century of Progress''

In 1932 the board of the Century of Progress trade show, to be held in Chicago in summer 1933, invited renowned Swiss balloonist Auguste Piccard to perform a high-altitude flight at the fairgrounds. Auguste declined, recommending his twin brother Jean instead. Jean took the lead, but did not have a U. S. flight license, so the Piccards invited Settle to fly the balloon. Named for the show, ''Century of Progress'' was built in America with a gondola donated by Dow Chemical, a gas bag from Goodyear-Zeppelin, hydrogen donated by Union Carbide, and scientific instruments supplied by Arthur Compton and Robert Millikan .Ganz, pp. 148–149

The first flight from Soldier Field, with Settle alone on board, attracted thousands of spectators and ended in a flop. Moments after liftoff, an open gas release valve forced ''Century'' to fall in a nearby railroad yard.Ganz, pp. 149

For the next flight the Marine Corps recommended their representative, Major Chester L. Fordney, to join Settle as instrument operator (the experiments were vital to justify financing of the flight).Ryan, p. 49 Fordney himself "was crazy for tying up with an adventurer like Settle". On November 20 they lifted off from the Goodyear-Zeppelin facilities in Akron, Ohio, watched by only a few hundred spectators. Nevertheless, the flight received national publicity as radio transmissions from the stratosphere were broadcast on radio networks. ''Century'' floated at peak altitude for two hours, and landed softly in Bridgeton, New Jersey and Cohansey rivers,Vaeth, p. 93 incidentally, a few miles from Jean Piccard's home. It was already dark, so Settle and Fordney spent the night in the chilling cold of the gondola. They dumped radio batteries during descent, so in the morning Fordney waded five miles through the swamp in search for help. The balloon's barograph, examined by the National Bureau of Standards, confirmed the world altitude record of 18,665 meters (61,237 feet). The flight earned Settle the Harmon Trophy and the FAI Henri de la Vaulx medal. Earlier in 1933 the ''USSR-1'' had flown to 62,230 feet, but it was not recognized by the FAI, so Settle and Fordney became the official record holder until the flight of ''Explorer II'' in 1935.

The Piccards retained ''Century of Progress''; while piloting the airship in October 1934, Jeannette Piccard became the first woman to reach the stratosphere.

USS ''Palos''

Shortly before the record ascent, Settle applied for a transfer to sea duty. In the second half of 1934 Settle arrived in China, tasked with sailing up the Yangtze River from Wusong to Chongqing.Tolley, p. 222 ''Palos'', a gunboat stationed around Shanghai since 1914, had recently been refitted and over time became twice as heavy against her original displacement (340 vs. 180 tons), making her hardly capable of the upstream journey. In 1929 alone, of 67 Yangtze steamers three were totally destroyed by the rapids with 47 casualties; a thousand junk sailors perished every year.Tolley, p. 230

The boat left Wusong on October 1, passing Hankou (the last "western" city on the route) on October 11. At Yichang Settle disembarked, leaving the boat and its crew to prepare for forcing the rapids, and himself took a reconnaissance trip to Chongqing on a British steamer.Tolley, p. 224 He returned just as the water level fell below optimum, and immediately ordered departure. Balancing engine thrust, steering, and pulling the boat by cables, and struggling to avoid downstream-bound junks, Settle managed to get ''Palos'' through the rocky rapids. On November 12, 1934, ''Palos'' reached Chongqing where it was eventually decommissioned in 1937; the hulk was still afloat in 1939.

After the ''Palos'' journey Settle remained on the Yangtze, now in command of another old gunboat, .Tolley, p. 301 In 1939–1941 Settle attended the Naval War College.

USS ''Portland''

On March 2, 1944, Settle arrived by airplane at his new command, , then stationed at Eniwetok. Prior to this appointment, Settle had been in charge of all of U.S. Navy blimps.Generous, p. 135 According to ''Portlands historian W. T. Generous, the crew—aware of Settle's pre-war fame—recognized him as an "All-Navy" carrier of old school naval tradition and etiquette. Settle "walked with an air of superb self-confidence", making a "terrific impression on the crew", and maintained his reputation until leaving ''Portland''. He notably reduced internal paperwork and external communications, producing very brief dispatches.Generous, p. 136

After supporting landings in Hollandia, ''Portland'' returned to California for dry dock repairs and sailed back to the war zone, via Pearl Harbor, in August, carrying Seabees, infantrymen and reporters (including Joe Rosenthal and John Brennan).Generous, pp. 138, 139, 142 In September ''Portland'' arrived at Peleliu, supporting landing at Peleliu with gunfire.

