''The Cremator'' ( cs, Spalovač mrtvol) is a 1969 Czechoslovak
dark comedy
Black comedy, also known as dark comedy, morbid humor, or gallows humor, is a style of comedy that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo, particularly subjects that are normally considered serious or painful to discus ...
horror film directed by
Juraj Herz
Juraj Herz (4 September 1934 – 8 April 2018) was a Czechoslovak film director, actor, and scene designer, associated with the Czechoslovak New Wave movement of the 1960s. He is best known for his 1969 horror/black comedy '' The Cremator'', of ...
, based on a novel by
Ladislav Fuks
Ladislav Fuks (September 24, 1923 in Prague – August 19, 1994 in Prague) was a Czech novelist. He focused mainly on psychological novels, portraying the despair and suffering of people under German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
Fuks was born in ...
. The screenplay was written by Herz and Fuks. The film was selected as the Czechoslovakian entry for the
Best Foreign Language Film
This is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow film awards, including those presented by various film, festivals, and people's awards.
Best Actor/Best Actress
*See Best Actor#Film awards, Best Actress#F ...
at the
42nd Academy Awards
The 42nd Academy Awards were presented April 7, 1970, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. For the second year in a row, there was no official host. Awards were presented by seventeen "Friends of Oscar": Bob Hope, Joh ...
, but was not accepted as a nominee. In 1972, it won the
Festival de Cine de Sitges
The Sitges Film Festival ( ca, Festival Internacional de Cinema Fantàstic de Catalunya, links=no) is an annual film festival held in Sitges, Spain, specialized in fantasy and horror films, of which it is considered one of the world's foremost i ...
Best Film award, where it also received awards for its star
Rudolf Hrušínský
Rudolf Hrušínský (17 October 1920 – 13 April 1994) was a Czech actor. He was one of the most popular Czech actors. Many of his movies such as ''The Good Soldier Švejk'', ''The Cremator'' or '' Capricious Summer'' are considered classics of ...
and cinematographer
Stanislav Milota.
The story is set in 1930s Prague, where the
cremator Karel Kopfrkingl lives and works. Kopfrkingl slowly devolves from an odd but relatively well-meaning cremator of the dead into a murderer of his family and mass murderer who proposes to run the ovens at
extermination camps due to the influence of the
Nazi party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...
and
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...
, as he believes his murders are "liberating" the souls of the deceased into a better life. The film is mostly made up of
monologues
In theatre, a monologue (from el, μονόλογος, from μόνος ''mónos'', "alone, solitary" and λόγος ''lógos'', "speech") is a speech presented by a single character, most often to express their thoughts aloud, though sometimes a ...
from Kopfrkingl that follow his descent into madness. Influenced by
German Expressionist film, it is often cited as an example of the
Czechoslovak New Wave
The Czechoslovak New Wave (also Czech New Wave) is a term used for the Czechoslovak filmmakers who started making movies in the 1960s. The directors commonly included are Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Ivan Passer, Pavel Juráček, Jiří Me ...
. The film was withdrawn from circulation in 1973 and not seen again until 1990, after the
collapse of the communist system in Czechoslovakia in 1989.
With a 90.2% score on the Czech and Slovak Movie Database as well as praise from movie critics, ''The Cremator'' is often considered to be one of the best movies ever made in Czechoslovakia. It has also gathered a prominent
cult following.
Plot
The movie takes place against the backdrop of the political radicalization of
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
during the 1930s, more specifically the demise of the golden era of the
First Czechoslovak Republic
The First Czechoslovak Republic ( cs, První československá republika, sk, Prvá česko-slovenská republika), often colloquially referred to as the First Republic ( cs, První republika, Slovak: ''Prvá republika''), was the first Czechoslo ...
and the installation of the
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; cs, Protektorát Čechy a Morava; its territory was called by the Nazis ("the rest of Czechia"). was a partially annexed territory of Nazi Germany established on 16 March 1939 following the German oc ...
under
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
in 1939. Spiritually, the movie takes place in the aftermath of the death of
Thubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, in 1933.
Karel Kopfrkingl works at a crematorium (his beloved "Temple of Death") in Prague. While taking his wife and children to visit the zoo to visit the leopard's cage where he first met his wife 17 years previously, he mentions that he wishes to invite his new assistant Mr. Strauss to a gathering.
The gathering has many elderly people and people interested in funeral preparations. An "abstinent", Kopfrkingl wants no alcohol on the premises; only tea and "weak coffee" are to be served. He also puts out the cigar of a smoker. Kopfrkingl meets Strauss and tells him that he wants to take him on as an agent. Karel's wife Lakme compliments Strauss as being a good businessman and a Jew. Karel retorts that Strauss is a German surname but Lakme says names are not always what they appear. She says that her real name is Maria and that he only calls her
Lakmé
''Lakmé'' is an opera in three acts by Léo Delibes to a French libretto by Edmond Gondinet and Philippe Gille.
