Theodore
[Some earlier Wikipedia versions, e.g. wiki.de, write Nicolas-Theodore; family sources (see wiki.fr article discussion) guarantee Theodore as ordinary given name, plus a publication in March 1848, "Recherches sur la présence de l'arsenic dans les eaux minérales, Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine, tome XVI, p. 721 is signed Th. Gobley; most other publications mention only M. Gobley, with the exception of one in 1868 and one in 1869, both signed T. Gobley; full civility in official acts was in literary order Nicolas Theodore.] (Nicolas) Gobley (; 11 May 1811, in Paris – 1 September 1876, in
Bagnères-de-Luchon
Bagnères-de-Luchon (; oc, Banhèras de Luishon), also referred to as just Luchon, is a commune and spa town in the Haute-Garonne department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.
The inhabitants of the commune are known as ''Luchonn ...
, was the first to isolate and ultimately determine the chemical structure of
lecithin
Lecithin (, from the Greek ''lekithos'' "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so ar ...
, the first identified and characterized member of the
phospholipid
Phospholipids, are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typ ...
s class. He was also a pioneer researcher in the study and analysis of the chemical components of brain tissues.
Biography and academic courses
Gobley's family originated from the small city
Fulvy in the Yonne region, a very rural hilly area of Burgundy. His father had settled at the end of the 18th century as a wine broker in Paris, marrying a young lady in a family long established (since at least the beginning of the 17th century) in that trade in the capital city of France. That family,
Boutron, was registered in the 17th and 18th centuries as one of the 12 suppliers of wines to the King's Court.
Wine trading had strong links with alcoholic distillation, some close kin of the Boutron family were indeed spirits distillers, and it is likely this environment that led Theodore to studies in chemistry and pharmacy.
Indeed, an historical study conducted in 1957 by P. et C. Chatagnon on the early steps of brain tissues chemical structure studies mentions that Gobley effected a stay as apprentice by one of his parents named Guerin, indicated as pharmacist (actually, his brother-in-law, Denis Guerin (1798–1888), pharmacist in Paris for a few years in the early 1830s, but more well known as mayor of the city of
Fontainebleau
Fontainebleau (; ) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the ''arrondissement ...
during close to 30 years, from 1843 till 1871, and so far as known, not related to the Boutron family).
Whatever the initial lead, further on Gobley entered full grade studies in pharmacy and in the early 1830s attended courses delivered by one of the great figures of French pharmaceutical and chemistry arts of that time,
Pierre Jean Robiquet
Pierre Jean Robiquet (13 January 1780 – 29 April 1840) was a French chemist. He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine, in 1806 ...
, of whom he became a close collaborator, and ultimately his son-in-law, through marrying Laure Robiquet, one of the daughters of his master and mentor.
Robiquet (1780–1840), a long-standing professor at the Ecole de Pharmacie in Paris (since 1811) was a very prominent, respected and honoured player among the French chemists/pharmacists community of the first half of the 19th century: member of the "
Société de Pharmacie" later on designated as the "
Académie Nationale de Pharmacie" (1817), of which he was Secretary General then President, (1817 till his death) (see (http://www.shp-asso.org/)), member of the "
Académie de Médecine
An academy ( Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy ...
" (1820), member of the
Académie des Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the ...
, distinguished with the order of Légion d'Honneur, author of numerous studies and pioneering work in the research of complex molecules in natural bodies, either plants or animals, who had isolated such fundamentals products, as
caffeine
Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class. It is mainly used recreationally as a cognitive enhancer, increasing alertness and attentional performance. Caffeine acts by blocking binding of adenosine t ...
,
cantharidin
Cantharidin is an odorless, colorless fatty substance of the terpenoid class, which is secreted by many species of blister beetles. It is a burn agent or a poison in large doses, but preparations containing it were historically used as aphrodisiac ...
, and most of all the
alizarin
Alizarin (also known as 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, Mordant Red 11, C.I. 58000, and Turkey Red) is an organic compound with formula that has been used throughout history as a prominent red dye, principally for dyeing textile fabrics. Histori ...
, a powerful and stable red dye that was to become one of the first dyes to be mass-produced through a pure chemical synthesis path.
Theodore Gobley qualified as a pharmacist in 1835, married Laure Robiquet in 1837, and established himself as pharmacist in Paris (60 rue du Bac; the place had been run down when Boulevard Saint Germain was opened some 30 years later); in parallel to his trade, in his personal lab he conducted his research, and followed a path very similar to that of his father-in–law (demised in 1840): he entered the Ecole de Pharmacie as professor in 1842 (he quit in 1847), became a member of the
Académie Nationale de Pharmacie in 1843, of which he became president in 1861, and was admitted as a member of the
Académie de Médecine
An academy ( Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy ...
that same year.
While conducting various works on a very diversified range of topics very much like most pharmacist/chemists of the 19th century, Gobley singled himself out by a somehow unique lifelong pursuit in the study of lipids in the living animals reign, whereby he demonstrated the universal presence of a fundamental substance, which he named ''lecithin'', and the exact composition of which he pursued during thirty years.
Theodore Gobley was also a philanthropist, and he was involved in the management of a local administration office for the housing of poorer people in the "Département de la Seine" (today, the greater Paris area including districts 75, 78, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95).
One of Gobley's daughters married composer
Paul Collin
Paul Collin (12 July 1843 – 5 February 1915) was a French poet, writer, translator and librettist.
Life and career
Collin was born in Conches-en-Ouche. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, his family produced administrative officers in the mili ...
. Gobley died on 1 September 1876 in the Pyrenean thermal resort of "
Bagnères-de-Luchon
Bagnères-de-Luchon (; oc, Banhèras de Luishon), also referred to as just Luchon, is a commune and spa town in the Haute-Garonne department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.
The inhabitants of the commune are known as ''Luchonn ...
, where he was on a family trip. His burial place lies at "
cimetière Montparnasse" in southern Paris.
Discoverer of lecithin and phospholipids
In the course of the first half of the 19th century, several French chemists had initiated some tries at the chemical components of brain tissues, but tools and methods for analysis were poor and results fairly unsatisfactory; however they had consistently obtained through different methods, mostly through dissolution in warm alcohol of brain matter, a lipidic substance of more of less stable composition which they had diversely called "matière blanche" (
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Prof. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS(For) HFRSE (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist. He was the discoverer of both chromium and beryllium.
Early life
Vauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, Fr ...
), "cérébrote" (J. P. Couërbe), acide cérébrique (
Edmond Frémy
Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a s ...
).
Obviously, the brain tissues were not solely composed of that, and confusion was high as to their actual composition, with especially Edmond Fremy holding, based on his work on "acide cerebrique", for a blend of neutral lipids such as olein and
phosphoric acid
Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is commonly encountered as an 85% aqueous solution, w ...
.
Gobley found a masterly solution to this question in a series of careful incremental steps. Building on a succession of biological tissue models : egg yolk (1846–1847), carp fish eggs (1850), carp fish roe (1850), brain matter of sundry higher class vertebrae such as chicken, and ultimately man, fat matters in human fluids: blood (1852), bile (1856), Theodore Gobley, in a series of works assiduously pursued over a span of more than 30 years, classified the several fat matters from a variety of biological tissues, characterized their several properties, identified their respective structure, established bridges between wide apart categories (seminal matter, brain) and branches of zoology (birds, fish, mammals), shed light on similarities of tissues build-up and specified their differences depending on their function (1874).
Early studies on egg yolk chemical components, 1843–1847
In a first step during 1845 ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf", ''Compte Rendu hebdomadaire Académie des Sciences'' 1845, 21, 766) Gobley achieved a ground breaking first work where he analysed in detail the lipids in the egg yolk, obtaining from egg yolk byproducts never before evidenced in that matter:
* margaric acid, for which he confirmed the chemical breakdown obtained by Mr Varentrapp, at the expense of the variant sustained by Michel
Eugène Chevreul
* oleic acid, for which he confirmed the chemical breakdown obtained by Mr Michel
Eugène Chevreul
* an acid containing phosphorus, that a very careful and delicate series of analyses led him to indisputably identify as
glycerophosphoric acid
While evidencing the first two could somehow be looked at with some more or less natural expectation, given their prevailing presence previously demonstrated in a variety of organs or corporeal fluids (such as blood, bile, brain tissues), the latter one was until then exclusively known as a byproduct of direct chemical preparation.