On the night of October 24, 1944, ''Portland'' took its place in Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf's order of battle at the northern exit of Surigao Strait, as an inferior Japanese detachment of two battleships and a heavy cruiser approached through the strait from the south. Shortly before 04:00 ''Portland'' gunners opened fire on the approaching '' Mogami''; by 05:40 the battle was over and Oldendorf recalled the pursuing cruisers.Generous, p. 174 ''Portland'' became the only heavy cruiser to engage enemy battleships at night ''twice''.Generous, p. 175 In December 1944, ''Portland'' provided gunfire support to ground troops in the battle of Mindoro and then sailed to Palau, where Admiral Oldendorf presented Settle with a Navy Cross for his action at Surigao Strait.Generous, p. 176

On the opening day of the invasion of Lingayen Gulf, January 9, 1945, when Rear Admiral Theodore E. Chandler was killed on January 7, 1945 from extensive lung burns from the kamikaze attack on January 6, 1945 commanding aboard , Settle assumed command of Chandler's Cruiser Division Two.Generous, p. 178 Settle's radical shiphandling skills saved ''Portland'' from direct kamikaze hits; ship's officers attributed their captain's luck to his former aviator experience.Generous, p. 178–179 Settle used to break formation under threat from the air, and at least once his maneuvering earned him a reprimand from a commanding admiral;Generous, p. 180 in another episode, it nearly led to the destruction of a landing craft full of troops.Generous, p. 181

In February 1945 ''Portland'' together with and HMAS ''Shropshire'' supported ground and airborne forces in the recapture of Corregidor and in March sailed to assist capture of Okinawa. On March 21, his first day of the Okinawa campaign, Settle managed to evade eleven torpedo attacks from a submarine but failed in ramming the sub. He left command of ''Portland'' in July, one month before the end of the war, when the cruiser was still at Okinawa.

Post-war career

In 1946 Settle returned to China, on the Yangtze River where he replaced Vice Admiral Bertram J. Rodgers as the commander of the Seventh Amphibious Force. Later, Settle moved to Turkey assisting in the implementation of U.S. aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine. He had a long-held ambition to become the ambassador to the Soviet Union that never materialized. After his return to the United States Settle served with the 8th Naval District in New Orleans, Louisiana, with the Pacific Fleet in San Diego, California, and in Norway.

In 1950 Rear Admiral Settle was appointed commander of Joint Task Force 131, responsible for carrying out underground nuclear tests on the Aleutian island Amchitka, codenamed Operation Windstorm.Kohlhoff, p. 34 Three 20-kiloton blasts were scheduled for August 30, September 22 and October 2, 1951. In March 1951 news of an upcoming test leaked to the press; Settle proposed a rescheduling of the operation that, in his opinion, would be safer and simpler if performed at established test sites in Nevada and California.Kohlhoff, p. 36 As the military and politicians discussed probable alternatives, Settle spoke out in favor of discarding the Aleutian program and disbanding Task Force 131.Kohlhoff, p. 38 The project was eventually closed in summer of 1951.Nuclear tests on the island were performed later, in 1965, 1969 and 1971. See Amchitka for details.

Settle later served with the temporary rank of Vice admiral as Commander, Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet from 1954 to 1956 and then reverted to Rear admiral and retired one year later.

Awards

Books by Settle

* ''The Last Cruise of Palos'' (1964), in: , originally published in ''Shipmates'', vol. 24 no. 4, April 1964

Notes and references

References

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External links

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"Why Explore The Stratosphere?"
''Popular Mechanics'', October 1933

{{DEFAULTSORT:Settle, Thomas G. W.
1895 births
1980 deaths
People from Washington, D.C.
United States Naval Academy alumni
Naval War College alumni
Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
United States Naval Aviators
American balloonists
United States Navy admirals
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Flight altitude record holders
Flight endurance record holders
Balloon flight record holders
American aviation record holders