The score, written from 1881 to 1882, was first performed on 14 April 1883 by the Opéra-Comique at the (second) Salle Favart in ...
because of the opera; she reminds him that although he prefers the name Roman, his real name is Karel. Kopfrkingl just laughs and says that he is a "romantic". Kopfrkingl delivers a speech to them about the importance of cremation and the
reincarnation
Reincarnation, also known as rebirth or transmigration, is the philosophical or religious concept that the non-physical essence of a living being begins a new life in a different physical form or body after biological death. Resurrection is ...
that awaits them. It is clear that he is obsessed with his duties and believes he is not just cremating the dead, but liberating the souls of the departed. Kopfrkingl gives a speech to the guests and reads excerpts from a book about Tibetan mysticism by
David-Neel. This is his prized possession, one he frequently quotes from throughout the film (usually before committing murders).
At this gathering, Kopfrkingl meets Reinke, a former soldier who fought with him in the
Austro-Hungarian army during WWI and who now works as a chemical engineer. Reinke is a supporter of
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...
who sees the
annexation of Austria
The (, or , ), also known as the (, en, Annexation of Austria), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into the German Reich on 13 March 1938.
The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a " Greater Germany ...
as liberation from unemployment and misery. He will introduce Kopfrkingl to the Nazi party. While browsing paintings, Karel notices a portrait of Hitler and is smitten with his "noble face". He settles on a painting of
Emiliano Chamorro Vargas
Emiliano Chamorro Vargas (11 May 1871 – 26 February 1966) was a Nicaraguan military figure and politician who served as President of Nicaragua from 1 January 1917 to 1 January 1921, and again as interim president from 14 March to 11 November 192 ...
that he brings home to his wife, claiming it is actually of
Louis Marin. Reinke comes over to Kopfrkingl's house and describes in greater detail his support of Hitler and the good things the Nazis have done in Austria. He gives Kopfrkingl a flyer about joining the party, but Karel remains uncertain. He tells Reinke that he has been raised Czech, reads Czech and lives as a Czech, and that he has only "a drop of German blood". Reinke tells him that sensitive people like him can feel even just that one "drop".
Kopfrkingl shows the new assistant Mr. Dvorak the ropes at the crematorium. When discussing the crisis in
Sudetenland Karel says he is not worried because he has "a drop of German blood". He asks a coworker he is smitten with to go on the tour of the facility with them but she refuses. Kopfrkingl shows Dvorak the
catafalque
A catafalque is a raised bier, box, or similar platform, often movable, that is used to support the casket, coffin, or body of a dead person during a Christian funeral or memorial service. Following a Roman Catholic Requiem Mass, a catafalque ...
and the coffin room. Dvorak bumps into a metal rod standing against the wall and Karel snaps at him not to throw it away because it could be very useful to them later. He also shows Dvorak a room filled with urns, all of which are filled with human ashes. Kopfrkingl is proud that he has "liberated" these people from the terrible sufferings of their life and sent them on to be reincarnated. Despite claiming to be moral and abstinent, Kopfrkingl sexually harasses the coworker he likes, visits a
brothel run by "Mrs. Iris" (comically, the prostitute he chooses, named "Dagmar", is played by Vlasta Chramostová, the same actress who plays his wife) and drinks (though he assures his compatriots that it is only a "ceremonial glass"). He also has qualms about Mr. Dvorak's frequent smoking.
Karel takes his wife and children on visits to a carnival (in particular a wax museum displaying gruesome murders, severed heads and body parts) and to a boxing match, but it remains clear that he is aloof and cut off from them. At a Christmas Eve dinner, Karel openly mentions his new-found respect for the Nazi party and the
Third Reich
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
, which begins to worry his wife. On Reinke's orders, Kopfrkingl spies on a Jewish ceremony and makes a report at the Nazi-owned casino. Reinke thanks him for his work but warns him that his wife is possibly Jewish due to her having prepared a Jewish-style
carp dinner for them on Christmas Eve and having hid an invitation from Reinke. He tells Karel that it will be impossible for him to get better positions within the party if he remains married to her.
Kopfrkingl, now under the sway of Reinke and his disturbed Buddhist beliefs, hangs his wife from a noose. He sees visions of himself as an Asian monk assuring himself that he is doing the right thing by "liberating" his victims and that he will be rewarded by becoming the next
Dalai Lama
Dalai Lama (, ; ) is a title given by the Tibetan people to the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school of Tibetan Buddhism, the newest and most dominant of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and current D ...
. The vision says he must prepare to journey to the eternal Fatherland in the Himalayas. Kopfrkingl delivers a eulogy for his wife, but it quickly descends into a Hitler-influenced mania about the importance of death in the new world order that the Führer is creating. Most of his former friends leave, but Reinke and his Nazi comrades are overjoyed and give him the Nazi salute.
