''Tetrastigma'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of plants in the grape family,

Vitaceae The Vitaceae are a family of flowering plants, with 14 genera and around 910 known species, including common plants such as grapevines (''Vitis'' spp.) and Virginia creeper (''Parthenocissus quinquefolia''). The family name is derived from the ge ...

. The plants are

liana A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...

s that climb with

tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized stem, leaf or petiole with a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There are many plants that have tendr ...

s and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are

dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. dioecious , ) is a characteristic of a species, meaning that it has distinct individual organisms (unisexual) that produce male or female gametes, either directly (in animals) or indirectly (in seed plants). Dioecious reproductio ...

, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized by their four-lobed stigmas. The species are found in subtropical and tropical regions of

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

, where they grow in primary rainforest, gallery forest and monsoon forest and moister

woodland A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with trees, or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the ''plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade (see ...

. Species of this genus are notable as being the sole hosts of

parasitic plant A parasitic plant is a plant that derives some or all of its nutritional requirements from another living plant. They make up about 1% of angiosperms and are found in almost every biome. All parasitic plants develop a specialized organ called the ...

s in the family

Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are end ...

, one of which, ''

Rafflesia arnoldii ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', the corpse flower or giant padma, is a species of flowering plant in the parasitic genus ''Rafflesia''. It is noted for producing the largest individual flower on Earth. It has a strong and unpleasant odor of decaying f ...

'', produces the largest single flower in the world. ''Tetrastigma'' is the donor species for horizontal gene transfer to '' Sapria'' and '' Rafflesia'' due to multiple gene theft events. Within the Vitaceae, ''Tetrastigma'' has long been considered closely related to ''

Cayratia The genus ''Cayratia'' consists of species of vine plants, typical of the tribe Cayratieae. Some of them are useful, and they are found in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Australia, and islands of the Pacific Ocean. Within the Vi ...

'' and ''

Cyphostemma ''Cyphostemma'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Vitaceae, with around 250 species distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. These species are caudiciform and used to belong to the genus ''Cissus''. The genus name comes from Gre ...

'' and is now placed in the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

Cayratieae The Cayratieae is one of five tribes of vine plants that are now recognised in this subfamily Vitoideae.Wen J, Lu LM, Nie ZI, Liu XQ, Zhang N, Ickert‐Bond S, Gerrath J, Manchester SR, Boggan J, Chen ZD (2018) A new phylogenetic tribal classifi ...

Fossil record

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

seed fragment from the early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recen ...

of ''Tetrastigma'' sp., has been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin. ''Tetrastigma'' macrofossils have been recovered from the late

Zanclean The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma (million years ago) and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch, and fol ...

stage of

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pocapaglia Pocapaglia ( pms, Pocapaja) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about southeast of Turin and about northeast of Cuneo. As of 1-1-2017, it had a population of 3,311 and an area of .All de ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

.Messian to Zanclean vegetation and climate of Northern and Central Italy by Adele Bertini & Edoardo Martinetto, Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 47 (2), 2008, 105-121. Modena, 11 lugio 2008.

Etymology

''Tetrastigma'' is derived from Greek and means 'four stigmas', in reference to its four-lobed stigma.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). pp 376

Species

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by ...

'' currently includes:Plants of the World Online: ''Tetrastigma'' (Miq.) Planch. (retrieved 24 December 2021)
/ref> # '' Tetrastigma amboinense'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma andamanicum'' (King) Suess. # '' Tetrastigma angustifolium'' (Roxb.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma annamense'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma apiculatum'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma aplinianum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy. # '' Tetrastigma articulatum'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma assimile'' (Kurz) C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi # '' Tetrastigma backanense'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma bambusetorum'' Craib # '' Tetrastigma beauvaisii'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma bracteolatum'' (Wall.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma brunneum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma burmanicum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) Momiy. # '' Tetrastigma calcicola'' Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi # '' Tetrastigma cambodianum'' Pierre ex Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma campylocarpum'' (Kurz) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma caudatum'' Merr. & Chun # '' Tetrastigma cauliflorum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma ceratopetalum'' C.Y.Wu # '' Tetrastigma chapaense'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma clementis'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma coriaceum'' (DC.) Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma corniculatum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma crenatum'' Jackes # ''

Tetrastigma cruciatum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' Craib & Gagnep. # ''

