''Tabebuia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. The

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

"roble" is sometimes found in English. ''Tabebuias'' have been called "trumpet trees", but this name is usually applied to other trees and has become a source of confusion and misidentification. ''Tabebuia'' consists almost entirely of trees, but a few are often large

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

s. A few species produce timber, but the genus is mostly known for those that are cultivated as flowering trees.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. ''Tabebuia'' is

native Native may refer to: People * Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth * Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory ** Native Americans (disambiguation) In arts and entert ...

to the

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

tropics and

subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...

from Mexico and the

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Se ...

to Argentina. Most of the species are from Cuba and

Hispaniola Hispaniola (, also ; es, La Española; Latin and french: Hispaniola; ht, Ispayola; tnq, Ayiti or Quisqueya) is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and th ...

.Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of ''Tabebuia'' s.l., Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae)". '' Systematic Botany'' 32(3):650-659. It is commonly cultivated and often

naturalized Naturalization (or naturalisation) is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen of a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country. It may be done automatically by a statute, i.e., without any effort on the part of the in ...

adventive An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there ...

beyond its natural

range Range may refer to: Geography * Range (geographic), a chain of hills or mountains; a somewhat linear, complex mountainous or hilly area (cordillera, sierra) ** Mountain range, a group of mountains bordered by lowlands * Range, a term used to i ...

. It easily escapes cultivation because of its numerous, air-borne seeds.George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. In 1992, a revision of ''Tabebuia'' described 99 species and one

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

. Phylogenetic

studies Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawin ...

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s later showed that ''Tabebuia'', as then

circumscribed In geometry, the circumscribed circle or circumcircle of a polygon is a circle that passes through all the vertices of the polygon. The center of this circle is called the circumcenter and its radius is called the circumradius. Not every polyg ...

, was polyphyletic. In 2007, it was divided into three separate genera.Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia'' s.l. (Bignoniaceae)". '' Systematic Botany'' 32(3):660-670. (See ''External links'' below). Primavera (''

Roseodendron donnell-smithii ''Roseodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of two species, '' Roseodendron donnell-smithii'' a ...

'') and a related species with no unique common name (''

Roseodendron chryseum ''Roseodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of two species, '' Roseodendron donnell-smithii'' a ...

'') were transferred to ''

Roseodendron ''Roseodendron'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of two species, '' Roseodendron donnell-smithii'' a ...

''. Those species known as ''ipê'' and ''pau d'arco'' (in Portuguese) or poui were transferred to '' Handroanthus''. Sixty-seven species remained in ''Tabebuia''. The former genus and polyphyletic group of 99 species described by Gentry in 1992 is now usually referred to as "''Tabebuia'' sensu lato".

Species

All of the species in the first two columns below were recognized and described by Gentry in 1992.Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tribe Tecomeae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 25(part 2):1-150. Listed in the third column are species names that have been used recently, but were not accepted by Gentry. The currently accepted

synonym A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are all ...

for each is in parentheses. Some recently used names in ''Tabebuia'' that were not recognized by Gentry are not listed in the third column below because they apply to species that are now in '' Handroanthus''. ''Tabebuia spectabilis'' is an obsolete name for '' Handroanthus chrysanthus'' subsp. ''meridionalis''. ''Tabebuia ecuadorensis'' is now synonymized under ''

Handroanthus billbergii ''Handroanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of 30 species of trees, known in Latin America by ...

''. ''Tabebuia heteropoda'' is now synonymized under ''

Handroanthus ochraceus ''Handroanthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae.David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. It consists of 30 species of trees, known in Latin America b ...

''. No species that is now assigned to ''Roseodendron'' or to ''Handroanthus'' is listed below. Authorities are cited for some of the names below. These can be found in Gentry (1992) or at the International Plant Names Index.''Tabebuia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).

Description

The description below is excerpted from Grose and Olmstead (2007). * Trees or

s. Evergreen or dry season deciduous. * Wood lacking

lapachol Lapachol is a natural phenolic compound isolated from the bark of the lapacho tree.Record, Samuel J.. "Lapachol" pages 17-19. In: ''Tropical Woods'' (1925). This tree is known botanically as ''Handroanthus impetiginosus'', but was formerly known ...