Karel visits a brothel with his friend Reinke. They talk to each other about Karel's son Mili. Karel says he is worried by how effeminate and weak he has become and that his mother's coddling has done this. Reinke tells Karel that quarter Jews will not be allowed to go to school or pursue careers in the Third Reich, so it is best to be rid of him. Karel then takes Mili on a trip to see the crematorium, taking a "scenic" shortcut through the graveyard. In the crematorium's basement, Karel kills his son with a metal rod in the belief that he is "liberating his soul". He puts his son in a coffin with a dead German soldier that will not be open for viewing and that will go straight into the oven. The vision reappears and tells him that he is the reincarnated
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.
According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in L ...
. He tells the vision that he will ascend the Tibetan throne in
Lhasa
Lhasa (; Lhasa dialect: ; bo, text=ལྷ་ས, translation=Place of Gods) is the urban center of the prefecture-level Lhasa City and the administrative capital of Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China. The inner urban area of Lhas ...
but only after he first liberates his Jewish daughter.
A Nazi leader tells Karel about the use of gas chambers, which he very much approves of. He sees it as a faster way to liberate more people than his crematorium, which only burns one coffin at a time. Overjoyed, he experiences mania but the Nazi minister tells him to calm down and remember to keep the Nazi plan secret. He takes his daughter to the basement of his crematorium and attempts to murder her with the iron rod, but she gets away when he has another vision of himself as a Buddhist monk. The monk tells him the time has come for him to rule the throne as the next Dalai Lama and that the people of the world beckon for his wise guidance. The crematorium briefly appears as a Tibetan monastery and the monk throws open the gates to reveal the Nazi commanders parked outside. He tells them that his quarter Jewish daughter was about to be liberated but unfortunately got away, and they state that he need not worry as they will eliminate his daughter for him. In the final scene of the film, Karel is driven away to run death camps with the female personification of
death
Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain ...
chasing after the car in the rain. He states "I shall save them all. The whole world". The closing shot is of the
Potala Palace
The Potala Palace is a ''dzong'' fortress in Lhasa, Tibet. It was the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas from 1649 to 1959, has been a museum since then, and a World Heritage Site since 1994.
The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythic ...
in Tibet.
Cast
*
Rudolf Hrušínský
Rudolf Hrušínský (17 October 1920 – 13 April 1994) was a Czech actor. He was one of the most popular Czech actors. Many of his movies such as ''The Good Soldier Švejk'', ''The Cremator'' or '' Capricious Summer'' are considered classics of ...
as Karel Kopfrkingl/ Tibetan envoy
*
Vlasta Chramostová
Vlasta Chramostová (17 November 1926 – 6 October 2019) was a Czech film actress. She appeared in 35 films since 1950. She starred in the 1950 film '' The Trap'' which was entered into the 1951 Cannes Film Festival.
A signatory of Charter 77, ...
as Lakmé; Dagmar
* Jana Stehnová as Zina
* Miloš Vognič as Mili
* Zora Božinová as Erna Reinkeová
* Ilja Prachař as Walter Reinke
*
Eduard Kohout
František Eduard Kohout (6 March 1889 – 25 October 1976) was a Czech stage, film actor and television actor.Mitchell p.57
Selected filmography
* ''Battalion'' (1937)
* '' The Magic House'' (1939)
* '' Nocturnal Butterfly'' (1941)
* '' Happy Jou ...
as Bettleheim
*
Míla Myslíková
Bohumila "Míla" Myslíková (14 February 1933 – 11 February 2005) was a Czech actress. She appeared in over 90 films and television shows between 1954 and 1993. She starred in the 1974 film '' Kdo hledá zlaté dno'', which was entered i ...
as woman in hat
*
Vladimír Menšík
Vladimír Menšík (9 October 1929 – 29 May 1988) was a popular Czech actor and entertainer, born in Ivančice, Moravia, Czechoslovakia.
Both comedian and serious actor, he created a wide range of lively fictional character, characters. He st ...
as husband of woman in hat
*
Jiří Menzel as Dvořák
* Jiří Lír as Strauss
* Helena Anýzová as Death/ woman at cremation speech/ wax figure/ prostitute/ boxing match spectator
* Jindrich Narenta as Nazi friend of Reinke
* Marie Rosulková as elderly woman who demands a dessert
* Dimitri Rafalsky as Mr. Fenek (dubbed in Czech by
Josef Kemr
Josef Kemr (20 June 1922 – 15 January 1995) was a Czech actor. He starred in the 1969/1970 film ''Witchhammer'' under director Otakar Vávra.
Selected filmography
*'' Lízin let do nebe'' (1937) - Jula Plichta
*''Škola základ života'' ( ...
