Theodone C. Hu (J. C. Hu, Dongchao Hu,
/ref> or Zhenting Hu) (1872–1957) was a Chinese civil engineer, librarian, and writer. He worked on many of the early railroads in China.
Birth and family background
Theodone C. Hu was born in 1872 in Huangpu town, Haizhu District
Haizhu District is one of 11 urban districts of the prefecture-level city of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, China.
Geography
Haizhu District is located in the southern part of Guangzhou city. After the adjustment of Guangzhou's ...
, Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
, Guangdong
Guangdong (, ), alternatively romanized as Canton or Kwangtung, is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of the South China Sea. The capital of the province is Guangzhou. With a population of 126.01 million (as of 2020) ...
, China.
In 1757, the Qing Dynasty
The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...
opened a harbor, the Ancient Huangpu Harbor, for international trading in this town. This harbor remained as the only international harbor in China until 1842.
Theodone Hu's father Jianchu Hu (胡建初) was the second son of Honggen Hu (胡宏根). Hu's uncle was Xuanze Hu(胡旋泽). (Hu's ancestors had moved from Chongan in Fujian
Fujian (; alternately romanized as Fukien or Hokkien) is a province on the southeastern coast of China. Fujian is bordered by Zhejiang to the north, Jiangxi to the west, Guangdong to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the east. Its cap ...
to Huanpu town during the Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fift ...
.) In the mid- to late 19th century, Xuanze Hu was renowned as a community leader in Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
, and therefore he was appointed as an overseas consul in Singapore. At the same time, Xuanze Hu was appointed as Consul of Russia and Japan in Singapore. He was made a baron by Australia and made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George by the British government. For all his success, Xuanze Hu was known simply as "Mister Huangpu" in Singapore. Streets and a school in Singapore are still named after Xuanze. Xuanze Hu also earned his respects and reputation in Singapore community by supporting garden developments, by his charity works, and by providing financial support for Raffles Girls' School
Raffles Girls' School (RGS) is an independent girls' secondary school located in Braddell, Singapore. Established in 1879, it is one of the oldest schools in Singapore. RGS, together with its affiliated school Raffles Institution, offers a six- ...
. Xuanze thought it important to develop education programs for women,
and this idea influenced Theodone's view of women.
Early years
Theodone Hu's father died when Hu was four years old. Thirteen years later, he went to Hong Kong and was raised by his uncle.[ He enrolled in ]Queen's College, Hong Kong
Queen's College () is a sixth form college for boys with a secondary school and the first public secondary school founded in Hong Kong by the British colonial government. It was initially named The Government Central School () in 1862 and l ...
when he turned 21 years old, in 1893.
Education
In 1897, Peiyang University
National Peiyang University (北洋大学堂), originally Imperial Tientsin University, was established in Tianjin in October 1895 by Sheng Xuanhuai, the official of the Tianjin Customs, with the approval of the Guangxu Emperor of Qing dynasty. I ...
, the first university in modern Chinese history, was founded in Tianjin
Tianjin (; ; Mandarin: ), alternately romanized as Tientsin (), is a municipality and a coastal metropolis in Northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the nine national central cities in Mainland China, with a total popu ...
. Theodone Hu passed the entrance exam in Hong Kong and studied in the university, where he earned his bachelor's degree in engineering.
Theodone Hu graduated from Peiyang University in 1901, when he was 29 years old. Then he received scholarship to further his education in the United States. He first enrolled in the University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Franci ...
and transferred in his fourth year (1904) to Cornell University
Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...
, where he majored in building railroad and bridges. He wrote the book ''Comparison of column bridges and nail bridges'' (《比较柱桥及钉桥之用》) and earned his master's degree in civil engineering. He also wrote the book ''Rail Road of China'' (《中国铁路指南》), which brought him to the attention of Chinese railway companies.
Return to China
After his graduation, Theodone Hu worked for the Bians Yun Lisiya Railway Company to practice railroad measurement, for the American Bridge Company to practice bridge building and design, and for Poluyun Mechanics to practice building locomotives and drawing the designs for the machine parts.