; not especially dense or hard. Heartwood light brown to reddish brown, not distinct from

sapwood Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...

. *

Leaves A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

sometimes simple; usually

palmately The following is a list of terms which are used to describe leaf morphology in the description and taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (a single leaf blade or lamina) or compound (with several leaflets). The edge of the leaf may be regular o ...

3 to 7(9)-

foliate This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...

; with stalked or sessile

lepidote A leaf (plural, : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant plant stem, stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", wh ...

scales. * Inflorescences usually few-flowered

panicle A panicle is a much-branched inflorescence. (softcover ). Some authors distinguish it from a compound spike inflorescence, by requiring that the flowers (and fruit) be pedicellate (having a single stem per flower). The branches of a panicle are of ...

s, dichotomously branching, without a well-developed, central rachis. *

Calyx Calyx or calyce (plural "calyces"), from the Latin ''calix'' which itself comes from the Ancient Greek ''κάλυξ'' (''kálux'') meaning "husk" or "pod", may refer to: Biology * Calyx (anatomy), collective name for several cup-like structures ...

coriaceous, spathaceous; irregularly 2 to 3- labiate, rarely 5- dentate. *

Corolla Corolla may refer to: *Corolla (botany), the petals of a flower, considered as a unit *Toyota Corolla, an automobile model name * Corolla (headgear), an ancient headdress in the form of a circlet or crown * ''Corolla'' (gastropod), a genus of moll ...

yellow in 2 species (''T. aurea'' and ''T. nodosa''); otherwise white to pink, rarely red, often with a yellow throat. *

Stamen The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filame ...

didynamous The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament and an an ...

;

staminode In botany, a staminode is an often rudimentary, sterile or abortive stamen, which means that it does not produce pollen.Jackson, Benjamin, Daydon; ''A Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivation and Accent''; Published by Gerald Duckworth & Co. ...

small. *

Ovary The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum. When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm. There is an ovary () found on each side of the body. ...

linear, bilocular. * Ovules in 2 or 3 series in each

locule A locule (plural locules) or loculus (plural loculi) (meaning "little place" in Latin) is a small cavity or compartment within an organ or part of an organism (animal, plant, or fungus). In angiosperms (flowering plants), the term ''locule'' usu ...

. * Fruit a

dehiscent Dehiscence is the splitting of a mature plant structure along a built-in line of weakness to release its contents. This is common among fruits, anthers and sporangia. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part; structures that op ...

capsule, usually linear, sometimes ribbed, glabrous except for lepidote scales. * Seeds thin, with 2 wings; wings

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is ...

, membranaceous, and sharply demarcated from the seed body. ''Tabebuia'' is distinguished from ''Handroanthus'' by wood that is not especially hard or heavy, and not abruptly divided into heartwood and sapwood. Lapachol is absent. Scales are present, but no hair. The calyx is usually spathaceous in ''Tabebuia'', but never so in ''Handroanthus''. Only two species of ''Tabebuia'' are yellow-flowered, but most species of ''Handroanthus'' are. Unlike ''Roseodendron'', the calyx of ''Tabebuia'' is always distinctly harder and thicker than the corolla. ''Tabebuia'' always has a dichotomously branched inflorescence; never a central rachis as in ''Roseodendron''. Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have ribbed fruit, but not as conspicuously so as the two species of ''Roseodendron''. Tabebuia sprout

Uses

The wood of ''Tabebuia'' is light to medium in weight. ''Tabebuia rosea'' (including ''T. pentaphylla'') is an important timber tree of tropical America.Samuel J. Record and Robert W. Hess. 1940. "American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae". ''Tropical Woods'' 63:9-38. ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' and ''Tabebuia angustata'' are the most important timber trees of some of the

Caribbean islands Almost all of the Caribbean islands are in the Caribbean Sea, with only a few in inland lakes. The largest island is Cuba. Other sizable islands include Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Trinidad and Tobago. Some of the smaller islands are re ...

. Their wood is of medium weight and is exceptionally durable in contact with salt water.Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 79(1):53-64. The

swamp A swamp is a forested wetland.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Swamps are considered to be transition zones because both land and water play a role in ...

species of ''Tabebuia'' have wood that is unusually light in weight. The most prominent example of these is ''Tabebuia cassinoides''. Its roots produce a soft and spongy wood that is used for floats, razor strops, and the inner soles of shoes. In spite of its use for lumber, ''Tabebuia'' is best known as an

ornamental Ornamental may refer to: *Ornamental grass, a type of grass grown as a decoration *Ornamental iron, mild steel that has been formed into decorative shapes, similar to wrought iron work *Ornamental plant, a plant that is grown for its ornamental qua ...

flowering tree. ''Tabebuia aurea'', ''Tabebuia rosea'', ''Tabebuia pallida'', ''Tabebuia berteroi'', and ''Tabebuia heterophylla'' are cultivated throughout the tropics for their showy flowers. ''Tabebuia dubia'', ''Tabebuia haemantha'', ''Tabebuia obtusifolia'', ''Tabebuia nodosa'', and ''Tabebuia roseo-alba'' are also known in cultivation and are sometimes locally abundant. Anthony Huxley, Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press,Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. (set). Some species of ''Tabebuia'' have been grown as honey plants by beekeepers. (2005): Beija-flores (Aves, Trochilidae) e seus recursos florais em uma área urbana do Sul do Brasil ummingbirds (Aves, Trochilidae) and their flowers in an urban area of southern Brazil ortuguese with English abstract''Revista Brasileira de Zoologia'' 22(1): 51–59.
PDF fulltext
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Ecology

The

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...

of ''Tabebuia'' flowers is an important food source for several species of

bees Bees are winged insects closely related to wasps and ants, known for their roles in pollination and, in the case of the best-known bee species, the western honey bee, for producing honey. Bees are a monophyletic lineage within the superfamil ...

and

hummingbird Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae. With about 361 species and 113 genera, they occur from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego, but the vast majority of the species are found in the tropics aro ...

Symbolism

Tabebuia rosea ''Tabebuia rosea'', also called pink poui, and rosy trumpet tree is a neotropical tree that grows up to and can reach a diameter at breast height of up to . The Spanish name ''roble de sabana'', meaning "savannah oak", is widely used in Costa Ri ...

'' is the national tree of

El Salvador El Salvador (; , meaning " The Saviour"), officially the Republic of El Salvador ( es, República de El Salvador), is a country in Central America. It is bordered on the northeast by Honduras, on the northwest by Guatemala, and on the south b ...

and the

state tree This is a list of U.S. state, federal district, and territory trees, including official trees of the following of the states, of the federal district, and of the territories. Table See also * List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insign ...

of Cojedes, Venezuela.

Taxonomic history

The

name A name is a term used for identification by an external observer. They can identify a class or category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given context. The entity identified by a name is called its referent. A personal ...

''Tabebuia'' entered the botanical literature in 1803, when

António Bernardino Gomes Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular male ...

used it as a

for ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', now a

for ''Tabebuia cassinoides'', which he described as a species of ''

Bignonia ''Bignonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Its genus and family were named after Jean-Paul Bignon by his protégé Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694, and the genus was established as part of modern botanical nomenc ...

''.Antonio B. Gomes. 1803. ''Observationes Botanico-medicae de Nonnullis Brasiliae Plantis''. Lisbon. ''Tabebuia'' is an abbreviation of "tacyba bebuya", a

Tupi Tupi may refer to: * Tupi people of Brazil * Tupi or Tupian languages, spoken in South America ** Tupi language, an extinct Tupian language spoken by the Tupi people * Tupi oil field off the coast of Brazil * Tupi Paulista, a Brazilian municipalit ...

name meaning "ant wood".Alwyn H. Gentry. 1969. "''Tabebuia'', the tortuous history of a generic name (Bignoniaceae)". ''Taxon'' 18(6):635-642. Among the

Indigenous peoples in Brazil Indigenous peoples in Brazil ( pt, povos indígenas no Brasil) or Indigenous Brazilians ( pt, indígenas brasileiros, links=no) once comprised an estimated 2000 tribes and nations inhabiting what is now the country of Brazil, before European con ...

