''Theridion'' is a genus of tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution. Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (''T. grallator''), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and '' T. nigroannulatum'', one of few spider species that lives in

social groups In the social sciences, a social group can be defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties ...

, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team.

Identification

Spiders in this genus are about as long or longer then they are wide. Their

chelicerae The chelicerae () are the mouthparts of the subphylum Chelicerata, an arthropod group that includes arachnids, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders. Commonly referred to as "jaws", chelicerae may be shaped as either articulated fangs, or similarly ...

have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The

epigyne The epigyne or epigynum is the external genital structure of female spiders. As the epigyne varies greatly in form in different species, even in closely related ones, it often provides the most distinctive characteristic for recognizing species. ...

can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a

colulus Cribellum literally means "little sieve", and in biology the term generally applies to anatomical structures in the form of tiny perforated plates. In certain groups of diatoms it refers to microscopically punctured regions of the frustule, or o ...

is absent from both genders. In several species, the males have mastidia (projections) on the chelicerae. ''Theridion'' has the anterior eye row slightly curved and with a gap between it and the posterior eye row. This distinguishes it from '' Enoplognatha'', another theridiid genus in which the anterior eye row is almost straight and the gap between eye rows is very small.

Ecology

''Theridion'' build tangle webs, usually under leaves and among vegetation. At night, spiders hang upside-down in these webs. During the day, they hide close by their webs. ''

Philodromus cespitum ''Philodromus cespitum'' is a species of running crab spider in the family ''Philodromidae.'' It is found in North America, Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East and Asia. ''P. cespitum'' is a foliage-dweller, and is the most abundan ...

'', a species of running crab spider, preys on ''Theridion'' spiders in European fruit orchards.

Mating

Mating behaviour has been studied in several ''Theridion'' species. It involves pseudocopulation, numerous sperm inductions and copulatory sequences. The male approaches the female to mate, usually in the latter's retreat (a hood-shaped part of the web where the female lives in). Male ''Theridion'' perform contralateral insertions, inserting their left palp into the female's right introductory duct and vice versa for the right palp. Female ''Theridion'' are less aggressive after mating compared to other genera of theridiids.

Species

There are almost 600 described species of ''Theridion''. However, the genus has traditionally been assigned species that lack a colulus and did not fit into other genera (

wastebasket taxon Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically defined ...

). New species continue to be described on a regular basis. * '' T. abruptum'' Simon, 1884 — North Africa * '' T. accoense'' Levy, 1985 — Israel * '' T. acutitarse'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. adjacens'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Mexico to Panama * '' T. adrianopoli'' Drensky, 1915 — Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, Turkey * '' T. aeolium'' Levi, 1963 — USA * '' T. agrarium'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. agreste'' Nicolet, 1849 — Chile * '' T. agrifoliae'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Canada * '' T. akme'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. akron'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. albidorsum'' Strand, 1909 — South Africa * '' T. albidum'' Banks, 1895 — USA, Canada * '' T. albioculum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. albipes'' L. Koch, 1878 — Russia, Georgia * '' T. albocinctum'' Urquhart, 1892 — New Zealand * '' T. albodecoratum''

Rainbow A rainbow is a meteorological phenomenon that is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicoloured circular arc. Rainbows c ...

, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. albolineatum'' Nicolet, 1849 — Chile * '' T. albolineolatum'' Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia * '' T. albomaculosum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri Lanka * '' T. albopictum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. albostriatum'' (L. Koch, 1867) — New Guinea, Queensland, Tonga, Norfolk Islands * '' T. albulum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Panama * '' T. altum'' Levi, 1963 — Paraguay * '' T. amarga'' Levi, 1967 — Chile, Argentina * '' T. amatitlan'' Levi, 1963 — Guatemala * '' T. ambiguum'' Nicolet, 1849 — Chile * '' T. ampascachi'' Mello-Leitão, 1941 — Argentina * '' T. ampliatum'' Urquhart, 1892 — New Zealand * '' T. angusticeps'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. angustifrons'' Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum * '' T. annulipes'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 — Sri Lanka * '' T. anson'' Levi, 1967 — Juan Fernandez Islands * '' T. antillanum'' Simon, 1894 — West Indies * '' T. antron'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. apiculatum'' Roewer, 1942 — Queensland * '' T. aporum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. apostoli'' Mello-Leitão, 1945 — Argentina * '' T. apulco'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. aragua'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. archeri'' Levi, 1959 — Cuba * '' T. argentatulum'' Roewer, 1942 — New Zealand * '' T. arizonense'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. artum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama, Trinidad * '' T. aruanum'' Strand, 1911 — Aru Islands * '' T. arushae'' Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania * '' T. asbolodes'' Rainbow, 1917 — South Australia * '' T. astrigerum'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar * '' T. atratum'' Thorell, 1877 — Sulawesi * '' T. attritum'' (Simon, 1908) — Western Australia * '' T. auberti'' Simon, 1904 — South Africa * '' T. aulos'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. australe'' Banks, 1899 — USA, Mexico, West Indies * '' T. baccula'' Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar * '' T. baltasarense'' Levi, 1963 — Windward Islands * '' T. banksi'' Berland, 1920 — East Africa * '' T. barbarae'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. beebei'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. bellatulum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. bergi'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina * '' T. berlandi'' Roewer, 1942 — Samoa * '' T. betteni'' Wiehle, 1960 — Palearctic * '' T. bicruciatum'' Roewer, 1961 — Senegal * '' T. bidepressum'' Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — China * '' T. biezankoi'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. biforaminum'' Gao & Zhu, 1993 — China * '' T. biolleyi'' Banks, 1909 — Costa Rica * '' T. biseriatum'' Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra * '' T. bitakum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. blackwalli'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — Europe, Russia, Ukraine, North Africa * '' T. blaisei'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. boesenbergi'' Strand, 1904 — Europe, Russia, Ukraine * '' T. bolivari'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. bolum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. bomae'' Schmidt, 1957 — Congo * '' T. botanicum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. brachypus'' Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar * '' T. bradyanum'' Strand, 1907 — South Africa * '' T. brunellii'' Caporiacco, 1940 — Ethiopia * '' T. brunneonigrum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. bryantae'' Roewer, 1951 — Mexico * '' T. bullatum'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. buxtoni'' Berland, 1929 — Samoa, Henderson Islands, Tuamotu Arch. * '' T. calcynatum'' Holmberg, 1876 — Venezuela to Argentina * '' T. californicum'' Banks, 1904 — USA, Canada * '' T. caliginosum'' Marples, 1955 — Samoa * '' T. cameronense'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico * '' T. campestratum'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. caplandense'' Strand, 1907 — South Africa * '' T. carinatum'' Yin, Peng & Zhang, 2005 — China * '' T. carpathium'' Brignoli, 1984 — Greece * '' T. cassinicola'' Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau * '' T. castaneum'' Franganillo, 1931 — Cuba * '' T. catharina'' Marples, 1955 — Samoa * '' T. cavipalpe'' (F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902) — Guatemala * '' T. cazieri'' Levi, 1959 — Bahama Islands * '' T. centrum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. chacoense'' Levi, 1963 — Bolivia * '' T. chakinuense'' Wunderlich, 1995 — Turkmenistan * '' T. chamberlini'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. charitonowi'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. cheimatos'' Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA * '' T. cheni'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. chihuahua'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. chiriqui'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. chonetum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. choroni'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. cinctipes'' Banks, 