The tensor veli palatini muscle (tensor palati or tensor muscle of the velum palatinum) is a thin, triangular muscle of the head that tenses the

soft palate The soft palate (also known as the velum, palatal velum, or muscular palate) is, in mammals, the soft biological tissue, tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is part of the palate of the mouth; the other part is ...

and opens the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the middle ear.

Structure

The tensor veli palatini muscle is thin and triangular in shape.

Origin

It arises from the scaphoid fossa of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid anteriorly, the (medial aspect of the) spine of sphenoid bone posteriorly, and - between the aforementioned anterior and posterior attachments - from the anterolateral aspect of the membranous wall of the pharyngotympanic tube. At the muscle's origin, some of its muscle fibres may be continuous with those of the tensor tympani muscle.

Insertion

Inferiorly, the muscle converges to form a tendon of attachment. This tendon winds medially around the pterygoid hamulus (with a small bursa interposed between the two) to insert into the palatine aponeurosis and into the bony surface posterior to the palatine crest of the horizontal plate of palatine bone.

Dilator tubae component

Some of the muscle's fibres insert onto the lateral lamina of the cartilaginous part of pharyngotympanic tube and adjacent connective tissue, and the Ostmann's fat pad. The portion of the muscle with these attachments is sometimes called the ''dilator tubae''.

Innervation

The tensor veli palatini muscle receives motor innervation from the

mandibular nerve In neuroanatomy, the mandibular nerve (V) is the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve, the fifth Cranial nerves, cranial nerve (CN V). Unlike the other divisions of the trigeminal nerve (ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve) which ...

(CN V₃) (a branch of the

trigeminal nerve In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve (literal translation, lit. ''triplet'' nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for Sense, sensation in the face and motor functions ...

(CN V)) via the nerve to medial pterygoid. It is the only muscle of the palate not innervated by the pharyngeal plexus, which is formed by the vagal and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Relations

It is situated anterolaterally to the levator veli palatini muscle. From its origin to its insertion, the muscle passes vertically between the medial pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid muscle.

Actions/movements

Bilateral contraction of the two tensor veli palatini muscles makes the

(especially its anterior portion) taut, as well as flattening the arch of the soft palate and thereby depressing it. Unilateral contraction draws the soft palate ipsilaterally.

Function

The tensor veli palatini tenses the soft palate and by doing so, assists the levator veli palatini in elevating the palate to occlude and prevent entry of food into the nasopharynx during swallowing. The tensed palate consequently provides a stable platform for elevation of the pharynx during swallowing by the pharyngeal muscles. Since it is also attached to the lateral cartilaginous lamina of the pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube or Eustachian tube), it assists in its opening during swallowing or yawning to allow air pressure to equalize between the

tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. Structure On its lateral surface, it abuts the external audit ...

and the outside air. Equalization of air pressure in the tympanic cavity is essential for preventing damage to the

tympanic membrane In the anatomy of humans and various other tetrapods, the eardrum, also called the tympanic membrane or myringa, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit changes in pressur ...

and a resulting loss of hearing acuity.

Additional images

Image:Gray782 updated.png, Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, seen from the middle line

References

External links

{{Authority control Muscles of the head and neck Pharynx