)
* Ruzena Vlcková as Anezka
* Oldrich Vízner as Kaja
* Václav Štekl as musician/ boxing referee/ wax museum showman
*
Nataša Gollová
Nataša Gollová (27 February 1912 – 29 October 1988) was a Czechoslovak film and stage actress.
Life
She was born Nataša Hodáčová in Brno on 27 February 1912. Her father was a politician František Xaver Hodáč. She chose her art na ...
as Mrs. Iris
* Jiří Hálek as Mr. Holý
* Jiří Kaftan as murderer in the wax museum
*
Jan Kraus as Vojtech Prachar
Production
''The Cremator'' was director Juraj Herz's second feature film. The film is based on a novel by
Ladislav Fuks
Ladislav Fuks (September 24, 1923 in Prague – August 19, 1994 in Prague) was a Czech novelist. He focused mainly on psychological novels, portraying the despair and suffering of people under German occupation of Czechoslovakia.
Fuks was born in ...
''Spalovač mrtvol'' (). The main character is played by Rudolf Hrušínský, an actor previously known for his comedic main role as the soldier Josef Švejk in ''Dobrý voják Švejk'' and ''Poslušně hlásím''.
The director Juraj Herz wrote the script first and then shot the film exactly by the script. He was very pleased with the original script and mentioned that he had left extra space for empty pages in the back of the book for anything else that might come to mind, but those pages were never used.
There were multiple shooting locations for this film. Kopfrkingl's "Temple of Death" was shot at three different crematoriums. The first one was a crematorium in
Prague
Prague ( ; cs, Praha ; german: Prag, ; la, Praga) is the capital and List of cities in the Czech Republic, largest city in the Czech Republic, and the historical capital of Bohemia. On the Vltava river, Prague is home to about 1.3 milli ...
in which Mr. Dvorak's suicide, the murder of Mili and the attempted murder of Zina were shot. The actors were well-prepared for these scenes and always ended on time at 3 PM because they did not want to be around the coffins with dead bodies inside. Filming took place during July and August in the middle of the summer heat and the bodies were starting to smell. The second shooting location was an urn grave in
Plzeň. The third shooting location was a crematorium in
Pardubice that was chosen by the film's set designer. This building was built in a
Cubist
Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music, literature and architecture. In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassemble ...
style and makes up all of the exterior shots of the crematorium. The eulogy for Lakme and the subsequent Hitler-style rant delivered by Kopfrkingl on the importance of death were also filmed here. The tour Kopfrkingl gives to Mr. Dvorak (
Jiri Menzel) of the ovens was shot near the ovens in the back of this crematorium. The director Juraj Herz set up two
torches
A torch is a stick with combustible material at one end, which is ignited and used as a light source. Torches have been used throughout history, and are still used in processions, symbolic and religious events, and in juggling entertainment. In ...
outside the main entrance that were used in the film (referred to as "Spartan torches" in the film by Kopfrkingl). The building retains these torches to this day even though they were set up for the film. The crematorium in Pardubice was declared a ''National Cultural Monument'' by the Czech government due to its appearance in this film and impact on Czech culture. These shooting locations and description of the actor's feelings while behind the scenes can be heard described by Juraj Herz himself in the documentary ''This Way to the Cooling Chambers'' which he made for the German release of ''The Cremator''.
None of the actors had much trouble shooting in the crematoriums besides Jiri Menzel. Vlasta Chramostová would rehearse each scene to herself to prepare while Hrušínský just wanted the first shot. Hrušínský did not like to prepare at all for his roles; he preferred to do all the acting on the stage and screen. This acting method probably originated from his stage origins.
Olga Dimitrovová was responsible for the costume design while Frantisek Straka designed the sets and chose the crematoriums to use.
Herz and the story's author Ladislav Fuks shared a love of the macabre and gallows humor but Herz did not like how dialogue heavy ''The Cremator'' was and initially thought it was uncinematic. Herz thought the title alone was interesting enough for its own movie but didn't like the long monologues.
Music composer Zdenek Liska bet a box of champagne to the cameraman Stanislav Milota that the film would not be successful or stick to the script. Liska was forced to buy Milota the wine after it was completed.
This is the only film on which actress Vlasta Chramostová collaborated with her husband Stanislav Milota. She recalls that when the film began to be shot in the relaxed pre-August atmosphere of 1968, no one would have guessed that it would become an award-winning cult film. After the shoot and the premiere, the film was banned by the Socialist government. She recalled a humorous story where her husband Stanislav Milota (film cinematographer) prophetically answered her question about how they want to shoot the scene with Kopfrkingl hanging her from the noose in the bathroom. Stanislav Milota replied with sarcasm worthy of Kopfrkingl: "Like it's your last shot." He had no idea what truth he had just prophesied as Vlasta Chramostová was not allowed to act after August 1968 and Stanislav Milota also ended his career in Czech film.