1898 — USA, Mexico * '' T. cinereum'' Thorell, 1875 — Russia, Ukraine * '' T. circumtextum'' Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau * '' T. climacode'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. clivalum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. cloxum'' Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra * '' T. clypeatellum'' Tullgren, 1910 — East Africa * '' T. cochise'' Levi, 1963 — USA * '' T. cochrum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. cocosense'' Strand, 1906 — Costa Rica * '' T. coenosum'' Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar * '' T. cohni'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. coldeniae'' Baert & Maelfait, 1986 — Galapagos Islands * '' T. comstocki'' Berland, 1920 — East Africa * '' T. confusum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — Yarkand * '' T. conigerum'' Simon, 1914 — Europe, Russia * '' T. contreras'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. convexellum'' Roewer, 1942 — Queensland, New South Wales * '' T. convexisternum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. corcyraeum'' Brignoli, 1984 — Corfu * '' T. costaricaense'' Levi, 1963 — Costa Rica to Venezuela * '' T. cowlesae'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. coyoacan'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. crinigerum'' Simon, 1881 — Corsica, Italy, Morocco, Algeria * '' T. cruciferum'' Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand * '' T. crucum'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. cuspulatum'' Schmidt & Krause, 1998 — Cape Verde Islands * '' T. cuyutlan'' Levi, 1963 — Mexico * '' T. cynicum'' Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 — USA, Mexico * '' T. dafnense'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. darolense'' Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia * '' T. davisorum'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. dayongense'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. decemmaculatum'' Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra * '' T. decemperlatum'' (Simon, 1889) — Madagascar * '' T. dedux'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South Africa * '' T. delicatum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — South Africa * '' T. derhami'' Simon, 1895 — Sierra Leone, Gabon, Bioko * '' T. diadematum'' Chrysanthus, 1963 — New Guinea * '' T. dianiphum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. differens'' Emerton, 1882 — USA, Canada * '' T. dilucidum'' Simon, 1897 — Costa Rica to Venezuela, West Indies * '' T. dilutum'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico * '' T. dividuum'' Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA * '' T. dominica'' Levi, 1963 — Dominica * '' T. dreisbachi'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. dubium'' Bradley, 1877 — New Guinea * '' T. dukouense'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. dulcineum'' Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA * '' T. durbanicum'' Lawrence, 1947 — South Africa * '' T. ecuadorense'' Levi, 1963 — Ecuador * '' T. egyptium'' Fawzy & El Erksousy, 2002 — Egypt * '' T. electum'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Mexico * '' T. elegantissimum'' Roewer, 1942 — Taiwan * '' T. elevatum'' Thorell, 1881 — Queensland * '' T. elimatum'' L. Koch, 1882 — Mallorca * '' T. elisabethae'' Roewer, 1951 — Mexico * '' T. elli'' Sedgwick, 1973 — Chile * '' T. ellicottense'' Dobyns & Bond, 1996 — USA * '' T. emertoni'' Berland, 1920 — East Africa * '' T. epiense'' Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides * '' T. eremum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. eugeni'' Roewer, 1942 — Bioko * '' T. evexum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Mexico, West Indies to Brazil * '' T. excavatum'' F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Guatemala * '' T. exlineae'' Levi, 1963 — Ecuador, Peru * '' T. expallidatum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — Yarkand * '' T. familiare'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1871 — Palearctic * '' T. fastosum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, Peru * '' T. fatuhivaense'' Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands * '' T. femorale'' Thorell, 1881 — Queensland * '' T. femoratissimum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. fernandense'' Simon, 1907 — Bioko * '' T. filum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. flabelliferum'' Urquhart, 1887 — New Zealand * '' T. flavonotatum'' Becker, 1879 — USA, Cuba * '' T. flavoornatum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. fornicatum'' Simon, 1884 — Sudan * '' T. frio'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. frizzellorum'' Levi, 1963 — Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela * '' T. frondeum'' Hentz, 1850 — USA, Bahama Islands * '' T. fruticum'' Simon, 1890 — Yemen * '' T. fungosum'' Keyserling, 1886 — Ecuador, Peru * '' T. furfuraceum'' Simon, 1914 — France, Algeria, Syria * '' T. fuscodecoratum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. fuscomaculatum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. fuscum'' Franganillo, 1930 — Cuba * '' T. gabardi'' Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka * '' T. galerum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. gekkonicum'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. geminipunctum'' Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, Mexico * '' T. genistae'' Simon, 1873 — Western Mediterranean to Uzbekistan ** ''T. genistae turanicum'' Charitonov, 1946 — Uzbekistan * '' T. gentile'' Simon, 1881 — Corsica, Algeria * '' T. gertschi'' Levi, 1959 — USA, Mexico * '' T. gibbum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. gigantipes'' Keyserling, 1890 — New South Wales, Victoria * '' T. giraulti'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. glaciale'' Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum * '' T. glaucescens'' Becker, 1879 — USA, Canada * '' T. glaucinum'' Simon, 1881 — France * '' T. goodnightorum'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico * '' T. gracilipes'' Urquhart, 1889 — New Zealand * '' T. grallator'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. gramineum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. grammatophorum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. grancanariense'' Wunderlich, 1987 — Canary Islands * '' T. grandiosum'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. grecia'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico to Venezuela * '' T. gyirongense'' Hu & Li, 1987 — China * '' T. hainenense'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. haleakalense'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. hannoniae'' Denis, 1944 — Europe, North Africa, Madeira, Canary Islands * '' T. hartmeyeri'' Simon, 1908 — Western Australia * '' T. hassleri'' Levi, 1963 — Hispaniola * '' T. hebridisianum'' Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides * '' T. helophorum'' Thorell, 1895 — Java * '' T. hemerobium'' Simon, 1914 — USA, Canada, Europe * '' T. hermonense'' Levy, 1991 — Israel * '' T. hewitti'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Ethiopia * '' T. hidalgo'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico * '' T. hierichonticum'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. hispidum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico, West Indies to Paraguay * '' T. histrionicum'' Thorell, 1875 — Balkans * '' T. hondurense'' Levi, 1959 — Honduras * '' T. hopkinsi'' Berland, 1929 — Samoa * '' T. hotanense'' Zhu & Zhou, 1993 — China * '' T. huanuco'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. hufengensis'' Tang, Yin & Peng, 2005 — China * '' T. hui'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. humboldti'' Levi, 1967 — Peru * '' T. hummeli'' Schenkel, 1936 — China * '' T. idiotypum'' Rainbow, 1917 — South Australia * '' T. illecebrosum'' Simon, 1886 — Senegal * '' T. impegrum'' Keyserling, 1886 — Brazil * '' T. impressithorax'' Simon, 1895 — Philippines * '' T. incanescens'' Simon, 1890 — Yemen * '' T. incertissimum'' (Caporiacco, 1954) — French Guiana, Brazil * '' T. incertum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — India * '' T. incomtum'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1896) — Guatemala * '' T. inconspicuum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. indicum'' Tikader, 1977 — Andaman Islands * '' T. innocuum'' Thorell, 1875 — Russia, Ukraine * '' T. inquinatum'' Thorell, 1878 — Myanmar, Singapore, Amboina ** ''T. inquinatum continentale'' Strand, 1907 — China * '' T. insignitarse'' Simon, 1907 — Gabon * '' T. intritum'' (Bishop & Crosby, 1926) — USA * '' T. iramon'' Levi, 1963 — Colombia, Ecuador * '' T. ischagosum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. isorium'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. istokpoga'' Levi, 1957 — USA to Panama * '' T. italiense'' Wunderlich, 1995 — Italy * '' T. jordanense'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. kambalum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. karamayense'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. kauaiense'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. kawea'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico * '' T. kibonotense'' Tullgren, 1910 — East Africa * '' T. kiliani'' Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia * '' T. kobrooricum'' Strand, 1911 — Aru Islands * '' T. kochi'' Roewer, 1942 — Samoa * '' T. kollari'' Doleschall, 1852 — Austria * '' T. kraepelini'' Simon, 1905 — Java * '' T. kraussi'' Marples, 1957 — Fiji * '' T. lacticolor'' Berland, 1920 — Kenya, Yemen, Madagascar * '' T. laevigatum'' Blackwall, 1870 — Italy * '' T. lago'' Levi, 1963 — Ecuador * '' T. lamperti'' Strand, 1906 — Ethiopia * '' T. lanceatum'' Zhang & Zhu, 2007 — China * '' T. lapidicola'' Kulczynski, 1887 — Italy * '' T. latisternum'' Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum * '' T. lawrencei'' Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA * '' T. leechi'' Gertsch & Archer, 1942 — USA, Canada * '' T. leguiai'' Chamberlin, 1916 — Colombia, Peru * '' T. lenzianum'' Strand, 1907 — South Africa * '' T. leones'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. leucophaeum'' Simon, 1905 — India * '' T. leve'' Blackwall, 1877 — Seychelles * '' T. leviorum'' Gertsch & Riechert, 1976 — USA * '' T. liaoyuanense'' (Zhu & Yu, 1982) — China * '' T. limatum'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. limitatum'' L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New South Wales * '' T. linaresense'' Levi, 1963 — Chile * '' T. linzhiense'' Hu, 2001 — China * '' T. llano'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. lomirae'' Roewer, 1938 — New Guinea * '' T. logan'' Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USA * '' T. longicrure'' Marples, 1956 — New Zealand * '' T. longihirsutum'' Strand, 1907 — China * '' T. longipalpum'' Zhu, 1998 — China, Korea * '' T. longipedatum'' Roewer, 1942 — Colombia * '' T. ludekingi'' Thorell, 1890 — Java * '' T. ludius'' Simon, 1880 — Malaysia to Australia, New Caledonia * '' T. lumabani'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. luteitarse'' Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde Islands * '' T. macei'' Simon, 1895 — Congo * '' T. machu'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. macropora'' Tang, Yin & Peng, 2006 — China * '' T. macuchi'' Levi, 1963 — Ecuador * '' T. maculiferum'' Roewer, 1942 — Zanzibar * '' T. magdalenense'' Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia * '' T. maindroni'' Simon, 1905 — India * '' T. manjithar'' Tikader, 1970 — India * '' T. manonoense'' Marples, 1955 — Samoa * '' T. maranum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. maron'' Levi, 1963 — Paraguay * '' T. martini'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. mataafa'' Marples, 1955 — Samoa * '' T. mauense'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. mauiense'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. mehlum'' Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra * '' T. melanoplax'' Schmidt & Krause, 1996 — Canary Islands * '' T. melanoprorum'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar ** ''T. melanoprorum orientale'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. melanosternon'' Mello-Leitão, 1947 — Brazil * '' T. melanostictum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — Mediterranean, Aldabra, Seychelles, China, Japan, USA, Hispaniola * '' T. melanurum'' Hahn, 1831 — Holarctic, Azores * '' T. melinum'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. mendozae'' Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands * '' T. meneghettii'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. metabolum'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 — Panama * '' T. metator'' Simon, 1907 — Guinea-Bissau * '' T. michelbacheri'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. micheneri'' Levi, 1963 — Panama * '' T. minutissimum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Panama, Peru * '' T. minutulum'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar * '' T. miserum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. modestum'' (Simon, 1894) — Sri Lanka * '' T. molliculum'' Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon * '' T. mollissimum'' L. Koch, 1872 — Australia, Samoa * '' T. montanum'' Emerton, 1882 — USA, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Finland, Russia * '' T. monzonense'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. mortuale'' Simon, 1908 — Western Australia * '' T. morulum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — USA, Mexico * '' T. murarium'' Emerton, 1882 — North America * '' T. musivivoides'' Schmidt & Krause, 1995 — Cape Verde Islands * '' T. musivivum'' Schmidt, 1956 — Canary Islands * '' T. musivum'' Simon, 1873 — Mediterranean * '' T. myersi'' Levi, 1957 — USA, Mexico, Jamaica * '' T. mystaceum'' L. Koch, 1870 — Palearctic * '' T. mysteriosum'' Schmidt, 1971 — Ecuador * '' T. nadleri'' Levi, 1959 — Trinidad * '' T. nagorum'' Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra * '' T. nasinotum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. nasutum'' Wunderlich, 1995 — Sardinia * '' T. necijaense'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. negebense'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. neomexicanum'' Banks, 1901 — USA, Canada * '' T. neshamini'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. nesticum'' Levi, 1963 — Trinidad * '' T. nigriceps'' Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil * '' T. nigroannulatum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Ecuador, Peru * '' T. nigroplagiatum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. nigropunctatum'' Lucas, 1846 — Mediterranean * '' T. nigropunctulatum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. nigrosacculatum'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. nigrovariegatum'' Simon, 1873 — Palearctic * '' T. pierre'' Levi and Patrick, 2013 — USA * '' T. nilgherinum'' Simon, 1905 — India * '' T. niphocosmum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. niveopunctatum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. niveum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico * '' T. nivosum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. nodiferum'' Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka * '' T. nojimai'' Yoshida, 1999 — Japan * '' T. nudum'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico, Panama * '' T. oatesi'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar * '' T. obscuratum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. ochreolum'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. octoferum'' Strand, 1909 — South Africa * '' T. odoratum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. ohlerti'' Thorell, 1870 — Holarctic ** ''T. ohlerti lundbecki'' Sørensen, 1898 — Greenland * '' T. olaup'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. omiltemi'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico, Guatemala * '' T. onticolum'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. opolon'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. opuntia'' Levi, 1963 — Mexico * '' T. orgea'' (Levi, 1967) — Brazil * '' T. orlando'' (Archer, 1950) — USA * '' T. osprum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. oswaldocruzi'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. otsospotum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. palanum'' Roberts, 1983 — Aldabra * '' T. palgongense'' Paik, 1996 — Korea * '' T. pallidulum'' Roewer, 1942 — East Africa * '' T. palmgreni'' Marusik & Tsellarius, 1986 — Finland, Poland, Estonia, Russia * '' T. pandani'' Simon, 1895 — Cambodia * '' T. panganii'' Caporiacco, 1947 — Tanzania * '' T. paraense'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. parvulum'' Blackwall, 1870 — Sicily * '' T. parvum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Peru * '' T. patrizii'' Caporiacco, 1933 — Libya * '' T. pelaezi'' Levi, 1963 — Mexico * '' T. pennsylvanicum'' Emerton, 1913 — USA, Canada * '' T. perkinsi'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. pernambucum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. perpusillum'' Simon, 1885 — Malaysia * '' T. petraeum'' L. Koch, 1872 — Holarctic * '' T. petrunkevitchi'' Berland, 1920 — East Africa * '' T. phaeostomum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. pictum'' (Walckenaer, 1802) — Holarctic * '' T. pigrum'' Keyserling, 1886 — Brazil * '' T. pilatum'' Urquhart, 1893 — Tasmania * '' T. piligerum'' Frauenfeld, 1867 — Nicobar Islands * '' T. piliphilum'' Strand, 1907 — South Africa * '' T. pinastri'' L. Koch, 1872 — Palearctic * '' T. pinguiculum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. pinicola'' Simon, 1873 — Corsica * '' T. pires'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. piriforme'' Berland, 1938 — New Hebrides * '' T. plaumanni'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, Brazil * '' T. plectile'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. plumipes'' Hasselt, 1882 — Sumatra * '' T. pluviale'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. poecilum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. porphyreticum'' Urquhart, 1889 — New Zealand * '' T. positivum'' Chamberlin, 1924 — USA, West Indies to Paraguay * '' T. posticatum'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. postmarginatum'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. praeclusum'' Tullgren, 1910 — Tanzania * '' T. praemite'' Simon, 1907 — Sierra Leone * '' T. praetextum'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii ** ''T. praetextum concolor'' Simon, 1900 — Hawaii * '' T. prominens'' Blackwall, 1870 — Italy * '' T. proximum'' Lawrence, 1964 — South Africa * '' T. puellae'' Locket, 1980 — Comoro Islands * '' T. pulanense'' Hu, 2001 — China * '' T. pumilio'' Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand * '' T. punctipes'' Emerton, 1924 — USA, Mexico * '' T. punicapunctatum'' Urquhart, 1891 — New Zealand * '' T. punongpalayum'' Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 — Philippines * '' T. purcelli'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 — St. Helena, South Africa * '' T. pyramidale'' L. Koch, 1867 — Queensland, New South Wales * '' T. pyrenaeum'' Denis, 1944 — Spain, Andorra * '' T. qingzangense'' Hu, 2001 — China * '' T. quadratum'' (O. P.-Cambridge, 1882) — Sri Lanka, Sumatra * '' T. quadrilineatum'' Lenz, 1886 — Madagascar * '' T. quadripapulatum'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar * '' T. quadripartitum'' Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil * '' T. rabuni'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA, Bahama Islands * '' T. rafflesi'' Simon, 1899 — Sumatra * '' T. rampum'' Levi, 1963 — Peru, Venezuela * '' T. ravum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. refugum'' Drensky, 1929 — Austria, Balkans, Bulgaria, Greece, Russia * '' T. reinhardti'' Charitonov, 1946 — Uzbekistan * '' T. resum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. retreatense'' Strand, 1909 — South Africa * '' T. retrocitum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. rhodonotum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. ricense'' Levi, 1959 — Puerto Rico * '' T. rossi'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. rostriferum'' Simon, 1895 — West Africa * '' T. rothi'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. rubiginosum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil * ''