Tetrastigma curtisii ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' (Ridl.) Suess. # '' Tetrastigma delavayi'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma dichotomum'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma diepenhorstii'' (Miq.) Latiff # '' Tetrastigma dubium'' (M.A.Lawson) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma eberhardtii'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma ellipticum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma enervium'' Ridl. # '' Tetrastigma erubescens'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma everettii'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma formosanum'' (Hemsl.) Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma funingense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma gamblei'' B.V.Shetty & P.Singh # '' Tetrastigma gaudichaudianum'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma gibbosum'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma gilgianum'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma harmandii'' Planch. – Ayo, ariuat, kalit, iyo # '' Tetrastigma havilandii'' Ridl. # '' Tetrastigma hemsleyanum'' Diels & Gilg # '' Tetrastigma heterophyllum'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma hookeri'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma hypoglaucum'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma jaichagunii'' C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi # '' Tetrastigma jingdongense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma jinghongense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma jinxiuense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma kwangsiense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma laevigatum'' (Blume) Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma lanyuense'' C.E.Chang # '' Tetrastigma latiffii'' Veldkamp # '' Tetrastigma lauterbachianum'' Gilg # '' Tetrastigma laxum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma lenticellatum'' C.Y.Wu # '' Tetrastigma leucostaphylum'' (Dennst.) Alston # '' Tetrastigma lincangense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma lineare'' W.T.Wang ex C.Y.Wu & C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma littorale'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma liukiuense'' T.Yamaz. # '' Tetrastigma loheri'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma longipedunculatum'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma longisepalum'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma macrocorymbum'' Gagnep. ex J.Wen, Boggan & Turland # '' Tetrastigma magnum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma megacarpum'' Latiff # '' Tetrastigma mindanaense'' Merr. # ''

Tetrastigma mutabile ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' (Blume) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma nilagiricum'' (Miq.) B.V.Shetty # ''

Tetrastigma nitens ''Tetrastigma nitens'' is a species of liana native to seasonal tropical forests and gallery forests of tropical and subtropical eastern Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign cou ...

'' (F.Muell.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma obovatum'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma obtectum'' (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. ex Franch. # '' Tetrastigma oliviforme'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma pachyphyllum'' (Hemsl.) Chun # '' Tetrastigma papillatum'' (Hance) C.Y.Wu # '' Tetrastigma papillosum'' (Blume) Planch. # ''

Tetrastigma papuanum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma pedunculare'' (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma pergamaceum'' (Blume) Planch. # ''

Tetrastigma petraeum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' Jackes # '' Tetrastigma petrophilum'' Lauterb. # ''

Tetrastigma pilosum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma planicaule'' (Hook.f.) Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma poilanei'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma pseudocruciatum'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma pubiflorum'' (Miq.) Suess. # '' Tetrastigma pubinerve'' Merr. & Chun # '' Tetrastigma pullei'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma pycnanthum'' (Collett & Hemsl.) P.Singh & B.V.Shetty # '' Tetrastigma pyriforme'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma quadrangulum'' Gagnep. & Craib # '' Tetrastigma quadridens'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma rafflesiae'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma ramentaceum'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma retinervium'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma robinsonii'' Merr. # ''

Tetrastigma robustum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma rumicispermum'' (M.A.Lawson) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma rupestre'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma scariosum'' (Blume) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma schlechteri'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma schraderi-montis'' Lauterb. # ''

Tetrastigma scortechinii ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' (King) Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma sepulchrei'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma serrulatum'' (Roxb.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma sessilifolium'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma siamense'' Gagnep. & Craib # '' Tetrastigma sichouense'' C.L.Li # ''

Tetrastigma silvestrei ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' Elmer ex J.Wen & Boggan # '' Tetrastigma simplicifolia'' (Merr.) J.Wen & Boggan # '' Tetrastigma steenisii'' Latiff # '' Tetrastigma subsuberosum'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma subtetragonum'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma sulcatum'' (M.A.Lawson) Gamble # ''

Tetrastigma taeniatum ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma tamilnadense'' N.Balach. & K.Ravik. # '' Tetrastigma tavoyanum'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma tetragynum'' (Miq.) Planch. # '' Tetrastigma thomsonianum'' Planch. # '' Tetrastigma thorsborneorum'' Jackes # ''

Tetrastigma tonkinense ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma touranense'' Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma trifoliolatum'' Merr. # '' Tetrastigma triphyllum'' (Gagnep.) W.T.Wang # '' Tetrastigma tsaianum'' C.Y.Wu # '' Tetrastigma venulosum'' C.Y.Wu # '' Tetrastigma vitiense'' (A.Gray) A.C.Sm. # '' Tetrastigma voinierianum'' (Sallier) Pierre ex Gagnep. # '' Tetrastigma warburgii'' Lauterb. # '' Tetrastigma xishuangbannaense'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma xizangense'' C.L.Li # ''

Tetrastigma yiwuense ''Tetrastigma'' is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. The plants are lianas that climb with tendrils and have palmately compound leaves. Plants are dioecious, with separate male and female plants; female flowers are characterized ...

'' C.L.Li # '' Tetrastigma yunnanense'' Gagnep.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q2981583 Vitaceae Vitaceae genera Dioecious plants