Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a
port city
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ha ...
in
Rostov Oblast,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...
, on the north shore of the
Taganrog Bay
Taganrog Bay (, uk, Таганрозька затока) is the northeastern arm of the Sea of Azov. It also may be perceived as a flooded estuary of the Don River.
Geography
The bay serves as a natural boundary between the Kuban coast line in ...
in the
Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the
Don River
The Don ( rus, Дон, p=don) is the fifth-longest river in Europe. Flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov in Southern Russia, it is one of Russia's largest rivers and played an important role for traders from the Byzantine Empire.
Its ...
. Population:
History of Taganrog
The history of the city goes back to the late
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second prin ...
–early
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division of the prehistory and protohistory of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age ( Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and the Bronze Age ( Chalcolithic). The concept has been mostl ...
(between the 20th and 10th centuries BC), when it was the earliest
Greek settlement in the northwestern
Black Sea Region and was mentioned by the Greek historian
Herodotus
Herodotus ( ; grc, , }; BC) was an ancient Greek historian and geographer
A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society ...
as Emporion Kremnoi.
In the 13th century,
Pisan merchants founded a colony, Portus Pisanus, which was however short-lived.
Taganrog was founded by
Peter the Great on 12 September 1698.
The first
Russian Navy base, it hosted the
Azov Flotilla
The Azov Flotilla or Azov Naval Flotilla was the name given to several Russian naval forces operated on the Sea of Azov as part of the Imperial Russian Navy, by both the Soviets and the White Russians during the Russian Civil War, and as part of ...
of
Catherine the Great (1770–1783), which subsequently became the Russian
Black Sea Fleet. Taganrog was granted city status in 1775.
By the end of the 18th century, Taganrog had lost its importance as a military base after
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...
and the entire
Sea of Azov were absorbed into the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
. In 1802,
Tsar Alexander I granted the city
special status, which lasted until 1887. In 1825, the
Alexander I Palace
Alexander I Palace in Taganrog is a one-story stone building in Russian classicism style on Grecheskaya Street, 40 where Russian emperor Alexander I died in 1825.
The mansion was built in 1806 and belonged to different owners. The most signi ...
in Taganrog was used as his summer residence, and he died there in November 1825. Also in Taganrog is the
House of Teacher
The House of teacher (russian: link=no, Дом учителя) is an ancient mansion in the central part of Taganrog
Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, on the north shore of the Tagan ...
, a mansion where numerous artists have performed.
Although it had been bombarded and damaged by an Anglo-French fleet in 1855,
Taganrog became important as a commercial port, used for the import of
grain by the end of the 19th century until the early 20th century.
Industrialization increased in the city when
Belgian
Belgian may refer to:
* Something of, or related to, Belgium
* Belgians, people from Belgium or of Belgian descent
* Languages of Belgium, languages spoken in Belgium, such as Dutch, French, and German
*Ancient Belgian language, an extinct languag ...
and
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
investors founded a boiler factory, an iron and steel
foundry
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals pr ...
, a
leather
Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay. The most common leathers come from cattle, sheep, goats, equine animals, buffalo, pigs and hog ...
factory, and an
oil press
Expeller pressing (also called oil pressing) is a mechanical method for extracting oil from raw materials. The raw materials are squeezed under high pressure in a single step. When used for the extraction of food oils, typical raw materials are ...
factory. By 1911, fifteen foreign
consulates
A consulate is the office of a consul. A type of diplomatic mission, it is usually subordinate to the state's main representation in the capital of that foreign country (host state), usually an embassy (or, only between two Commonwealth coun ...
had opened in the city.
During
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, Taganrog was occupied by the troops of the
German Army from May to August 1918. In 1919, General
Anton Denikin
Anton Ivanovich Denikin (russian: Анто́н Ива́нович Дени́кин, link= ; 16 December Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._4_December.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New St ...
established his headquarters at the Avgerino mansion in the city while commanding
White Russian troops fighting in
South Russia during the
Russian Civil War
{{Infobox military conflict
, conflict = Russian Civil War
, partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I
, image =
, caption = Clockwise from top left:
{{flatlist,
*Soldiers ...
