Textual Variants In The Primary Chronicle

Textual variants in the ''Primary Chronicle'' manuscripts of the Kievan Rus' arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to the text that is being reproduced. Textual criticism (or textology) of the ''Primary Chronicle'' or ''Tale of Bygone Years'' ( orv, Повѣсть времѧньныхъ лѣтъ, translit=Pověstĭ vremęnĭnyxŭ lětŭ, commonly abbreviated PVL) has included study of its textual variants.

Legend

Frequently used sigla (scribal symbols and abbreviations) of ''Primary Chronicle'' manuscripts and editions include:
}
uk, Академічний літопис, Akademichnyj litópys
, -
, '' Hypatian Codex''
, H
, Ipa
Ipat
, И
, russian: Ипатьевская летопись, translit=Ipat'evskaya letopis'
uk, Іпатіївський літопис, Ipátijivśkyj litópys
, -
, ''Khlebnikov Codex''
''Xlebnikov Codex''
, Kh
X
, Xle
, Х
, russian: Хлебниковский список, Hlebnikovskij spisok
uk, Хлєбниковський список, Khljebnykovśkyj spysok
, -
, '' Laurentian Codex''
, L
, Lav
, Л
, russian: Лаврентьевский список, Lavrent'evskij spisok
uk, Лаврентіївський список, Lavrentijivśkyj spysok
, -
, '' Radziwiłł Chronicle''
, R
, Rad
, Р
, russian: Радзивилловская летопись, Radzivillovskaya letopis'
uk, Радзивіллівський літопис, Radzyvíllivśkyj litópys
, -
, ''Trinity Chronicle''
, TL
, Tro
, Т
, russian: Троицкая летопись, Troitskaya letopis'
uk, Троїцький літопис, Trojitśkyj litópys

}
uk, Новгородський перший літопис, Novhorodśkyj pershyj litópys
, - valign="top"
, Synod Scroll
Older Redaction
,
,
, НПЛст
, russian: Синодальный список, Sinodálʹnyy spispok
russian: Старший извод, Starshij izvod
, -
, '' Novgorod First Chronicle of''
''the Younger Redaction''
, NPLml
,
, НПЛмл
, russian: Новгородская первая летопись Младшего Извода, Novgoródskaya pérvaya létopis' Mladshego Izvoda
, -
, Commission Scroll
, K
, Kom
, К
, ''Kommissionyi''
, -
, Academy Scroll
, Ak
, NAca
, Н А к
, ''Akademichenskyi''
, -
, Tolstoi Scroll
, T
, Tol
Tols
, Тол
, ''Tolstovoi''

; Critical editions
* '' Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles'': PSRL
* Aleksey Shakhmatov: Šax
* A. F. Bychkov 1872: Byč
* Dmitry Likhachev: Lix
* Donald Ostrowski et al. ''Paradosis'' (2003, digitised 2014): α
* L. Müller (2001) critical modern German translation

List

''Note: Unlike the chapters and verses of the Bible used in biblical studies, textual criticism of the Primary Chronicle (PVL) employs notation by page and line. For example, a notation such as "3.2" refers to the "third (3rd) page, second (2nd) line".''

0

0.1
: orv, Се повѣсти времѧньных лѣт., Se pověstĭ vremęnĭnyx lět, These are the tales of bygone years., label=none – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix
: orv, повесть временных лѣтъ черноризца феѡдось, ева, pověstĭ vremennyx lětŭ čĭrnorizĭtsa Feodosieva, Tale of bygone years by the monk of Theodosius, label=none – Rad Aka Ipa α
: orv, Пѡвѣсти врѣменных лѣт. нестера черноризца., федѡосїева , pověstĭ vremennyx lět. nestera čĭrnorizĭtsa Fedōsïeva, Tale of bygone years by the ''nestera'' monk of Theodosius, label=none – Xle
: orv, Временникъ, еже есть нарицается лЂтописание, Vremennyky, ezhe esty narictaetsya lЂtopisanie, Bygone years, which is the name of the chronicle, label=none – ''Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction''

0.2
: orv, манастыря печерьскаго,, manastyrja pečerĭskago,, from the Monastery of Pechersk (the Caves),, label=none – Rad Aka Ipa Xle α
: ''omitted'' – Lav Tro Byč Šax Lix

