Table of Contents PANARCHIE published in 1860

A table of contents, usually headed simply Contents and abbreviated informally as TOC, is a

list A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America * SC Germania List, German rugby union ...

, usually found on a page before the start of a written work, of its chapter or section titles or brief descriptions with their commencing page numbers.

History

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...

credits

Quintus Valerius Soranus Quintus Valerius Soranus (born between ''circa'' 140 – 130 BC, died 82 BC) was a Latin poet, grammarian, and tribune of the people in the Late Roman Republic. He was executed in 82 BC while Sulla was dictator, ostensibly for violating a religious ...

(d. 82 BC) as the first author to provide a table of contents to help readers navigate a lengthy work. Quoted in Pliny's own table of contents for his encyclopedic ''Historia naturalis'' ("Natural History") may be viewed onlin
in Latin
an
in English
(following dedication). In the early medieval era, the innovation of tables of contents had to be abandoned, due to the cost of paper. It would not be resumed until after the 12th century, when paper factories in Spain and Italy sprouted and allowed an increase in paper production throughout Europe.

Form

A table of contents usually includes the titles or descriptions of first-level headings (''chapters'' in longer works), and often includes second-level headings (''sections'' or ''A-heads'') within the chapters as well, and occasionally even includes third-level headings (''subsections'' or ''B-heads'') within the sections as well. The depth of detail in tables of contents depends on the length of the work, with longer works having less. Formal reports (ten or more pages and being too long to put into a memo or letter) also have a table of contents. Within an English-language book, the table of contents usually appears after the title page,

copyright notice In United States copyright law, a copyright notice is a notice of statutorily prescribed form that informs users of the underlying claim to copyright ownership in a published work. Copyright is a form of protection provided by US law to author ...

s, and, in technical journals, the abstract; and before any lists of tables or

figures Figure may refer to: General *A shape, drawing, depiction, or geometric configuration *Figure (wood), wood appearance *Figure (music), distinguished from musical motif *Noise figure, in telecommunication *Dance figure, an elementary dance patter ...

, the

foreword A foreword is a (usually short) piece of writing, sometimes placed at the beginning of a book or other piece of literature. Typically written by someone other than the primary author of the work, it often tells of some interaction between the ...

, and the

preface __NOTOC__ A preface () or proem () is an introduction to a book or other literary work written by the work's author. An introductory essay written by a different person is a '' foreword'' and precedes an author's preface. The preface often closes ...

. Printed tables of contents indicate page numbers where each part starts, while digital ones offer links to go to each part. The format and location of the page numbers is a matter of style for the publisher. If the page numbers appear after the heading text, they might be preceded by characters called ''

leaders Leadership, both as a research area and as a practical skill, encompasses the ability of an individual, group or organization to "lead", influence or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations. The word "leadership" often gets view ...

'', usually dots or periods, that run from the chapter or section titles on the opposite side of the page, or the page numbers might remain closer to the titles. In some cases, the page number appears before the text. If a book or document contains chapters, articles, or stories by different authors, their names usually appear in the table of contents. Matter preceding the table of contents is generally not listed there. However, all pages except the outside cover are counted, and the table of contents is often numbered with a lowercase Roman numeral page number. Many popular

word processor A word processor (WP) is a device or computer program that provides for input, editing, formatting, and output of text, often with some additional features. Word processor (electronic device), Early word processors were stand-alone devices ded ...

s, such as

Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983, under the name ''Multi-Tool Word'' for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms includin ...

, WordPerfect, and StarWriter are capable of automatically generating a table of contents if the author of the text uses specific styles for chapters, sections, subsections, etc.

Examples

Example with leaders: Chapter 1: Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Next Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Example without leaders: Chapter 1: Getting Started 1 Introduction 2 Next Steps 3 Example with authors: 1. Introduction to Biology ''Arthur C. Smith'' 1 2. Microbiology ''Susan Jones'' 10 3. Advances in Biotechnology ''T.C. Chang'' 24 Example with descriptive text: Chapter 1 3 In which we first meet our hero and heroine, attend a gala feast, and begin an unexpected journey. Chapter 2 12 The journey takes an unusual turn, and new villains are discovered.

In electronic documents

TOCs in digital books and documents can be created using bookmarks.

References

Citations

Sources

The Chicago Manual of Style ''The Chicago Manual of Style'' (abbreviated in writing as ''CMOS'' or ''CMS'', or sometimes as ''Chicago'') is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 17 editions have prescribed writi ...

(15th Edition) * {{Authority control Technical communication Book design Index (publishing)