Differences from the novel
The film keeps most of the novel's dialogue word for word but some of the context is changed and scenes are in different order. Some notable differences are also apparent. In the movie, Kopfrking is invited to the Jewish celebration by Dr. Bettelheim while in the novel he goes disguised as a
beggar
Begging (also panhandling) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is called a beggar or panhandler. Beggars may operate in public plac ...
. The scene at the observatory where Kopfrkingl points out all the new buildings in Prague and their uses to the new regime, is also absent. In the book, the showman at the wax museum is a Greek woman but in the film, it is a slightly pudgy man with a bowtie. This was likely done to give Václav Stekl another role as Herz wanted some actors to play multiple roles. Most importantly, the novel ends with Kopfrkingl being taken away to a lunatic asylum by "angels in white" (security guards) while in the movie, the ending is much bleaker with Kopfrkingl being driven away to run the death camps.
Influences
The director Juraj Herz was allowed to see many western films before making this one, especially those by
Alfred Hitchcock,
Victor Sjöström
Victor David Sjöström (; 20 September 1879 – 3 January 1960), also known in the United States as Victor Seastrom, was a pioneering Swedish film director, screenwriter, and actor. He began his career in Sweden, before moving to Hollywood in ...
,
Ingmar Bergman and also
Luis Buñuel
Luis Buñuel Portolés (; 22 February 1900 – 29 July 1983) was a Spanish-Mexican filmmaker who worked in France, Mexico, and Spain. He has been widely considered by many film critics, historians, and directors to be one of the greatest and ...
. It is possible to see the influence of these directors in the film but Herz firmly denied he copied them but only enjoyed watching them.
Herz enjoyed watching genre films and horror films himself even though at that time it was looked down upon. He liked genre films because he saw them as easier opportunities to include macabre imagery and eroticism which he liked. These would be hard to incorporate into drama films.
Jan Švankmajer
Jan Švankmajer (; born 4 September 1934) is a Czech filmmaker and artist whose work spans several media. He is a self-labeled surrealist known for his stop-motion animations and features, which have greatly influenced other artists such as Ter ...
's influence is also seen in the first scene at the zoo. Some of the shots are also influenced by
Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and lite ...
. Herz shared many similarities with Švankmajer including the use of a serialist style. They both influenced each other. The film makes good use of serialist techniques and acting methods. Herz cast actors in different, contradictory roles within the film in order to confuse. For example, the actress who plays Kopfrkingl's pure wife Maria/ Lakme also plays the prostitute Dagmar in the scene in Mrs. Iris's brothel. The intention of this device was to confuse and make the film off-putting. Juraj Herz uses it in other films too.
Lost ending
The original ending of this film was deleted in post-production and is assumed lost. In the scene, two of the former crematorium employees are chatting at a coffee shop while Soviet tanks roll by. Two female employees are discussing Mr. Kopfrkingl and how he was a nice man and always practiced abstinence. They wonder what happened to him. The next shot is then of a building blowing up and depressed faces reflected in the shards of glass among the rubble. Then Kopfrkingl's face is seen again in the middle of a crowd, gleefully smiling. This scene was removed by the studio director possibly due to being too critical of the post-68 Soviet backed government. The director Juraj Herz believes the negatives of this scene were burned and are now lost forever. The intention of this scene was to show that conformists exist all the time, no matter the ideology.
Themes
The movie and story are about the rise of Nazism and collaboration among Czechs during World War II. The Nazi ideology caused many German-descended Czech citizens to side with the Nazis during occupation. Early in the film, while at a store to buy a painting, Kopfrkingl spots one of Adolf Hitler and says he has a "noble face". Kopfrkingl's hair is also cut and parted in a similar fashion to Hitler's. The Jewish children Mili and Zina are introduced playing around in the animal cages at the zoo. Kopfrkingl responds by telling his children to get out and that "cages are for dumb animals". At the funeral for his wife, Kopfrkingl delivers a Hitler style oration from a podium that resembles Hitler's in
Triumph of the Will
''Triumph of the Will'' (german: Triumph des Willens) is a 1935 German Nazi propaganda film directed, produced, edited and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl. Adolf Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer; his n ...
. The speech gradually descends into mania with many of his wife's friends and relatives leaving while Kopfrkingl states the importance of death in "the Fuhrer's happy new Europe". This gets him a Roman salute and "Heil" from his Nazi compatriots. Even the visions he receives while Buddhist in nature use Nazi style rhetoric. The monk says Kopfrkingl must ascend the throne of "the beloved
Fatherland
A homeland is a place where a cultural, national, or racial identity has formed. The definition can also mean simply one's country of birth. When used as a proper noun, the Homeland, as well as its equivalents in other languages, often has ethn ...