0.2–3
: orv, ѿкуду есть пошла рускаꙗ земѧ. кто въ киевѣ нача первѣе кнѧ<жит>, , regarding the origin of the land of Rus', the first princes of Kiev, label=none – Lav
: orv, князеи и земля Руския, knyazej i zemlya Ruskiya, about the Rus' princes and land., label=none – ''Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction''

0.3
: orv, киевѣ нача, Kievě nača, of Kiev began, label=none – Lav Byč Šax Lix
: orv, и како избра богъ страну нашу на послЂднЂе время, и грады почаша бывати по мЂстом, преже Новгородчкая Б волость и потом Кыевская, и о поставлении Киева, како во В имя назвася В Кыевъ., , and how God chose our country for the last time, and the cities began to be in their places, first in the Novgorodian volost and then the Kyevan, and of the rise of Kiev, which was called by the name of Kyevû., label=none – ''Novgorod First Chronicle Younger Redaction''
: ''omitted'' – all other manuscripts, α

1

1.1
: orv, се начнемъ повѣсть сию., se načnemŭ pověstĭ siju., let us begin this story., label=none – Lav Tro Aka Ipa Byč Lix α
: orv, Се начнемъ повѣсть сїю., Se načnemŭ pověstĭ sīju., Let us begin this story., label=none – Xle
: orv, се начне повѣсть сию., Se načne pověstĭ siju., Let us eginthis story., label=none – Rad
: orv, Се начьнѣмъ повѣсть сию., Se načĭněmŭ pověstĭ siju., Let us begin this story., label=none – Šax

1.2
: orv, трие сынове ноеви, trie synove noevi, the three sons of Noah, label=none – Tro Byč Lix
: orv, .г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, the 3 s s of Noah, label=none – Rad Aka α
: orv, бо .г҃.е сн҃ве ноеви, bo .g҃.e sn҃ve noevi, for the 3 s s of Noah, label=none – Ipa
: orv, оубо трїе с҃нове ноеви, ubo trīe sn҃ve Noevi, for the three sons of Noah, label=none – Xle
: orv, убо трие сынове Ноеви, ubo trie synove Noevi, for the three sons of Noah, label=none – Šax
: orv, первие с<нве> ноеви, pervie s noevi, (the) first s nsof Noah, label=none – Lav

1.3
: orv, симъ. хамъ. афетъ., simŭ. xamŭ. afetŭ., Simŭ, Xamŭ, Afetŭ., label=none – Lav Tro Ipa Byč Šax Lix α
: orv, си. ха. афе, si. xa. afe., Smi, Xma, Afet., label=none – Aka Rad (афетъ) Xle (и афе)

1.9
: orv, елмаисъ. инди. равиꙗ. на всѧ., elmaisŭ, indi, rabija na vsja, Elmais, Indi all of abia., label=none – Lav
: orv, елмаисъ инди аравия силная колия комагини финикия вся, elmaisŭ indi arabija silnaja kolija finikija vsja, Elmais Indi Arabia the Strong Kolija Komagini all of Phinicia., label=none – Tro
: orv, елоумаисъ. инди. равиꙗ силнаа. коулїи. колгини. фикиа всѧ:-, elymaisŭ, indi, rabija silnaa, kulīi, kolgini, fikia vsja, Elymais, Indi abia the Stron Kulīi, Kolgini, all of Phicia., label=none – Rad Aka (3 ї/и variations)
: orv, елумаисъ. индиѧ. aравиа силнаꙗ. кулии. колгини. финикиꙗ всѧ, elymaisŭ, indija, arabija silnaja, kulii, kolgini, finikija vsja, Elymais, India, Arabia the Strong, Kulii, Kolgini, all of Phinicia., label=none – Ipa
: orv, елоумаись. индиѧ аравїа силнаа. коулии. комагины. финикїа всѧ., elymaisŭ, indija arabīa silnaa, kulii, komaginy, finikīa vsja, Elymais, India Arabia the Stron Kulii, Komaginy, all of Phinicīa., label=none – Xle

3

3.8
: orv, илурикъ, ilurikŭ, Illyricum, label=none – Rad Aka Ipa Xle Šax α
: orv, илюрикъ, iljurikŭ, Illyricum, label=none – Lav Byč Lix
: orv, люрикъ, ljurikŭ, Illyricum, label=none – Tro
: grc, Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís, of Illyria, label=none – George Hamartolos
:: See also Generations of Noah