Gobley in addition brought full details as to the constitution of the oily part of egg yolk, which he determined to be made up of oleine, margarine and a cholesterin, previously evidenced by
Louis-René Le Canu and which he demonstrated has entirely identical properties to the one (
cholesterol
Cholesterol is any of a class of certain organic molecules called lipids. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell mem ...
) isolated from bile by Michel Eugène
Chevreul.
In the immediate wake, in a second step in 1847 ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf de poule"; par M. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. ''Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires Académie des Sciences'' 1847, 21, 988) Gobley took a global view of the chemical structure of egg yolk and proposed for its lipid part a model comprising two distinct fractions:
* the one, in very small quantities (0.3% of total mass) which he qualified as a nitrogenous fraction totally devoid of phosphor, and which he hinted to be quite probably identical with the higher up mentioned "matière blanche"
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Prof. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS(For) HFRSE (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist. He was the discoverer of both chromium and beryllium.
Early life
Vauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, Fr ...
, "cérébrote" (J.P.
Couërbe), and "acide cérébrique" (
Edmond Frémy
Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a s ...
), identified and described from early 19th century years; for this fraction Gobley used the denomination of "matière cérébrique" ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"), then later on the name "cérébrine" ("Recherches chimiques sur les œufs de carpe"); this name "cerebrin" had been created some years before by a German chemist Müller, while fully characterizing its chemical composition and properties;
* the other, in significant quantities (8.5% of total mass) which he qualified and characterized as definitely containing phosphor under some form, that he prosaically denominated "matière phosphorée" ("phosphoric matter") ("Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'œuf 2ème mémoire"); this fraction can be degraded into a mixture of margaric acid, oleic acid and glycerophosphoric acid, for the which it is the sole and exclusive origin, Gobley effectively demonstrated that none of these three acids exists on its own within egg yolk.
Bringing to light the chemical bridges from egg yolk to human brain, 1847
In this very same work, Gobley developed an awareness that this phosphoric part was a new, non-characterized and complex component of a precise nature and stable structure, not a mixture of sub-products in varying proportions:
:If therefore neither one of oleic acid, margaric acid nor glycerophosphoric acid existed as such in the viscous matter (of egg yolk), what kind of a (molecule) can that be (that is their source), that indisputably presents one of the most unusual set of properties within all the (fractions) of biological tissues
:Mais si les acides oléïque, margarique et phosphoglycérique ne préexistent pas dans la matière visqueuse, quelle est donc la nature de ce corps, qui est sans contredit l'un des plus curieux de l'organisation animale?
Having recognized the uniqueness of this component from this work in the pivotal year 1847, Gobley henceforth bore most of his research efforts on it.
Already in this same year of 1847, Theodore Gobley realized the deep similarities of chemical structure between brain tissues and egg yolk.
Taking up the previous work of Vauquelin, Couërbe and Frémy, he isolated as they had from the fat matters of animal brain as well as from the human brain a phosphoric fraction, but going one step further, he demonstrated that this brain matter yields through hydrolysis exactly the same set of by-products that he had obtained from egg yolk: ever the triad oleic acid, margaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid (''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1847, 12, 5).
:I have rerun all those experiments using the phosphoric viscous matter from the brain of chicken, of sheep, and finally of man, and ever I am come to the same results. There then exists in the brain, just as in egg yolk, a phosphoric substance which, under the conditions I exercised unto it, has always yielded as decomposition products oleic acid, margaric acid and glycerophosphoric acid.
:J'ai répété toutes ces expériences avec la matière visqueuse phosphorée de la cervelle du poulet, du mouton et de l'homme, et je suis arrivé aux mêmes résultats. Il existe donc dans le cerveau, comme dans le jaune d'oeuf, une substance phosphorée qui, dans les conditions où je l'ai placée, m'a toujours donné, pour produits de décomposition, de l'acide oléique, de l'acide margarique et de l'acide phosphoglycérique.