T. rubrum ''Trichophyton rubrum'' is a dermatophytic fungus in the phylum Ascomycota. It is an exclusively clonal, anthropophilic saprotroph that colonizes the upper layers of dead skin, and is the most common cause of athlete's foot, fungal infection of ...

'' (Keyserling, 1886) — Brazil * '' T. rurrenabaque'' Levi, 1963 — Bolivia * '' T. ruwenzoricola'' Strand, 1913 — Central Africa * '' T. saanichum'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 — USA, Canada, Alaska * '' T. sabinjonis'' Strand, 1913 — Central Africa * '' T. sadani'' Monga & Singh, 1989 — India * '' T. samoense'' Berland, 1929 — Samoa * '' T. sanctum'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. sangzhiense'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. sardis'' Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944 — USA * '' T. saropus'' Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar * '' T. schlingeri'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. schrammeli'' Levi, 1963 — Mexico * '' T. sciaphilum'' Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena * '' T. semitinctum'' Simon, 1914 — Spain, France, Balearic is. * '' T. senckenbergi'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. septempunctatum'' Berland, 1933 — Marquesas Islands * '' T. serpatusum'' Guan & Zhu, 1993 — China * '' T. sertatum'' Simon, 1909 — Vietnam * '' T. setiferum'' Roewer, 1942 — Myanmar * '' T. setosum'' L. Koch, 1872 — Queensland, New Hebrides, Samoa, New Caledonia * '' T. setum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. seximaculatum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. sibiricum'' Marusik, 1988 — Russia, Mongolia * '' T. sinaloa'' Levi, 1959 — Mexico * '' T. sisyphium'' (Clerck, 1757) — Palearctic ** ''T. sisyphium foliiferum'' Thorell, 1875 — Spain ** ''T. sisyphium torandae'' Strand, 1917 — Yarkand, Karakorum * '' T. soaresi'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. societatis'' Berland, 1934 — Tahiti * '' T. solium'' Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena * '' T. spinigerum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. spinitarse'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1876 — North Africa * '' T. spinosissimum'' Caporiacco, 1934 — Karakorum * '' T. squalidum'' Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand * '' T. stamotum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. stannardi'' Levi, 1963 — Mexico * '' T. strepitus'' Peck & Shear, 1987 — Galapagos Islands * '' T. striatum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil * '' T. styligerum'' F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Mexico, Guatemala * '' T. subitum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 — India * '' T. submirabile'' Zhu & Song, 1993 — China, Korea * '' T. submissum'' Gertsch & Davis, 1936 — USA, Mexico, Bahama Islands, Jamaica * '' T. subpingue'' Simon, 1908 — Western Australia * '' T. subradiatum'' Simon, 1901 — Malaysia * '' T. subrotundum'' Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil * '' T. subvittatum'' Simon, 1889 — India * '' T. sulawesiense'' Marusik & Penney, 2005 — Sulawesi * '' T. swarczewskii'' Wierzbicki, 1902 — Azerbaijan * '' T. taegense'' Paik, 1996 — Korea * '' T. tahitiae'' Berland, 1934 — Tahiti * '' T. tamerlani'' Roewer, 1942 — Myanmar * '' T. tayrona'' Müller & Heimer, 1990 — Colombia * '' T. tebanum'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela * '' T. teliferum'' Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka * '' T. tenellum'' C. L. Koch, 1841 — Greece * '' T. tenuissimum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. teresae'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. tessellatum'' Thorell, 1899 — Cameroon * '' T. teutanoides'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. thaleri'' Marusik, 1988 — Russia * '' T. thalia'' Workman, 1878 — Myanmar * '' T. theridioides'' (Keyserling, 1890) — China, Queensland, New South Wales * '' T. thorelli'' L. Koch, 1865 — New South Wales * '' T. tigrae'' Esyunin & Efimik, 1996 — Russia * '' T. tikaderi'' Patel, 1973 — India * '' T. timpanogos'' Levi, 1957 — USA * '' T. tinctorium'' Keyserling, 1891 — Brazil * '' T. t-notatum'' Thorell, 1895 — Myanmar, Singapore * '' T. todinum'' Simon, 1880 — New Caledonia * '' T. topo'' Levi, 1963 — Ecuador * '' T. torosum'' Keyserling, 1884 — Peru * '' T. trahax'' Blackwall, 1866 — Africa * '' T. transgressum'' Petrunkevitch, 1911 — USA, Mexico * '' T. trepidum'' O. P.-Cambridge, 1898 — Mexico to Panama * '' T. triangulare'' Franganillo, 1936 — Cuba * '' T. trifile'' Simon, 1907 — West, East Africa * '' T. trigonicum'' Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra, Java * '' T. tristani'' Levi, 1959 — Costa Rica * '' T. triviale'' Thorell, 1881 — Australia * '' T. trizonatum'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. tubicola'' Doleschall, 1859 — Java, Moluccas, New Guinea * '' T. tungurahua'' Levi, 1963 — Venezuela, Ecuador, Brazil * '' T. turrialba'' Levi, 1959 — Costa Rica * '' T. uber'' Keyserling, 1884 — Brazil * '' T. uhligi'' Martin, 1974 — Europe * '' T. umbilicus'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. uncatum'' F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1902 — Mexico * '' T. undatum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. undulanotum'' Roewer, 1942 — New Hebrides * '' T. urnigerum'' Thorell, 1898 — Myanmar * '' T. ursoi'' Caporiacco, 1947 — Ethiopia * '' T. urucum'' Levi, 1963 — Brazil * '' T. usitum'' Strand, 1913 — Central Africa * '' T. utcuyacu'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. valleculum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. vallisalinarum'' Levy & Amitai, 1982 — Israel * '' T. vanhoeffeni'' Strand, 1909 — South Africa * '' T. varians'' Hahn, 1833 — Holarctic ** ''T. varians cyrenaicum'' Caporiacco, 1933 — Libya ** ''T. varians melanotum'' Strand, 1907 — Germany ** ''T. varians rusticum'' Simon, 1873 — Western Mediterranean * '' T. ventricosum'' Rainbow, 1916 — Queensland * '' T. vespertinum'' Levy, 1985 — Israel * '' T. viridanum'' Urquhart, 1887 — New Zealand * '' T. volubile'' Keyserling, 1884 — Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru * '' T. vosserleri'' Strand, 1907 — East Africa * '' T. vossi'' Strand, 1907 — Cameroon * '' T. vossioni'' Simon, 1884 — Sudan * '' T. vulvum'' Levi, 1959 — Panama * '' T. weberi'' Thorell, 1892 — Singapore * '' T. weyrauchi'' Levi, 1963 — Peru * '' T. whitcombi'' Sedgwick, 1973 — Chile * '' T. wiehlei'' Schenkel, 1938 — Spain, France, Algeria * '' T. workmani'' Thorell, 1887 — Myanmar * '' T. xianfengense'' Zhu & Song, 1992 — China, Taiwan * '' T. xinjiangense'' (Hu & Wu, 1989) — China * '' T. yani'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. yuma'' Levi, 1963 — USA * '' T. yunnanense'' Schenkel, 1963 — China * '' T. zantholabio'' Urquhart, 1886 — New Zealand * '' T. zebra'' Caporiacco, 1949 — Kenya * '' T. zebrinum'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. zekharya'' Levy, 2007 — Israel * '' T. zhangmuense'' Hu, 2001 — China * '' T. zhaoi'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. zhoui'' Zhu, 1998 — China * '' T. zonarium'' Keyserling, 1884 — Peru * '' T. zonatum'' Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 — Unknown * '' T. zonulatum'' Thorell, 1890 — Sumatra

References

External links

Society-focused spiders live and hunt together
- NewScientist.com {{Taxonbar, from=Q1949480 Theridiidae Araneomorphae genera Cosmopolitan spiders