3.8–3.9
: grc, Ἰλλυρίς, ἡ Λυχνίτις, Ἀδριανή, Illyrís, he Lychnítis, Adriané, of Illyria, Lychnitis, Adriane, label=none – George Hamartolos
: orv, Илурикъ, Словѣне, Лухития, Анъдриакия, Ilurikŭ, Slověne, Luxnitija, Anŭdriakija, Illyricum, the Slavs, Lychnitia, Andriakia, label=none – α

4

4.12
: orv, <св>еи. оурма<не> русь. агнѧне галичане, ei. urma rusĭ. agnjane galichane, Rus', Agnjane, Galichane , label=none – Lav
: orv, свѣе урмане готе русь ангняне галичане, svěi urmane gote rusĭ angnjane galichane, Swedes Urmane Gote Rus' Angnjane Galichane , label=none – Tro
: orv, всеи оурмане галичанѣ, vsei urmane galichaně, all Urmane Galichane , label=none – Rad
: orv, свеи. оурмане. галичане., svei. urmane. galichane, Swedes, Urmane, Galichane , label=none – Aka
: orv, свеи. оурмане. готѣ. русь. аглѧнѣ. галичанѣ., svei. urmane. gotě. rusĭ. agljaně. galichaně, Swedes, Urmane, Gote, Rus', Agljane, Galichane. , label=none – Ipa
: orv, свеи, оурмане. гте роу а<глѧ>не, галичане., svei, urmane. gte rus ane, galichane, Swedes, Urmane. G e Rus A ljae, Galichane. , label=none – Xle
:: The ''Urmane'' are usually interpreted as " Normans" or " Norsemen"; ''Gote'' as either " Goths" or "Gotlanders"; ''A(n)gnjane'' or ''Agljane'' as " Angles" / " English"; and ''Galichane'' as either "Galicians" (and thus translated as "Spaniards", see Galicia (Spain)), " Gauls" or "Welsh".

4.13
: orv, волохове, voloxove, Vlachs ''or'' Italians, label=none – Tro Ipa Xle Šax α
: orv, <волъ>хва, xva, Vlachs ''or'' Italians, label=none – Lav Byč Lix
: ''omitted'' – Rad Aka
:: It is unclear what ''Volokhove'' (or ''Volŭkhva'') means. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) translated it as "Italians" (compare modern Polish '' Włochy'' "Italy" or "Italians"); but in 6.6 he rendered Волохомъ/Волхомъ/Волотомъ as ''Vlakhs''. Lunt (1995) described the ''Volokhs'' as 'people speaking Latin or a Romance language.' Thuis (2015) translated both as "Vlachs", adding 'This is possibly a Celto-Romance people.'

4.13
: orv, римляне, rimljane, Romans, label=none – Tro Byč Šax Lix α; (римлѧне) Lav Xle; (римлѧнѣ) Ipa
: ''omitted'' – Rad Aka

5

5.22
: orv, племени афетова. нар ци еже суть словѣне., plemeni afetova, nar tsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., the line of Afet, the Nartsi who are Slovenes., label=none – Lav Byč Lix
: orv, племени афетова нарицаеми иновѣрци еже соуть словене, plemeni afetova naritsaemi inověrtsi ezhe sutĭ slovene., the line of Afet, called the Inovertsi, who are Slovenes., label=none – Rad
: orv, племени же а҃фетова. нарицаемии норци еже сѹть словѣне., plemeni zhe ahfetova, naritsaemii nortsi ezhe sutĭ slověne., the line of Ahfet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes., label=none – Aka
: orv, племени же афетова. нарѣ<ц>аемѣи норци. иже сѹть словенѣ., plemeni zhe afetova, narěaeměi nortsi, izhe sutĭ sloveně., the line of Afet, called the Nortsi, who are Slovenes., label=none – Ipa
::The ''N-'' ethnonym is unclear. Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1930, 1953) rendered them as ''the Noricians, who are identical to the Slavs.'' Lunt (1995), noting that Lav and Rad 'have independent corruptions', translated Ipa/Xle/Aka as ''(those) called ''Norci'', who are Slavs.'' He commented: 'These clauses do not fit together easily. (...) This rather odd sentence seems, then, to imply that the Norci are a sub-tribe of Slavs.' Thuis (2015) wrote ''the Noriks, who are Slavs'', adding 'The inhabitants of the Roman province of Noricum along the Danube. Possibly, this is a reference to the purported '' Urheimat'' of the Slavic people.'

5.23–25 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

6

6.6–8 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

7

8

7.21–9.4 Journey of Andrew the Apostle along the Dnieper from Korsun via the future site of Kyiv towards the future site of Veliky Novgorod.

9–10

9.5–10.16

9.5–21 The legendary founding of Kiev ( Kyiv)

9.17
: orv, киевъ, kievŭ, Kiev, label=none – Lav Tro Rad Ipa Byč Lix
: orv, кыевь, kyevŭ, Kyev, label=none – Aka Xle Šax α

9.26–10.16 The acts of Kyi, and the death of the four siblings.

10.5
: orv, приходившю ему ко цр҃ю. ꙗко, же сказають., label=none – Lav
: orv, приходившю ему и ко царю якоже сказають, label=none – Tro
: orv, приходившю ему ко царю, якоже сказають,, label=none – Byč
: orv, приходившю ему ко царю, якоже сказають,, label=none – Lix
: orv, проходившю емоу ко цр҃ю не свѣмы., но токмо ѡ сем вѣмы. ꙗкож сказоують., label=none – Rad
: orv, пришедшѹ емѹ , къ цр҃ю не свѣмы. но токмо ѡ семь вѣмы. ꙗкоже , сказѹютъ., label=none – Aka
: orv, приходившю ему къ с , црсю , не свѣмы. но токмо ѡ се, мъ вѣмы ꙗкоже сказаю, ть., label=none – Ipa
: orv, прихдовїшю емоу къ цр҃ю, не свѣмы acunalabel=none – Xle
: orv, приходивъшю ему къ цѣсарю, которого не съвѣмы, нъ тъкъмо о семь вѣмы, якоже съказають,, label=none – Šax
: orv, приходивъшю ему къ цьсарю, не съвѣмы, нъ тъкъмо о семь вѣмы, якоже съказають,, label=none – α

12

16

16.21–17.3 See also Kyi dynasty.

17

17.4–24 Prediction of Khazar downfall.

17.25–29 See also Primary Chronicle § Opening date error.

19–20

23

25

25.10–21 See also Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin § Second phase (900–902)

26

26.21
: orv, ко ѡлго, �игл҃ѧ, ko Ōlgo iglę, Oleg, label=none – Lav
: orv, ко лвови гл҃ѧ, ko Lvovi glę, Leo, label=none – Rad, Aka,
: orv, къ лвови гл҃ѧ, kŭ Lvovi glę, Leo, label=none – Ipa, Xle,

29–32

32–37

41

41.13 reference to Acts 19:13–14.

46–54.12a

54.12b–55.9

The death of Igor of Kiev.

55.10–60.8

Olga's revenge on the Derevlians. See also Olga of Kiev § Drevlian Uprising.

55.23
: orv, идѣже е н҃нѣ дворъ воротиславль и, , where in there is now daysthe courtyard of Vorotislavl' and, label=none – Rad (воротиславль. и), Xle(идеже)
: orv, идѣже есть н҃нѣ дворъ воротиславль. и, , where there is now daysthe courtyard of Vorotislavl'. And, label=none – Aka
: orv, идеже есть нынѣ двор воротиславль и, , where there is nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and, label=none – Ipa
: orv, есть, , there is, label=none – Lav
: orv, идеже есть нынѣ дворъ Воротиславль и, , where there is nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and, label=none – Byč, Šax, Lix
: orv, иде же есть нынѣ дворъ Воротиславль и, , There is also nowadays the courtyard of Vorotislavl' and, label=none – α

55.24
: ''omitted'' – Lav
: orv, чюдинь, а перевѣсище бѣ внѣ града., chjudinĭ, a perevěsishte bě vŭně grada., Chudin, and hehunting ground / bird trap was outside hecity, label=none – Rad (гра.), Aka (чюнь.), Ipa (города), Xle (перевѣсишто; города.), Byč (Чюдинъ), Šax (вънѣ), Lix (Чюдинъ), α (вънѣ)

60–62

60.25–62.8 Olga's visit to Tsargrad ( Constantinople), and conversion to Byzantine Christianity. See also Olga of Kiev § Conversion.

