Terebratulids are one of only three living orders of articulate

brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, w ...

s, the others being the

Rhynchonellida The taxonomic order Rhynchonellida is one of the two main groups of living articulate brachiopods, the other being the order Terebratulida. They are recognized by their strongly ribbed wedge-shaped or nut-like shells, and the very short hing ...

and the

Thecideida Thecideida is an order of cryptic articulate brachiopods characterized by their small size and habit of cementing their ventral valves to hard substrates such as shells, rocks and carbonate hardgrounds. Thecideides first appear in the Triassic ...

Craniida The Craniidae are a family of brachiopods, commonly known as lamp shells. Although it belongs to a subdivision called the inarticulata which have shells where the mineral content consist of calcium phosphate, the Craniidae have shells that consis ...

and

Lingulida Lingulida is an order of brachiopods. Extinct species The following are extinct species and genera belonging to the family Lingulidae ''Lingula'' is a genus of brachiopods within the class Lingulata. ''Lingula'' or forms very close in appea ...

include living brachiopods, but are inarticulates. The name, Terebratula, may be derived from the Latin "terebra", meaning "hole-borer". The perceived resemblance of terebratulid shells to ancient Roman oil lamps gave the brachiopods their common name "lamp shell". Terebratulids typically have biconvex shells that are usually ovoid to circular in outline. They can be either smooth or have radial ribbing. The

lophophore The lophophore () is a characteristic feeding organ possessed by four major groups of animals: the Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Hyolitha, and Phoronida, which collectively constitute the protostome group Lophophorata.pedicle Pedicle or pedicel may refer to: Human anatomy *Pedicle of vertebral arch, the segment between the transverse process and the vertebral body, and is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty procedures ...

opening, or

foramen In anatomy and osteology, a foramen (;Entry "foramen"
in

, located in the beak. Terebratulids may have evolved from Atrypids during the early or

Middle Silurian Middle or The Middle may refer to: * Centre (geometry), the point equally distant from the outer limits. Places * Middle (sheading), a subdivision of the Isle of Man * Middle Bay (disambiguation) * Middle Brook (disambiguation) * Middle Creek ( ...

. Early genera were almost circular to elongate-oval, with smooth or finely costate shells. During the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of th ...

and

Tertiary Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago. The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...

periods, many shells became coarsely plicate.

Classification

* Suborder

Terebratellidina Terebratellidina is one of two existing suborders of Terebratulid brachiopods, the other being Terebratulidina. Classification * Superfamily Kraussinoidea * Superfamily Laqueoidea * Superfamily Megathyridoidea * Superfamily Platidioidea ...

** Superfamily Kraussinoidea ** Superfamily Laqueoidea ** Superfamily Megathyridoidea ** Superfamily Platidioidea ** Superfamily Terebratelloidea *** Family

Dallinidae Dallinidae is a family of brachiopods belonging to the order Terebratulida. Genera Genera: * †'' Antigoniarcula'' Elliott, 1959 * '' Campages'' Hedley, 1905 * ''Dallina ''Dallina'' is a genus of small to average size lampshells (maximum ...

*** Family Ecnomiosidae *** Family

Terebratellidae Terebratellidae is an extant family of brachiopods with a fossil record dating back to the Jurassic.Thaumatosiidae ** Superfamily Zeillerioidea ** Superfamily Bouchardioidea ** Superfamily Gwynioidea ** Superfamily Kingenoidea ** Superfamily ''

Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...

'' *** Family Tythothyrididae * Suborder Terebratulidina ** Superfamily Cancellothyroidea *** Family Cancellothyrididae *** Family

Chlidonophoridae Chlidonophoridae is a family of brachiopods belonging to the order Terebratulida. Existence Fossils of Chlidonophoridae have been discovered as early as 191-183 MYA in the Jurassic period. her has a total of 52 species out of which 25 are extan ...

*** Family Cnismatocentridae ** Superfamily Dyscoloidea ** Superfamily Terebratuloidea *** Family Gryphidae *** Family Tichosidae *** Family Terebratulidae Extinct Superfamilies ** Superfamily Dielasmatoidea † ** Superfamily Cryptonelloidea † ** Superfamily Loboidothyridoidea † ** Superfamily Stryingocephaloidea †

Gallery

Image:Coenothyris oweni Anisian 041013.JPG, ''Coenothyris oweni'' from the Middle

Triassic The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...

(

Anisian In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from million years ago until million years ago. The Anisian Age succeeds the Olenekian Age (part of the Lower Triassic Ep ...

) lower Saharonim Formation, Har Gevanim, southern

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

. Image:Pygites diphyoides (d'Orbigny).jpg, ''Pygites diphyoides'' (

d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthrop ...

, 1849) from the

Hauterivian The Hauterivian is, in the geologic timescale, an age in the Early Cretaceous Epoch or a stage in the Lower Cretaceous Series. It spans the time between 132.9 ± 2 Ma and 129.4 ± 1.5 Ma (million years ago). The Hauterivian is preceded by the Va ...

(Lower Cretaceous) of Cehegin, Murcia, Spain. This terebratulid is characterized by a central perforation through its valves. Image:Terebratalia transversa 141510036.jpg, ''

Terebratalia transversa ''Terebratalia'' is a genus of brachiopods belonging to the family Terebrataliidae. The species of this genus are found in Northern America and Japan. Species: *''Terebratalia asanoi'' *''Terebratalia batequia'' *''Terebratalia bialata'' *'' ...

'', a living terebratulide Image:Calloria inconspicua 140823205.jpg, '' Calloria inconspicuo'', a living terebratulide Image:Coptothyris grayi 115300137.jpg, '' Coptothyris grayi'', a living terebratulide

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3273708 Brachiopod orders Silurian first appearances