. When the White Russians were defeated and
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...
power was established in the city on 25 December 1919, Denikin's remaining troops and the British Consulate were evacuated by
HMS ''Montrose''. Full power was granted to the Executive Committee of The City Soviet Workers' council on 17 December 1920, and Taganrog briefly joined the
Ukrainian SSR
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...
as the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of Taganrog Okrug, until it was transferred to the
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
along with
Shakhty
Shakhty ( rus, Шахты, p=ˈʂaxtɨ) is a city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, located on the southeastern spur of the Donetsk mountain ridge, northeast of Rostov-on-Don. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 239,987.
It was previously kn ...
Okrug on 1 October 1924.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, Taganrog was occupied by
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
from 1941 to 1943 during
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named after ...
, when two
SS divisions entered the city on 17 October 1941, followed by the
Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
. The city suffered extensive damage. Under German occupation the
local government
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-l ...
system was replaced by a German-style ''Bürgermeisteramt'' (Mayor's Office), which governed the city until it was liberated by the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
on 30 August 1943.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the
framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as Taganrog
Urban Okrug—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the
districts.
[Law #340-ZS] As a
municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban okrug status.
[Law #190-ZS]
Climate
The climate of Taganrog is
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout ...
(
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notabl ...
''Cfa''). Taganrog experiences moderately cold (mild by Russian standards) winters and hot summers.
Economy
Taganrog is the leading industrial center of Rostov Oblast. Local industry is represented by aerospace, machine-building, automobile, military, iron and steel industry, engineering, metal traders and processors, timber, woodwork, pulp and paper, food, light, chemical and construction materials. The city is one of the major ports of the
Sea of Azov.
The biggest company currently operating in Taganrog is
Taganrog Iron & Steel Factory, (publicly traded company Tagmet), which manufactures steel, steel pipe, for oil and gas industry and consumer goods. The other major employer is Taganrog Auto Factory (
TagAZ Ltd.), which originated from Taganrog Combine Harvester Factory. The plant manufactures automobiles licensed by Hyundai. The production line includes Hyundai Accent compact sedan, mid-size Hyundai Sonata, sport utility vehicle Santa Fe, and Hyundai Porter pickup truck. Taganrog is also home to the aircraft design bureau
Beriev
The PJSC Beriev Aircraft Company (russian: Таганрогский авиационный научно-технический комплекс им. Г. М. Бериева, , Beriev Taganrog Aviation Scientific Technical Complex), formerly Beriev ...
.
The area around Taganrog has a large industrial potential, a diversified agricultural industry, production plants, and a modern infrastructure. The location of Taganrog on the intersection of traffic routes and the seaport facilitate access to the emerging
CIS markets.
Taganrog's main trading partners are the
CIS countries,
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eas ...
,
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
,
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
,
Greece
Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...
, and
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...
.
Military
The
Taganrog air base is northwest of the city and hosts the
Taganrog Aviation Museum. The city also hosts the
Taganrog military museum.
Higher education
*
Taganrog College of Technologies
*
Taganrog State Pedagogical Institute
Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. Population:
History of Taganrog
The ...
*
Taganrog College of Management and Economy
Taganrog ( rus, Таганрог, p=təɡɐnˈrok) is a port city in Rostov Oblast, Russia, on the north shore of the Taganrog Bay in the Sea of Azov, several kilometers west of the mouth of the Don River. Population:
History of Taganrog
The ...
Culture
Taganrog in literature
Anton Chekhov featured the city and its people in many of his works, including ''
Ionych'', ''The House with an Attic'', ''
The Man in a Shell'', ''
Van'ka'', ''
Three Years'', ''Mask'', and ''My Life''. It is believed that Taganrog may have been the ''
Lukomorye'' (fairy tale land) in which
Alexander Pushkin
Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Александр Сергеевич ПушкинIn pre-Revolutionary script, his name was written ., r=Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsandr sʲɪrˈɡʲe(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈpuʂkʲɪn, ...
's ''
Ruslan and Lyudmila'' (1820) was set.
The city also appeared in the novels of
Ivan Vasilenko and
Konstantin Paustovsky
Konstantin Georgiyevich Paustovsky ( rus, Константи́н Гео́ргиевич Паусто́вский, p=pəʊˈstofskʲɪj; – 14 July 1968) was a Soviet writer nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature in 1965.
Early life
...
and in the poems of
Nikolay Sherbina
Nikolay Fyodorovich Shcherbina (; – ) was a 19th-century Russian poet.
Nikolay Shcherbina was born in the Mius district of the Don Cossack Host in the mansion of his mother. His father was of Ukrainian descent, and his mother of Greek and Don ...
and
Valentin Parnakh.