60.26
: orv, бѣ тогда ц҃рь имѧнемь цѣмьскии., , There was then a tsarĭ named Tsěmĭskii., label=none – Lav
: orv, и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинъ с҃нъ леѡновъ., , And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinŭ son of Leōnovŭ., label=none – Rad
: orv, и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтинь с҃нъ леѡновь., , And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantinĭ son of Leōnovĭ., label=none – Aka
: orv, и бѣ тогда црсь костѧнтинъ. с҃нъ леѡнтовъ., , And there was then a tsrsĭ Kostyantinŭ, son of Leōntovŭ., label=none – Ipa
: orv, и бѣ тогда ц҃рь костѧнтин. с҃нь леоновь., , And there was then a tsarĭ Kostyantin, son of Leonovĭ., label=none – Xle
: orv, и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскыи они, , And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskȳi they, label=none – Kom
: orv, и бѣ тогда цесарь именемь чемьскии, , And there was then a tsesarĭ named Chemĭskii, label=none – NAk Tol
:: Ostrowski (2007): 'Since the emperor at the time was not Tsimiskes but Constantine, the reading Костянтинъ сынъ Леоновъ might be considered a correction of the primary but historically incorrect reading.'

61.21b–22
: orv, и ре црь преклюкала мѧ еси ольга. и дасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljukala mę esi olĭga. i dastĭ ei, And hetsar said: ' ouhave fooled me, Olga ominative' And egives her, label=none – Lav
: orv, и ре переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i rech perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, And esaid: ' ouhave fooled me, Olga ocative' And egave her, label=none – Rad
: orv, и рече переклюкала мѧ еси олго. и вдасть еи, i reche perekljukala mę esi olgo. i vdastĭ ei, And esaid: ' ouhave fooled me, Olga ocative' And egave her, label=none – Aka
: orv, и ре црь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i reche tssrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i vdastĭ ei, And hetsar said: 'Olga ominativehas fool dme.' And egave her, label=none – Ipa
: orv, и ре црь переклюка мѧ олга. и вдасть еи, i rech tsrĭ perekljuka mę olga. i, And hetsar said: 'Olga ominativehas fool dme.' And egave her, label=none – Ipa
: orv, и рече цесарь прѣдстоꙗщимъ ту велможамъ своимъ упремудри мꙗ олга словесы своими бѣ же она мудра словесы цесарь же пакы чемьскыи слышавши глаголы еꙗ дасть еи, , And the Tsesar said to his nobles tandingbefore him: 'Olga ominativehas outsmarted me with her words.' For she was wise in words. And the Tsesar, having heard her words, then gave her, label=none – Kom
:: Butler (2008): ' strowski et al. (2003) lines 61,22, omits "esi" after "Perekliukala" (sometimes with vocative "Ol'go"), which causes some manuscripts to read, "You have fooled, me, Ol'ga."'

62.8–25 Epilogue to Olga's conversion

62.14–18 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:20–22
: orv, Премудрость на исходищихъ поеть ся, на путьхъ же дьрзновение водить. На краихъ же забральныхъ проповѣдаеть ся, въ вратѣхъ же градьныхъ дьрзающи глаголеть. Елико бо лѣтъ незълобивии дьржать ся по правьду, , Wisdom is celebrated in places of concourse, she lifteth up her voice in the streets; she crieth at the entrance to the walls, at the gates of cities she uttereth speech. For as many years as the just cleave to wisdom, they shall not be ashamed., label=none – α
: hbo, , , Out in the open wisdom calls aloud, she raises her voice in the public square; at noisy street corners she cries out, at the city gate she makes her speech: “How long will you who are simple love your simple ways? How long will mockers delight in mockery and fools hate knowledge?", label=none – Proverbs 1:20–22 NIV

62.21–22 biblical quotation Proverbs 13:19
: orv, Желание благовѣрьныхъ наслажаеть душю, , The accomplished desire of the faithful is sweet to the soul., label=none – α
: hbo, , , A longing fulfilled is sweet to the soul, but fools detest turning from evil., label=none – Proverbs 13:19 NIV ( KVJ: 'The desire accomplished is sweet to the soul: but it is abomination to fools to depart from evil.')