In 1906, Hu was invited by the governor of Sichuan
Sichuan (; zh, c=, labels=no, ; zh, p=Sìchuān; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan; formerly also referred to as "West China" or "Western China" by Protestant missions) is a province in Southwest China occupying most of the ...
, Liang Xi, to build railroads, and so he returned to China. His mother died on April 30, so he stayed in Huangpu town for three months.
On the way to Sichuan on July 15, his friend told him that he should go to Beijing and take the Annual National Faculty Exam. He did so, scoring in ninth place out of all test-takers and receiving the title of ''jinshi
''Jinshi'' () was the highest and final degree in the imperial examination in Imperial China. The examination was usually taken in the imperial capital in the palace, and was also called the Metropolitan Exam. Recipients are sometimes referr ...
'' from the emperor.
Hu arrived at Sichuan in September, when he received a telegram from home saying that his wife had died. In November, Hu was appointed as an engineer on the Chuan-Han railroad in Sichuan. He led a group of about 20 people (seven assistant engineers, two committee members, seven janissaries) to survey the routes from Chengdu
Chengdu (, ; simplified Chinese: 成都; pinyin: ''Chéngdū''; Sichuanese pronunciation: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: ), alternatively romanized as Chengtu, is a sub-provincial city which serves as the capital of the Chinese pro ...
in Chongqing. However, he quit in 1907 due to disagreements with the company. The Chuan-Han railway was not built until 1949. Hu's route for the Chengdu–Chongqing Railway
Chengdu–Chongqing railway or Chengyu railway (), is a single-track electrified railroad in the Sichuan Basin of Southwest China between the cities Chengdu and Chongqing. Chongqing's short form name is Yu (渝) and the railway is named after the ...
was eventually adopted and built in 1952.
Hu then left for Nagasaki in Japan, then for Vladivostok, and finally Sweden.
Under the Republic of China
From 1914 to 1917, Theodone Hu was appointed a member of the Nanjing Ningxiang Railway Project Board and later as the Director of Beijing Railway Department. He led the survey for many routes, including the Jiang–Zhe railway, Hai–Jing railway, Qing–Xu railway, and Hang–Yong railway. He also drew the Zhejiang Railway General Map.
In 1920, when Hu was 48 years old, he was appointed Project Head of the Yue–Han Railway Supervising Department and took a survey of the Chao-shan railway. In 1922, he was appointed as an engineer in Guangdong Construction Highway Department and took the survey of the road from Chaoguan to Pingshi.
From 1922 to 1927, Hu was worked as the Works Construction Section Chief. During this time, he designed and led the constructions of many roads in Guangzhou
Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong province in southern China. Located on the Pearl River about north-northwest of Hong Kon ...
. Most of the roads in his native Haizhu District were built under his supervision.
In 1932, when Hu was 60 years old, he was appointed head of the Guangjiu Railway Management Department in Guangdong.
In 1945, at the age of 73, Hu returned to his hometown, Huangpu. There he taught boxing in the local elementary school. He also worked on translating foreign books about railways, planning to publish them. In 1962, Hu's grandson Zhonghua Hu donated his manuscripts to the library in South China University of Technology
The South China University of Technology (SCUT; ) is a public university in Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. The university is co-sponsored by the China Ministry of Education and the Guangdong Provincial People's Government.
The university is a mul ...
. Hu also wrote a letter to Jianying Ye, the chairman of Guangdong, and proposed road construction programs in south China.
Under the People's Republic of China
From 1950, Hu worked in the Guangdong Cultural Relics Preservation Committee and fulfilled his "dream of becoming a librarian". In 1955, he went back to his hometown, where he died of illness in 1957.
Hu's home in Huangpu, called Dong Yuan, stands to this day.
References
External links
Dong Yuan, Hu's house
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hu, Theodone C.
1872 births
1957 deaths
Chinese civil engineers
Cornell University alumni
Engineers from Guangdong
Rail transport in China
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Writers from Guangzhou
Alumni of Queen's College, Hong Kong