The legend of "Elder
Fyodor Kuzmich" is cited in the book ''
Roza Mira'' by Russian mystic
Daniil Andreyev. According to this legend, the Russian tsar Alexander I did not die in Taganrog, but instead left his crown and the status of monarch to continue his life as a traveling hermit.
In foreign literature, the city was mentioned in the titles of ''Der Tote von Taganrog'' by and ''Taganrog'' by
Reinhold Schneider
Reinhold Schneider (Baden-Baden, May 13, 1903 – Freiburg im Breisgau, April 6, 1958) was a German poet who also wrote novels. Initially his works were less religious, but later his poetry had a Christian and specifically Catholic influence ...
.
In 2004
Sabine Wichert published a collection of poems titled ''Taganrog''.
In
Maria Kuncewiczowa
Maria Kuncewiczowa (Samara, Russia, Samara, Russian Empire, 30 October 1895 - 15 July 1989, Lublin, Poland) was a Polish writer and novelist. Kuncewiczowa's works span from short stories to novels to radio novels to literary diaries.
Early life
...
's 1945 novel ''
The Stranger'' (New York, LB Fischer publisher), the city of Taganrog plays an essential role as a place of nostalgic happiness for the uprooted Polish musician and matriarch, Rose.
Notable people
Numerous Russian and international aristocrats, politicians, artists, and scientists were born and/or have lived in Taganrog. Taganrog is the native city of
*Anton Chekhov,
*
Faina Ranevskaya
Faina Georgievna Ranevskaya (russian: Фаина Георгиевна Раневская, born Faina Girschevna Feldman, — 19 July 1984), is recognized as one of the greatest Soviet actresses in both tragedy and comedy. She was also famous for ...
,
*
Sophia Parnok,
*
Alexandre Koyré
Alexandre Koyré (, ; born Alexandr Vladimirovich (or Volfovich) Koyra (russian: Александр Владимирович (Вольфович) Койра); 29 August 1892 – 28 April 1964), also anglicized as Alexander Koyre, was a Fren ...
,
*
Isaac Yakovlevich Pavlovsky
Isaac Yakovlevich Pavlovsky, a friend of Anton Chekhov, was born in 1853 in the city of Taganrog, studied at Taganrog's Boys Gymnasium, was an activist at the Taganrog revolutionary circle and was arrested and tried at the so-called Trial of the ...
,
*
Witold Rowicki
Witold Rowicki (born ''Witold Kałka'', 26 February 1914 in Taganrog, Russian Empire – 1 October 1989 in Warsaw) was a Polish conductor. He held principal conducting positions with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra and the Bamberg Symphony O ...
,
*
Georgy Sedov
Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (russian: Гео́ргий Я́ковлевич Седо́в; – ) was a Russian Arctic explorer.
Born in the village of Krivaya Kosa of Taganrog district (now Novoazovskyi Raion, Donetsk Oblast) in a fisherman's fam ...
(1877–1914), Russian Arctic explorer
*
Dmitri Sinodi-Popov
Dmitri Minaevich Sinodi-Popov (Russian ''Дмитрий Минаевич Синоди-Попов'') (1855 – 1910) was a Russian artist of Greek descent.
Dmitri Sinodi-Popov was born in the city of Taganrog, where he received a good educat ...
It is also associated with:
*
Peter I of Russia,
*
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1801, the first King of Congress Poland from 1815, and the Grand Duke of Finland from 1809 to his death. He was the eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg.
The son o ...
,
*
Cornelius Cruys,
*
Giuseppe Garibaldi,
*
Pyotr Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , group=n ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer of the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music would make a lasting impression internationally. He wrote some of the most popu ...
,
*
Adolph Brodsky
Adolph Davidovich Brodsky (russian: Адольф Давидович Бродский, ''Adolf Davidovič Brodskij''; – 22 January 1929) was a Russian violinist.
He enjoyed a long and illustrious career as a performer and teacher, starting ear ...
,
*
Konstantin Paustovsky
Konstantin Georgiyevich Paustovsky ( rus, Константи́н Гео́ргиевич Паусто́вский, p=pəʊˈstofskʲɪj; – 14 July 1968) was a Soviet writer nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature in 1965.
Early life
...