62.22–23 biblical quotation Proverbs 2:2

62.23–24 biblical quotation Proverbs 8:17

62.24–25 biblical quotation John 6:37

63

63.8–9 biblical quotation 1 Corinthians 1:18
: orv, Невѣрьнымъ бо вѣра хрьстияньска уродьство есть, , For to the infidels, the Christian faith is foolishness., label=none – α
: grc, Ὁ λόγος γὰρ ὁ τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῖς μὲν ἀπολλυμένοις μωρία ἐστίν, , For the message of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing., label=none – 1 Corinthians 1:18 NIV

63.9–11 biblical quotation Psalm 82:5
: orv, Не съмыслиша бо, ни разумѣша въ тьмѣ ходящии, и не вѣдять славы Господьня., , They do not comprehend it, because they walk in darkness and do not see the glory of God., label=none – α
: hbo, , , The 'gods' know nothing, they understand nothing. They walk about in darkness; all the foundations of the earth are shaken., label=none – Psalm 82:5 NIV

63.13–19 biblical quotation Proverbs 1:24–31 (or 1:25–30)

63.29–64.1 biblical quotation Exodus 21:17 ( MT; LXX: Exodus 21:16). See also Textual variants in the Book of Exodus § Exodus 21.
: orv, Аще къто отьца или матере не послушаеть, съмьртию да умреть., Ashche kŭto otĭtsa ili matere ne poslushaetĭ, sŭmĭrtiyu da umretĭ., Whosoever heedeth not his father or his mother shall suffer death., label=none – α
: hbo, , ū-mə-qal-lêl ’ā-ḇîw wə-’im-mōw mō-wṯ yū-māṯ. s, And he who curses his father or his mother surely shall be put to death., label=none – Exodus 21:17 NIV
::Compare Deuteronomy 21:18–21.

65–67

65.14–18 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (first part)

65.19–67.20 Siege of Kiev (968)

69–73

69–73 Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria (second part)

75–76

79

82–83

84–121

84.18
: cu, бохъмичѣ, boxŭmichě, of Mohammedan (Islamic), label=none – Lav

111.23–24 (NPL 152.10–11)
: cu, на браченье., na brachenĭe, in(to) marriage, label=none – Lav Byč Lix
: cu, на ѡброучание:-, na ōbrouchanie:-, in(to) betrothal, label=none – Rad
: cu, на ѡбрѹченїе., na ōbruchenīe., in(to) betrothal, label=none – Aka
: cu, на ѡбручение., na ōbruchenie., in(to) betrothal, label=none – Ipa
: cu, на оброученїе., na obrouchenīe., in(to) betrothal, label=none – Xle
: cu, на брачение, na brachenie, in(to) marriage, label=none – Kom Tol Šax
: cu, на обручение., na obruchenie., in(to) betrothal, label=none – α
:: Ostrowski (2007): 'Here the expected reading is 'marriage' (брачение) since Volodimir had already been 'betrothed' (обручение) to Anna earlier in the narrative.' Müller (2006) and Gippius (2002) argued that 'marriage' (брачение) was the primary reading, and that 'betrothal' (обручение) had to have been a later corruption in the protograph of Ipa and Kle, which had also contaminated Rad and Aka. Ostrowski countered that 'one may ask why the scribe of ad/Akawould adopt a contextually incorrect reading from the contaminating source to replace a contextually correct reading in his direct source.' Following the '' lectio difficilior potior'' principle, Ostrowski asserted 'betrothed' (обручение) as the original text.

122–125

Volodimer' I defeated the Pechenegs on the river Trubizh, and alleged founded Belgorod ( Bilhorod Kyivskyi) and Pereyaslavl' ( Pereiaslav).

132–134

Killing of Boris and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

135–141

Killing of Gleb and aftermath. See also Boris and Gleb.

135.1
: orv, акъ , хулу имуще, akû xulu imuše, as though they have blasphemy, label=none – Lav
: orv, аки хвалоу имѹще, aki xvalou imuše, as though they have praise, label=none – Rad, Aka
: orv, аки хвалу имуще, aki xvalu imuše, as though they have praise, label=none – Ipa
: orv, акы хвалоу имѧще, aky xvalou imęše, as though they have praise, label=none – Xle

142–144

147–149

151

151.19
: orv, городъ, gorodŭ, citadel, label=none – Lav Ipa Xle (горѡд) Byč Lix
: orv, градъ, gradŭ, citadel, label=none – Rad Aka (град) Šax α

151.20
: orv, кыи, kyi, at Kyiv, label=none – Lav
: orv, кыевъ, kyevŭ, at Kyev, label=none – Ipa Xle Byč
: ''omitted'' – Rad Aka Šax Lix α

151.21
: orv, црк҃вь , ст҃ыꙗ. соѳьꙗ митрополью., , the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia, label=none – Lav Aka
: orv, црк҃вь ст҃ыа софиа. и митрополью., , the church of St. Sophia. And (the) metropolitan hurch, label=none – Rad
: orv, црк҃вь. ст҃ыꙗ , софьꙗ. премудрость б҃ию , митрополью., , the metropolitan Church of St. Sophia of divine wisdom, label=none – Ipa
: orv, цр҃ковъ премѫдрѡс бж҃їю ст҃ыи соѳеи, митрополїю, , the church of divine wisdom Saint Sophei, the metropolitan (one), label=none – Xle

152

152.20
: orv, симонъ, Simonŭ, Simon, label=none – Lav
: orv, соломонъ, Solomonŭ, Solomon, label=none – Aka, Ipa, Rad (соломнъ), Xle (солѡмонъ) Byč, Šax, Lix, α

161

The so-called Testament of Yaroslav the Wise.

161.18
: orv, переꙗславль. а вѧчеславу, pereyaslavl'. A vęcheslavu, ...Pereyaslavl'. To Vyacheslav..., label=none – Lav Ipa Xle
: orv, Переяславль, а Вячеславу, Pereyaslavl', a Vyacheslavu, ...Pereyaslavl', to Vyacheslav..., label=none – Šax α
: orv, переꙗславль. а вечславѹ, pereyaslavl'. A vechslavu, ...Pereyaslavl'. To Vechslav..., label=none – Rad
: orv, переꙗславль. � игорю воломеръа вечславѹ , pereyaslavl'. igoryu volomerŭa vechslavu, ...Pereyaslavl'. o Igor Volomerŭto Vechslav..., label=none – Aka
: orv, переꙗславль а игореви володимирь а вꙗчеславу , pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirĭ a vyacheslavu, ...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirĭ to Vyacheslav..., label=none – Kom
: orv, переꙗславль а игореви володимиръ а вꙗчеву , pereyaslavl' a igorevi volodimirŭ a vyacheslavu, ...Pereyaslavl' to Igorevi Volodimirŭ to Vyachev..., label=none – NAk Tol
: orv, Переяславль, а Игорю Володимеръ, а Вячеславу , Pereyaslavl', a Igoryu Volodimerŭ, a Vyacheslavu, ...Pereyaslavl', to Igor Volodimerŭ, to Vyacheslav..., label=none – Byč Lix
:: It is not clear why 'to Igor viVolo ierŭ' is found in relatively late copies, but not in the earliest copies. It could represent a harmonisation effort with 162.12–13 and 162.21–22, where all witnesses attest that 'Igor' ettledin Volodimerŭ', and that when Vyacheslav died in Smolensk shortly thereafter, 'Igor' settled in Smolinĭskě, moving over from Volodimerŭ'. The Igor' in question is probably Igor Yaroslavich, who reportedly died ''sub anno'' 1060 (162.28). Cross & Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953) and Thuis (2015) both included the city as ''Vladimir'' in their translations, footnoting it as "Vladimir-Volÿnsk" and "city in Volhynia" respectively (ergo, modern Volodymyr, Volyn Oblast), without further explanation.

167–173

216–217

215.27–218.5 Eulogy of Vsevolod Yaroslavich I of Kiev. Accession of Sviatopolk Iziaslavich II of Kiev (with prominent role for Vladimir II Monomakh).

218–225

218.6–226.3 Cuman (Polovtsi) invasion of Rus' (1093). See also Siege of Torchesk and Battle of the Stuhna River.