This set of solid results led him into proposing for cerebral tissues a chemical structure parallel to that of egg yolk, relying on a phosphoric part, lecithin, and a non-phosphoric, nitrogenous part, cerebrin ("Recherches chimiques sur les oeufs de carpe". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1850, t17, 401, et t18, 107). This approach set him immediately at odds with the views developed up to then by
Edmond Frémy
Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a s ...
, the prominent specialist of that period regarding the chemical study of the brain and a member of the
Académie des Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: ''Académie des sciences'') is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research. It was at the ...
; Frémy's views were that the phosphoric fraction of brain was related to the phospho-oleic acid.
Another twenty years were employed by Gobley to fully demonstrate the point.
The identification and chemical breakdown of lecithin, the first of phospholipids, 1848–1874
In the course of the next three years 1848–1850, Theodore Gobley extended the scope of his research in parallel over egg yolk, carp fish eggs, fish roe, and brain tissue.
In 1850 ("Recherches chimiques sur les œufs de carpe"), he evidenced the presence of his "matière phosphorée", with identical properties, in carp fish eggs; he proposed for it the name of
lecithin
Lecithin (, from the Greek ''lekithos'' "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so ar ...
which history upheld, from the Greek ''lekithos'' (egg yolk) (''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'', Paris, 1850, 17, 401), thus underlining the clear link with his early studies.
And in its wake he demonstrated that lecithin, however obtained (from egg yolk, carp fish eggs, fish roe, human brain), and even though not totally purified, always yields a mix of oleic acid, margaric acid and glycerophosphoric acid when hydrolyzed, and under no circumstances whatsoever anything like phosphoric acid which would have been expected if ordinary fat matter acids, such as phospho-oleic acid, had been involved ("Recherches chimiques sur la laitance de carpe." ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1851, t19, 406).
Conversely, he demonstrated that the non phosphoric fraction of egg yolk, that he had called "cérébrine" is absolutely identical in chemical breakdown and reactive properties to the "acide cérébrique" identified by
Edmond Frémy
Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a s ...
and
M. R. D. Thompson in the brain.
In 1852, he evidenced the presence of lecithin in veinous blood (''Recherches chimiques sur les matières grasses du sang veineux de l'homme''), and in 1856, in bile as well (''Recherches sur la nature chimique et les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile'').
However, he still lacked one brick for a complete breakdown of lecithin's structure.
That brick was found during the 1860s by parallel work conducted mainly in Germany, that identified yet a new component of biological fat matters,
choline Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Choline occurs as a cation that forms various salts (X− in the depicted formula is an undefined counteranion). Humans are capable of some ''de novo synthesis'' of choline but re ...
, first in the liver-produced bile by the German chemist
Adolph Strecker
Adolph Strecker (October 21, 1822 – November 7, 1871) was a German chemist who is remembered primarily for his work with amino acids.
Life and work
Strecker was born in Darmstadt, the son of Friedrich Ludwig Strecker, an archivist working for ...
(''Ann. Chem. Pharm.'' 1868, 148, 77), then shortly afterward in the human brain through the research of
Oscar Liebreich
Matthias Eugen Oscar Liebreich (14 February 1839 – 2 July 1908) was a German pharmacologist.
Biography
He was a native of Königsberg. He studied chemistry under Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818–1897) in Wiesbaden, and studied medicine in König ...
in Berlin (who believing he had identified a different matter named it initially "nevrin") and in his wake complementary contributions by
Dibkowsky,
Baeyer and
Wurtz.
Using these additions to his own work, Theodore Gobley in 1874 crowned this long, patient and unyielding series of steps through a final proposal of a complete structure for lecithin, whose hydrolysis yields exactly one oleic acid, one margaric acid, one glycerophosphoric acid and one choline ("Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine", Gobley ''J Pharm Chim 1874'', 19, 346).
Later studies expanded the egg yolk lecithin into a wide family of lecithins answering to this structure, combining with a
choline Choline is an essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Choline occurs as a cation that forms various salts (X− in the depicted formula is an undefined counteranion). Humans are capable of some ''de novo synthesis'' of choline but re ...
head and glycerophosphoric acid a variety of fatty acids. In general, a
lecithin
Lecithin (, from the Greek ''lekithos'' "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so ar ...
, or more precisely a
phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylcholines (PC) are a class of phospholipids that incorporate choline as a headgroup.
They are a major component of biological membranes and can be easily obtained from a variety of readily available sources, such as egg yolk or soyb ...
is obtained using a
saturated fatty acid
A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single bonds. A fat known as a glyceride is made of two kinds of smaller molecules: a short glycerol backbone and fatty acids that each contain a long linear or branched c ...
, in the example here palmitic acid or hexadecanoic acid H
3C-(CH
2)
14-COOH (margaric acid identified by Gobley in egg yolk, now named heptadecanoïc acid H
3C-(CH
2)
15-COOH, belongs to that class) and an
unsaturated fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an unbranched chain of an even number of carbon atoms, f ...
, here oleic acid or 9Z-octadecenoic acid as in Gobley's original egg yolk lecithin).
The first global overview of brain tissues chemical structure
The complete series of results led Theodore Gobley into proposing for brain viscous matter a structure under four main components ("Recherches chimiques sur le cerveau de l'homme", ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1874) (water set aside, an overwhelming 80%):
* lecithin (5.5%),
* cerebrin (approximately 3%), characterized as a nitrogenous matter, identical to that of egg yolk, but in much higher quantities in the brain
* cholesterin (approximately 1%),
* and an abundant new component of albuminous type, that he named cephalin (approximately 7%), in addition to regular albumin (1%)
Theodore Gobley thus was the discoverer of the entirely new class of
phospholipid
Phospholipids, are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typ ...
s and a founding pioneer in the understanding of the chemical basis of brain structure and build-up.
Other research, investigations and discoveries
In parallel, Theodore Gobley developed a number of additional threads of research of a more mainstream type:
In cooperation with a French doctor, member of the Academie de Medecine, Jean-Léonard-Marie
Poiseuille
The poiseuille (symbol Pl) has been proposed as a derived SI unit of dynamic viscosity, named after the French physicist Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (1797–1869).
In practice the unit has never been widely accepted and most international s ...
, he published some results on urea in blood and urine.
In liaison with his commitment in public health matters and institutions, he involved himself in various studies on toxics, human nutrition and health, and the safety of industrial processes: thus he successively investigated toxins in toadstools (''Recherches chimiques sur les champignons vénéneux'', 1856), medicinal real or supposed properties of diverse plants, herbs and preparations, toxicity of lead in widespread tins used for cooking utensils, poisonous effects of rye.
In the tradition of the methods of Robiquet, from the natural vanilla fruit, he obtained in 1858 the very first samples of pure
vanillin
Vanillin is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. Synthetic vanillin is now used ...
, its active flavoring principle. Gobley lived just long enough to see this breakthrough bring about the advent of artificial industrial vanillin synthesis, in a process based on glycosides extracted from the sap of pine trees (1874), opening the path to the extraordinary expansion of the use of that very popular flavour. Incidentally that also brought about the complete collapse of the growing of natural vanilla and the related industry, but that was probably not intended by Gobley.
Publications
* "Sur l'existence des acides oléique, margarique et phosphoglycérique dans le jaune d'oeuf. Premier Mémoire: Sur la composition chimique du jaune d'oeuf"; par M. Gobley. (Extrait). ''C R hebd Acad Sci'' 1845, 11, 8
66
* "Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf de poule"; par M. Gobley. Deuxième Mémoire. ''C R hebd Acad Sci'' 1845, 21, 988
* "Recherches chimiques sur le jaune d'oeuf - Examen comparatif du jaune d'oeuf et de la matière cérébrale". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1847, t11, 409 et 412
* "Recherches chimiques sur les oeufs de carpe". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1850, t17, 401, et t18, 107
* "Recherches chimiques sur la laitance de carpe". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1851, t19, 406
* "Recherches chimiques sur la matière grasse du sang veineux de l'homme". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1852, t21, 241
* "Recherches sur la nature chimique et les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1856, t30, 241
* "Recherches chimiques sur le cerveau; par M. Gobley". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1874,4ème série, t19, p. 346–354
* "Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine"; par M. Gobley". ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1874,t20, 98–103, 161–166
* "Note sur l'Elaïomètre, nouvel instrument d'essai pour les huiles d'olive". M. Gobley. ''J Pharm Chim'' 1843, 4, 285
* "Recherches sur la nature chimique et les propriétés des matières grasses contenues dans la bile", par M. Gobley. ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'', 1856
* "Recherches physiologiques sur l'urée (avec Mr le docteur Poiseuille)", par M. Gobley. ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences et Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie'', 1859
* "Recherche sur le principe odorant de la vanille", par M.Gobley. ''Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie'' 1858
See also
*
Pierre Jean Robiquet
Pierre Jean Robiquet (13 January 1780 – 29 April 1840) was a French chemist. He laid founding work in identifying amino acids, the fundamental building blocks of proteins. He did this through recognizing the first of them, asparagine, in 1806 ...
*
Eugène Chevreul
*
Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin
Prof. Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS(For) HFRSE (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist. He was the discoverer of both chromium and beryllium.
Early life
Vauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, Fr ...
*
Théophile-Jules Pelouze
Théophile-Jules Pelouze (also known as Jules Pelouze, Théophile Pelouze, Theo Pelouze, or T. J. Pelouze, ; 26 February 180731 May 1867) was a French chemist.
Life
He was born at Valognes, and died in Paris.
His father, Edmond Pelouze, was an ...
*
Edmond Frémy
Edmond Frémy (; 28 February 1814 – 3 February 1894) was a French chemist. He is perhaps best known today for Frémy's salt, a strong oxidizing agent which he discovered in 1845. Fremy's salt is a long-lived free radical that finds use as a s ...
*
Oscar Liebreich
Matthias Eugen Oscar Liebreich (14 February 1839 – 2 July 1908) was a German pharmacologist.
Biography
He was a native of Königsberg. He studied chemistry under Carl Remigius Fresenius (1818–1897) in Wiesbaden, and studied medicine in König ...
*
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (; 22 April 1797 – 26 December 1869) was a French physicist and physiologist.
Poiseuille was born in Paris, France, and he died there on 26 December 1869.
Fluid flow
From 1815 to 1816 he studied at the École Po ...
*
Strecker amino acid synthesis
The Strecker amino acid synthesis, also known simply as the Strecker synthesis, is a method for the synthesis of amino acids by the reaction of an aldehyde with ammonia in the presence of potassium cyanide. The condensation reaction yields an α- ...
Notes
References
* Dossier de Légion d'Honneur (base LEONORE des Archives Nationales, cote L1157072)
* Dossier biographique à la bibliothèque interuniversitaire de pharmacie
* Eloge funèbre par Mr Jean Baptiste Chevallier (1793–1879), membre de l'Académie de Pharmacie
* L'étude chimique des constituents du tissu cérébral au cours du XIXème siècle, Les pionniers français (III): Théodore-Nicolas GOBLEY (1811–1874),par Mlle C.Chatagnon et P.Chatagnon, extrait des Annales Médico-Psychologiques, n°2, juillet 1957
* Bernard F. Szuhaj, "Lecithins", The American Oil Chemists Society, 1989
* Richard L. Myers, Rusty L. Myers, "The 100 Most Important Chemical Compounds", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
* Donald Bayley Tower, Michel-Augustin Thouret, "Brain Chemistry and the French Connection, 1791-1841: An Account of the Chemical Analyses of the Human Brain by Thouret", Raven Press, 1994
* Adolf Strecker, "Isolement de la lécithine de l'oeuf" Académie de Münich, 1869, t2, 269
* J.L.W Thudichum "Die chemische Konstitution des Gehirns des Menschen und der Tiere", Tübingen, Verlag von Franz Pietzcker, 1901
* J.F. John, "Chemische Schriften, vol 4, n°31, p228
* J.F. John, "Zoochemische Tabellen", T.I.A, 1814, p12
* O. Liebreich, Ann.Chem., 1864,134,29
External links
La Création de l'Ecole de Pharmacie (in French)Académie Nationale de Pharmacie (in French)Portrait of Robiquet at The Ecole de Pharmacie, Salle des actes (in French)Fontainebleau streets denomination, origin (in French)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gobley, Theodore Nicolas
19th-century French chemists
French pharmacologists
Scientists from Paris
1811 births
1876 deaths