,
*
Nestor Kukolnik,
*
Achilles Alferaki
Achilles Nikolayevich Alferaki ("Achilles" sometimes spelled Akhilles or Ahilles) (July 3, 1846, Kharkov, Russian Empire – December 27, 1919, Saint Petersburg, Soviet Union) was a Russian composer and mayor of Greek descent. His brother was ...
,
*
Ioannis Varvakis
Ioannis Varvakis ( el, Ιωάννης Βαρβάκης; 1745–1825), also known as Ivan Andreevich Varvatsi (russian: Иван Андреевич Варваци), was a Greek privateer, benefactor, and member of the Filiki Eteria.
Origins, early ...
,
*
Vasily Zolotarev Vasily Andreyevich Zolotarev, also romanized as Zolotaryov (russian: Василий Андреевич Золотарёв; February 24, 1872 in Taganrog – May 25, 1964 in Moscow), was a Russian (Soviet) composer and music teacher.
Biography
Vas ...
,
*
Sergei Bondarchuk,
*
William Frederick Yeames
William Frederick Yeames (; 18 December 1835 – 3 May 1918) was a British painter best known for his oil-on-canvas ''"And When Did You Last See Your Father?"'', which depicts the son of a Royalist being questioned by Parliamentarians during t ...
File:Taganrog_alexanderImonument.jpg, Alexander I Statue in Taganrog
File:Garibaldi_Taganrog.jpg, Garibaldi Monument in Taganrog
File:Chekhov-Statue-Taganrog2006.jpg, Chekhov Monument in Taganrog
File:Near Vasilenko house-museum.jpg, Monument "Artyomka"
Twin towns – sister cities
Taganrog is
twinned with:
*
Antratsyt
Antratsyt or Antratsit (; ) is a city in the Luhansk region of Ukraine. Until 1962 it was known as Bokove-Antratsyt.
The city is located in the southern part of the Luhansk Oblast (region). Antratsyt is incorporated as a city of oblast significa ...
, Ukraine (2012)
*
Badenweiler
Badenweiler ( High Alemannic: ''Badewiler'') is a health resort and spa in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, historically in the Markgräflerland. It is 28 kilometers by road and rail from Basel, 10 kilomet ...
, Germany (2002)
*
Cherven Bryag
Cherven bryag ( bg, Червен бряг, also translated , ) is a town in northern Bulgaria, a capital of the Cherven Bryag municipality, Pleven Province. It is situated on the right shore of the Zlatna Panega in river Iskar, 137 km n ...
, Bulgaria (1963)
*
Jining
Jining () is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province. It borders Heze to the southwest, Zaozhuang to the southeast, Tai'an to the northeast, and the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu to the northwest and south respectively. Jinin ...
, China (2009)
*
Khartsyzk, Ukraine (2009)
*
Lüdenscheid
Lüdenscheid () is a city in the Märkischer Kreis district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located in the Sauerland region.
Geography
Lüdenscheid is located on the saddle of the watershed between the Lenne and Volme rivers which ...
, Germany (1991)
*
Odessa, Ukraine
See also
*
Apostolopulo House
*
House of Laskin
*
Bust of Lenin (Taganrog)
*
Mariupol Cemetery
*
Taganrog Palace of Youth
*
Monument of Cathopoul
The Monument of Cathopoul (russian: link=no, Памятник Катопули) is a monument in the form of an angel with a cross on a crypt of the Italian merchant of the Greek origin Philip Katopul, is in Taganrog at the Old city cemetery.
D ...
*
House of Zolotaryov
*
Memorable sign Barrier
The Memorable sign "Barrier" (russian: Памятный знак «Шлагбаум») is a stele in Taganrog symbolizing the border of the old city.'' Гаврюшкин О. П.'' Вдоль по Питерской. — Таганрог: БАНН ...
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
*
*
External links
Taganrogcity.com: official City of Taganrog websiteTagancity.ru: official website of Taganrog cityTaganrog.su: unofficial website of TaganrogTaganrog State − Anton Chekhov Pedagogical InstituteSoviet topographic map 1:100,000Russ-yug.ru: Weather forecasts for Taganrog
{{Use mdy dates, date=May 2011
Cities and towns in Rostov Oblast
Port cities and towns of the Azov Sea
Port cities and towns in Russia
Populated coastal places in Russia
Populated places established in 1698
1698 establishments in Russia
1698 establishments in Europe
Don Host Oblast
Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast