Tetrastigma Rupestre

''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized by their four-lobed stigmas. The species are found in subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, Malaysia, and Australia, where they grow in primary rainforest, gallery forest and monsoon forest and moister woodland. Species of this genus are notable as being the sole hosts of parasitic plants in the family Rafflesiaceae, one of which, '' Rafflesia arnoldii'', produces the largest single flower in the world. ''Tetrastigma'' is the donor species for horizontal gene transfer to '' Sapria'' and '' Rafflesia'' due to multiple gene theft events.

Within the Vitaceae, ''Tetrastigma'' has long been considered closely related to ''Cayratia'' and ''Cyphostemma'' and is now placed in the tribe Cayratieae.

Fossil record

A fossil seed fragment from the early Miocene of ''Tetrastigma'' sp., has been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin. ''Tetrastigma'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late Zanclean stage of Pliocene sites in Pocapaglia, Italy.Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.

Etymology

''Tetrastigma'' is derived from Greek and means 'four stigmas', in reference to its four-lobed stigma.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 376

Species

''Plants of the World Online'' currently includes:Plants of the World Online: ''Tetrastigma'' (Miq.) Planch. (retrieved 24 December 2021)
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# ''Tetrastigma amboinense'' (Miq.) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma andamanicum'' (King) Suess.
# '' Tetrastigma angustifolium'' (Roxb.) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma annamense'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma apiculatum'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma aplinianum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy.
# ''Tetrastigma articulatum'' (Miq.) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma assimile'' (Kurz) C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
# ''Tetrastigma backanense'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma bambusetorum'' Craib
# ''Tetrastigma beauvaisii'' Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma bracteolatum'' (Wall.) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma brunneum'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma burmanicum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy.
# '' Tetrastigma calcicola'' Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
# ''Tetrastigma cambodianum'' Pierre ex Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma campylocarpum'' (Kurz) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma caudatum'' Merr. & Chun
# ''Tetrastigma cauliflorum'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma ceratopetalum'' C.Y.Wu
# '' Tetrastigma chapaense'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma clementis'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma coriaceum'' (DC.) Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma corniculatum'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma crenatum'' Jackes
# ''Tetrastigma cruciatum'' Craib & Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma curtisii'' (Ridl.) Suess.
# '' Tetrastigma delavayi'' Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma dichotomum'' (Miq.) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma diepenhorstii'' (Miq.) Latiff
# '' Tetrastigma dubium'' (M.A.Lawson) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma eberhardtii'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma ellipticum'' Merr.
# ''Tetrastigma enervium'' Ridl.
# '' Tetrastigma erubescens'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma everettii'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma formosanum'' (Hemsl.) Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma funingense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma gamblei'' B.V.Shetty & P.Singh
# ''Tetrastigma gaudichaudianum'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma gibbosum'' Lauterb.
# '' Tetrastigma gilgianum'' Lauterb.
# '' Tetrastigma harmandii'' Planch. – Ayo, ariuat, kalit, iyo
# '' Tetrastigma havilandii'' Ridl.
# '' Tetrastigma hemsleyanum'' Diels & Gilg
# ''Tetrastigma heterophyllum'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma hookeri'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma hypoglaucum'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma jaichagunii'' C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi
# '' Tetrastigma jingdongense'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma jinghongense'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma jinxiuense'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma kwangsiense'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma laevigatum'' (Blume) Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma lanyuense'' C.E.Chang
# ''Tetrastigma latiffii'' Veldkamp
# ''Tetrastigma lauterbachianum'' Gilg
# ''Tetrastigma laxum'' Merr.
# ''Tetrastigma lenticellatum'' C.Y.Wu
# ''Tetrastigma leucostaphylum'' (Dennst.) Alston
# ''Tetrastigma lincangense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma lineare'' W.T.Wang ex C.Y.Wu & C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma littorale'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma liukiuense'' T.Yamaz.
# '' Tetrastigma loheri'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma longipedunculatum'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma longisepalum'' Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma macrocorymbum'' Gagnep. ex J.Wen, Boggan & Turland
# ''Tetrastigma magnum'' Merr.
# ''Tetrastigma megacarpum'' Latiff
# '' Tetrastigma mindanaense'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma mutabile'' (Blume) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma nilagiricum'' (Miq.) B.V.Shetty
# ''Tetrastigma nitens'' (F.Muell.) Planch. 
# '' Tetrastigma obovatum'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma obtectum'' (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. ex Franch.
# ''Tetrastigma oliviforme'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma pachyphyllum'' (Hemsl.) Chun
# ''Tetrastigma papillatum'' (Hance) C.Y.Wu
# ''Tetrastigma papillosum'' (Blume) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma papuanum'' (Miq.) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma pedunculare'' (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma pergamaceum'' (Blume) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma petraeum'' Jackes
# ''Tetrastigma petrophilum'' Lauterb.
# ''Tetrastigma pilosum'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma planicaule'' (Hook.f.) Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma poilanei'' Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma pseudocruciatum'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma pubiflorum'' (Miq.) Suess.
# '' Tetrastigma pubinerve'' Merr. & Chun
# '' Tetrastigma pullei'' Lauterb.
# '' Tetrastigma pycnanthum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) P.Singh & B.V.Shetty
# '' Tetrastigma pyriforme'' Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma quadrangulum'' Gagnep. & Craib
# ''Tetrastigma quadridens'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma rafflesiae'' (Miq.) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma ramentaceum'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma retinervium'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma robinsonii'' Merr.
# ''Tetrastigma robustum'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma rumicispermum'' (M.A.Lawson) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma rupestre'' Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma scariosum'' (Blume) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma schlechteri'' Lauterb.
# '' Tetrastigma schraderi-montis'' Lauterb.
# ''Tetrastigma scortechinii'' (King) Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma sepulchrei'' Merr.
# ''Tetrastigma serrulatum'' (Roxb.) Planch.
# ''Tetrastigma sessilifolium'' Lauterb.
# ''Tetrastigma siamense'' Gagnep. & Craib
# '' Tetrastigma sichouense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma silvestrei'' Elmer ex J.Wen & Boggan
# ''Tetrastigma simplicifolia'' (Merr.) J.Wen & Boggan
# '' Tetrastigma steenisii'' Latiff
# ''Tetrastigma subsuberosum'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma subtetragonum'' C.L.Li
# '' Tetrastigma sulcatum'' (M.A.Lawson) Gamble
# ''Tetrastigma taeniatum'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma tamilnadense'' N.Balach. & K.Ravik.
# ''Tetrastigma tavoyanum'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma tetragynum'' (Miq.) Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma thomsonianum'' Planch.
# '' Tetrastigma thorsborneorum'' Jackes
# ''Tetrastigma tonkinense'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma touranense'' Gagnep.
# '' Tetrastigma trifoliolatum'' Merr.
# '' Tetrastigma triphyllum'' (Gagnep.) W.T.Wang
# ''Tetrastigma tsaianum'' C.Y.Wu
# ''Tetrastigma venulosum'' C.Y.Wu
# ''Tetrastigma vitiense'' (A.Gray) A.C.Sm.
# ''Tetrastigma voinierianum'' (Sallier) Pierre ex Gagnep.
# ''Tetrastigma warburgii'' Lauterb.
# ''Tetrastigma xishuangbannaense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma xizangense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma yiwuense'' C.L.Li
# ''Tetrastigma yunnanense'' Gagnep.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2981583

Vitaceae
Vitaceae genera
Dioecious plants