Tibet" and rule it with his noble guidance and that the world is waiting to be "liberated". Kopfrkingl kills his own family, the ones who should be dearest to him, in the name of the Nazi ideology and his deluded visions of what constitutes a "paradise on Earth".
In keeping with the ideological expectations of the Socialist era, Kopfrkingl is middle class while the innocent victims are working class employees at his crematorium. They are named after small, harmless animals to denote this, Beran (Lamb), Liska (fox), Vrana (Crow), Zajic (hare), Pelikan (Pelican), Danek (deer), Fenek (desert fox), Veverka (squirrel), Vlk (wolf), Piskor (weather loach), sykora (great tit), Srnec (Roebuck).
Interestingly, though the Nazis and the Third Reich government feature so heavily in this film and are the main focus they are never referred to by their actual name the
NSDAP
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...
, just as "the party". The leaflets the Nazis use in this film are also modelled after the ones the Communist party in Czechoslovakia used at the time. The film can be read as a commentary on the politics of the Czechoslovakians at the time.
Though she never speaks,
Death
Death is the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain an organism. For organisms with a brain, death can also be defined as the irreversible cessation of functioning of the whole brain, including brainstem, and brain ...
is also a character in this movie portrayed by Helena Anýzová. She appears in the background in scenes that relate to death in some way or where Kopfrkingl is grappling with his
conscience. His reactions to her are always negative. She is a spectator at Kopfrkingl's speech about the importance of cremation, in the background in the painting store, a figure in the wax museum, a prostitute at Mrs. Iris's, and in the crowd at the boxing match that turns violent. She is also seen when the Gestapo come to arrest Mr. Strauss, Mr. Fenek and others at the Crematorium, immediately before and after Kopfrkingl murders his family and chasing after his car at the very end of the film while he is on his way to the extermination camps. Whenever Kopfrkingl sees Anýzová's character he gets angry as if he realizes his actions are cruel and will result in pain and torment but he must suppress it.
The propaganda of the Nazis and the reality of their horrors are portrayed by Kopfrkingl's "abstinence". Throughout the film Kopfrkingl loudly professes his abstinence to alcohol and devotion to his wife when in reality, he visits prostitutes at a brothel, sexually harasses a female coworker at the morgue and drinks quite a bit. He downplays his drinking by stating they are only "ceremonial glasses". He also gripes constantly about Mr. Dvorak's smoking when this character is only seen smoking briefly a couple times. His opening monologue at the zoo also mentions how much he loves his family and will do anything for them when the entire film is about him murdering them. Kopfrkingl's inner ferocious and bloodthirsty nature is portrayed from this very first scene at the zoo. He discusses how he met his wife at the leopard's cage and closeups of his Hitler style hair are intercut with shots of the leopard moving around in its cage. His wife and children are shown in a more sympathetic manner with the children goofing around with smiles on their face in the cages.
The film relies heavily on
black comedy
Black comedy, also known as dark comedy, morbid humor, or gallows humor, is a style of comedy that makes light of subject matter that is generally considered taboo, particularly subjects that are normally considered serious or painful to discu ...
revolving around death and cremation. Herz noted that he tried to distill the frightening scenes with humor, because it lightens the horror. Humor was also a way to keep it from being censored by the Czechoslovakian government. The director intentionally combined horror with humor.
Míla Myslíková and Vladimír Menšík add a humorous touch to this film through their comedic side characters. Myslikova plays a ditzy, airheaded woman who cluelessly stumbles around into the actions of the main cast while Mensik plays her hair-trigger husband with a ferocious temper who is constantly berating her for being so clueless. These characters serve as a sort of
Greek chorus
A Greek chorus, or simply chorus ( grc-gre, χορός, chorós), in the context of ancient Greek tragedy, comedy, satyr plays, and modern works inspired by them, is a homogeneous, non-individualised group of performers, who comment with a collect ...
to comment on the main cast's actions. In Mensik's very last appearance he is looking for his wife who was last with him at the cemetery. He off-handedly mentions he saw Kopfrkingl with Mili before Mili disappeared. This makes Zina a bit suspicious but she continues with Karel anyhow, while in the next scene Karel attempts to murder her.
Cinematography
The film was shot in
black and white even though the director Juraj Herz wanted it to be in color. Herz initially planned the film to be in color but with all the clothing and sets in very dark, macabre colors such as black and grey. The only bright colors would have been the skin tone of the cast and the red of the blood in the murder scenes. This plan fell through though because Stanislav Milota thought it was a bad idea that would not work. He would not work with Herz if the film were in color so Herz chose black and white. The film was shot without sound and all the dialogue and music was added with
post-synchronization in post-production. Stanislav Milota shot the film with wide lenses so that small rooms filled with coffins would seem much larger. Stanislav Milota used unusual camera tricks and lenses that were not common before while making this film. He used the
fisheye lens
A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens. Instead of p ...
to distort Rudolf Hrušínský and make his appearance seem more grotesque (also funnily enough the credits to this film feature a literal "fish eye"). The fisheye lens wasn't widely available in Czechoslovakia so Milota had to go to France to acquire one. The fisheye lens combined with closeups to Kopfrkingl make his face very elongated and creepy at points like when Kopfrkingl makes sexual advances on a female coworker at the morgue before another employee stops him. Herz thought the fisheye lens was overused in this film though many film critics are pleased with the final product.
Jaromír Janáček's editing is also fast and erratic paralleling Kopfrkingl's delicate mental state. Grotesque shots of dead bodies with syphilis and paintings of nude women are spliced into the middle of conversations at odd points to disorient the viewer and make them feel uncomfortable. Sartre's novel
The Reprieve
''The Reprieve'' (french: Le sursis) is a 1945 novel by French author Jean-Paul Sartre.
It is the second part in the trilogy ''The Roads to Freedom''. It concerns life in France during the eight days before the signing of the Munich Agreement an ...
also served as an inspiration for the editing, particularly the scene where Reinke has Kopfrkingl spy on the Jewish ceremony. In Sartre's book, two characters talk to one another though only later do you find out they are miles apart in different countries. This effect is used in the film where the Jewish singing at the ceremony and Kopfrkingl's expression is halted by Reinke whispering evil things about the Jews in his ear and prodding him to confess that they are agitating against the Germans. This effect is also used when Kopfrkingl gives a present to his favorite prostitute and then stands on a chair which then leads to him hanging a picture on his wife's bedroom wall, when he is looking at pictures of prostitutes and then turns around to serve Christmas Eve dinner and several other times throughout the film. Several times you also are led to believe Kopfrkingl is talking to someone and then the camera pans back to reveal it is actually someone else.
This editing style is used to very humorous effect in one morbid scene, in which Kopfrkingl asks Mr. Dvorak his opinion about suicide (the character commits the act later in the film). Mr. Dvorak meekly turns around and responds "I want out." The camera then pans to reveal he means he wants to work in the furnace room and "out" of the job in the coffin room at the other end of the building.
Karel Kopfrkingl himself seems to have a bit of an obsession with
photography
Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employe ...
and paintings. He says "a photograph eternally preserves the present moment" after having a picture taken of his family and his children's friends. In a very early scene, he is at a painting shop looking for a painting for his wife. His home is decorated with dozens of photos and paintings (some of which appear as naked women in his imagination, both in his home and at the painting store). At one point, he is given pictures by Reinke of blonde prostitutes the Nazis hire and he is sure to thoroughly examine each one. Before attempting to kill his daughter Zina he meets her boyfriend Kaja in the street and asks him to take a photo to preserve the present moment as it is though he doesn't have a camera on him and is unable to.
The monologue that Kopfrkingl delivers toward the end of the film on the death camps and the process of reincarnation is visually punctuated with frantic closeups of the paintings of
Hieronymus Bosch
Hieronymus Bosch (, ; born Jheronimus van Aken ; – 9 August 1516) was a Dutch/ Netherlandish painter from Brabant. He is one of the most notable representatives of the Early Netherlandish painting school. His work, generally oil on o ...
. He is standing of the Right panel of Hieronymus Bosch's ''
The Garden of Earthly Delights
''The Garden of Earthly Delights'' is the modern title given to a triptych oil painting on oak panel painted by the Early Netherlandish master Hieronymus Bosch, between 1490 and 1510, when Bosch was between 40 and 60 years old. It has b ...
''. As the speech becomes more frantic, what follows next is a montage of other Bosch paintings including; ''
Christ Carrying the Cross
Christ Carrying the Cross on his way to his crucifixion is an episode included in the Gospel of John, and a very common subject in art, especially in the fourteen Stations of the Cross, sets of which are now found in almost all Roman Catholi ...
'', ''
Ascent of the Blessed
''Ascent of the Blessed'' is a Hieronymus Bosch painting made between 1505 and 1515.
It is located in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, Italy. This painting is part of a polyptych of four panels entitled ''Visions of the Hereafter''. The oth ...
'' and ''
The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things''. These paintings depict the grotesque processes of death and ascension into the afterlife. These paintings visually accentuate Kopfrkingl's deteriorating mind and his obsession with death and the afterlife as he descends into madness.
Score
The score was composed by Zdenek Liska. Before production, Liska asked Herz what type of film it would be, would it be scary or pretty? Juraj Herz replied to him "There's already enough in this film that's scary. Go for melodious and lovely." Kopfrkingl is a dilettante that is obsessed with classical composers such as Strauss, Dvorak, Saint-Saens and Mahler. The score reflects this by being a beautiful waltz. Kopfrkingl plays it on the radio several times throughout the film, both at family gatherings but also before committing his murders. His daughter Zina also practices the tune on the piano in an early scene. The score also uses many traditional asian instruments and music such as
gongs
A gongFrom Indonesian and ms, gong; jv, ꦒꦺꦴꦁ ; zh, c=鑼, p=luó; ja, , dora; km, គង ; th, ฆ้อง ; vi, cồng chiêng; as, কাঁহ is a percussion instrument originating in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Gongs ...
, bells and chanting whenever the vision of the Tibetan monk appears to Kopfrkingl and also when he is describing in detail the process of reincarnation for the Nazi leader. In the final scene at the coffin room where Kopfrkingl attempts to murder his daughter, the European waltz is playing but asian motifs such as the gongs and bells are added when the vision appears to him. The gongs and bells blend with the waltz. This makes the film truly unique as nothing like it had ever been done before at the time. Mixing European waltzes with traditional asian motifs was unheard of in film scores.
Besides using traditional asian instruments, the film's score is unique in other ways. Everyday tools are part of the music. When Kopfrkingl kills his son and puts him in the coffin the waltz plays. He hammers the nails into the coffin and this hammering rhythmically becomes part of the waltz and leads into the Tibetan bell motif and chanting in the next scene (the hammering and the bells are the exact same rhythm and tempo).
Release
Home media
The film was released on
DVD
The DVD (common abbreviation for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was invented and developed in 1995 and first released on November 1, 1996, in Japan. The medium can store any kind ...
by Second Run on April 10, 2006. It was later re-released on DVD by
Dark Sky Films
MPI Media Group is an American producer, distributor and licensor of theatrical film and home entertainment. MPI's subsidiaries include MPI Pictures, MPI Home Video, Gorgon Video, and the horror film distributor Dark Sky Films. The company is lo ...
on March 31, 2009. A new 4K transfer was released by the
Criterion Collection on April 21, 2020.
It is spine #1023.
Reception
Jason Pirodsky of ''The Prague Reporter'' praised the film, writing, "''Spalovač mrtvol'' is a masterpiece of atmosphere, conveying the horror of the Holocaust through style rather than story; stark black & white cinematography by Stanislav Milota is a real standout, while unusual rapid-fire editing by Jaromír Janáček helps to keeps the viewer off balance."
Adam Schofield, writing in ''A Black Pearl of the Deep: Juraj Herz's The Cremator'' stated that audiences unfamiliar with Eastern Europe's political past could "surely enjoy it as a work of black comedy or psychological horror" as it was an "ingeniously orchestrated film, full of complexities, and capable of giving the horror genre a better name." Herz commented that the film's reaction were different in every country, noting that "In Prague, people were depressed; in Slovakia, they laughed; in the Netherlands, it was a comedy from the beginning to the end."
TV Guide
TV Guide is an American digital media company that provides television program listings information as well as entertainment and television-related news.
The company sold its print magazine division, TV Guide Magazine LLC, in 2008.
Corpora ...
awarded the film 3/5 stars, stating that "Hrusinsky's scary performance highlights this morbid, darkly funny work."
''The Cremator'' was screened at the Sorrento Film Festival in 1969 and the
Sitges Film Festival in 1972. It continues to be screened at film festivals around the globe even today, most recently at the
Zagreb Film Festival
Zagreb Film Festival (ZFF) is an annual film festival held since 2003 in Zagreb, Croatia. Focusing on promoting young and upcoming filmmaker, the festival is widely considered to be one of the most important and influential cultural events in Croa ...
in 2015, the
Washington Jewish Film Festival
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered on ...
in 2016, and the Athens International Film Festival, the
Mumbai Film Festival
The Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI) is a public trust that organises the annual international film festival in Mumbai famously known as the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival. Actor, producer and author Priyanka Chopra Jonas is the Chairperson ...
, and the
Karlovy Vary Film Festival
The Karlovy Vary International Film Festival ( cs, Mezinárodní filmový festival Karlovy Vary) is a film festival held annually in July in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. The Karlovy Vary Festival is one of the oldest in the world and has become ...
in 2019.
See also
*
*
References
Sources
*
External links
*
*
*
*
''The Cremator: “No One Will Suffer”''an essay by Jonathan Owen at the
Criterion Collection
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cremator, The
1969 films
1969 horror films
1969 comedy-drama films
Czech comedy horror films
1960s Czech-language films
Czechoslovak black-and-white films
Films set in Prague
Films directed by Juraj Herz
Films about murderers
Holocaust films
Buddhism in fiction
Fictional Buddhist monks
Films set in 1939
Films set in 1940
Czechoslovak drama films
Films based on short fiction
Czech satirical films
1960s satirical films
Czech political films
Films about Nazism
Films based on horror novels
Fiction with unreliable narrators
Czech World War II films
Czechoslovak World War II films
Czech psychological drama films