218.20–21
: orv, имѣю отрокъ своих· ѱ҃· иже могу, ть про �и�у имъ стати·, iměju otrokŭ svoix· ps· iže mogu tĭ pro iu imŭ stati·, I have about 700 of my men who can stand against them., label=none – Lav, Bychkov, Karski, Likhachev
: orv, имѣю ѿрокъ своих· ѿ иже могѹ, ть имъ противоу стать., iměju ō͡trokŭ svoix· ō iže mogu tĭ imŭ protivou statĭ., I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them., label=none – Rad
: orv, имѣꙗ ѡтрокъ своих, · ѿ· иже могѹть имь противѹ стати·, iměja ōtrokŭ svoix ·ō· iže mogutĭ imŭ protivu stati., I have about 800 of my men who can stand against them., label=none – Aka
: orv, имѣю ѡтро, къ своихъ· · и҃·сот· иже мо, гуть �мъпротиву имъ ста, ти·, iměju ōtrokŭ svoixŭ· ·i·sot· iže mogutĭ mŭprotivu sta ti , I have about 8 hundred of my men who can stand against them, label=none – Ipa
: orv, имѣю , отрѡк своих. ѡсмь сот. иже могоут противоу им сттаи., iměju otrōk svoix. vos ŭ sot. iže mogout protivou im sttai., I have about eight hundred of my men who can stand against them, label=none – Xle

226–255

226.3–255 Chernigov war of succession (1093–1097). See also Oleg I of Chernigov#Chernigov war of succession.

235

235.20
: orv, меѳоди папа римскыи·, Methodi papa Rimskyi·, Methodius the Pope of Rome, label=none – Lav
: orv, мефодїи патариискы·̏и·, Methodïi Patariiskyi, Methodius of Patara, label=none – Aka
: orv, меѳдии патариискыи, Methdii Patariiskyi, Methdius of Patara, label=none – Rad

256–257

256–257.13.

257–263

257.13–263.17 The blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich.

263–273

263.17–273.16 Internecine war in Rus' 1097–1100.

273–274

273.16–274.22 Council of Uvetichi ( 1100).

275–276

1101–1102. Dynastic challenges to Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev by Yaroslav Yaropolkich of Brest (?) and Mstislav Volodimerovich of Novgorod. Peace with Polovtsi.

277–279

1103 campaign against the Polovtsi (Cumans) by Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev and Vladimir II Monomakh.

280

1104: various dynastic events, siege of Minsk, signs in sky.

281

1105–1107: various dynastic events, Semigallians defeat Vseslavichi.

282

1107: Polovtsi raid by Boniak. Peace treaty.

283

1107–1109: Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich of Kiev orders construction of various church buildings.

284–285

1109–1110: Rus' campaign against Polovtsi. Signs in sky at Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, including lightning, pillars of fire and cloud, and an angelic apparation.

286.1–7

286.1–7 Only in Lav, Rad and Aka: colophon of Sylvester of Kiev (1116).

286.7a–7pp

286.7a–7pp Only in Ipa and Xle: ''Primary Chronicle'' continuation of the ''Hypatian Codex'' and ''Khlebnikov Codex'' (1110–1117).

See also

* Rus' chronicle § List of Rus' chronicles
* Textual criticism of the ''Primary Chronicle''
* Textual variants in the Hebrew Bible
* Textual variants in the New Testament

Notes

References

Bibliography

Primary sources

*
**
*
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web text

* (assoc. ed. David J. Birnbaum (Harvard Library of Early Ukrainian Literature, vol. 10, parts 1–3)) – This 2003 Ostrowski et al. edition includes an ''interlinear collation'' including the ''five main manuscript witnesses'', the ''Trinity Chronicle'' (as far as can reliably reconstructed), three manuscripts of the '' Novgorod First Chronicle'', as well as a new ''paradosis'' ("a proposed best reading").
* (digitised and improved online version of Ostrowski et al. 2003).
* – digitised version of the mid-15th-century Archaeographic Commission's edition (or "Younger Edition") of the ''Novgorod First Chronicle'' (''Komissionnyy'' NPL)
*

Literature

*
*
*
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*
*
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*
*
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Further reading

*
* Inés García de la Puente
"Beyond the Sea: On the Use of ''за море'' in the ''Primary Chronicle''"
''Ruthenica''. 16. 28–36. 2022.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Textual variants in the Primary Chronicle
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Old East Slavic manuscripts
Old East Slavic chronicles
Old Church Slavonic literature