, similar names exist for various species of ''Tabebuia''. (See ''External links'' below). ''Tabebuia'' was first used as a generic name by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1838.Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. 1838. "Revue sommaire de la famille des Bignoniaceae". ''Bibliotheque Universelle de Genève'', series 2, 17:130. The type species for the genus is ''Tabebuia uliginosa'', which is now a synonym for ''

Tabebuia cassinoides ''Tabebuia cassinoides'' (Portuguese common name ''caixeta'') is a tree native to Central and South America. It is used as a timber tree to make pencil A pencil () is a writing or drawing implement with a solid pigment core in a protect ...

''.''Tabebuia'' In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see ''External links'' below). Confusion soon ensued over the meaning of ''Tabebuia'' and what to include within it. Most of the misunderstanding was cleared up by Nathaniel Lord Britton in 1915.Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1915. "Studies of West Indian plants". ''Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club'' 42(7):372-379. Britton revived the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that had been originated in 1876 by Bentham and

Hooker Hooker may refer to: People * Hooker (surname) Places Antarctica * Mount Hooker (Antarctica) * Cape Hooker (Antarctica) * Cape Hooker (South Shetland Islands) New Zealand * Hooker River * Mount Hooker (New Zealand) in the Southern Alps * Hoo ...

, consisting of species with either simple or palmately compound leaves.George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. ''Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita'' vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See ''External links'' below). Similar plants with pinnately compound leaves were placed in ''

Tecoma ''Tecoma'' is a genus of 14 species of shrubs or small trees in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae. Twelve species are from the Americas, while the other two species are African. The American species range from the extreme southern United St ...

''. This is the concept of ''Tabebuia'' that was usually followed until 2007. The genus ''Roseodendron'' was established by Faustino Miranda González in 1965 for the two species now known as ''

'' and ''

''.Faustino Miranda-Gonzalez. 1965. "Estudios acerca de arboles y arbustos de America Tropical principamente de Mexico". ''Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico'' 29( ):34-49. These species had been placed in ''

Cybistax ''Cybistax'' is a genus of trees in the family Bignoniaceae. It contains a single species, ''Cybistax antisyphilitica'', a tree from tropical North and South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mo ...

'' by

Russell J. Seibert Russell may refer to: People * Russell (given name) * Russell (surname) * Lady Russell (disambiguation) * Lord Russell (disambiguation) Places Australia * Russell, Australian Capital Territory * Russell Island, Queensland (disambiguation) ** ...

in 1940,Russell J. Seibert. 1940. "New names in ''Cybistax'' and ''Tabebuia''". ''Tropical Woods'' 63:7-8. but were returned to ''Tabebuia'' by Alwyn H. Gentry in 1992. '' Handroanthus'' was established by Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos in 1970.Joáo Rodrigues de Mattos. 1970. "''Handroanthus'', Um novo gênero para os "ipês" do Brasil". ''Loefgrenia'' 50(?):1-4. Gentry did not agree with the segregation of ''Handroanthus'' from ''Tabebuia'' and warned against "succumbing to further paroxysms of unwarranted splitting".Alwyn H. Gentry. 1972. "''Handroanthus'' (Bignoniaceae): A critique". ''Taxon'' 21(1):113-114. In 1992, Gentry published a revision of ''Tabebuia'' in

Flora Neotropica ''Flora Neotropica'' is a series of monographs published by the New York Botanical Garden Press, and is the official publication of the Organization for Flora Neotropica. It covers the taxonomic treatment of American plants and plant families i ...

, in which he described 99 species and 1

, including those species placed by some authors in ''Roseodendron'' or ''Handroanthus''. Gentry divided ''Tabebuia'' into 10 "species groups", some of them intentionally artificial. ''Tabebuia'', as currently circumscribed, consists of groups 2,6,7,8,9, and 10. Group 1 is now the genus ''Roseodendron''. Groups 3,4, and 5 compose the genus ''Handroanthus''. In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawi ...

found ''Handroanthus'' to be closer to a certain group of four genera than to ''Tabebuia''. This group consists of ''

Spirotecoma ''Spirotecoma'' is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Species include: *''Spirotecoma apiculata'' (Britton) Alain *''Spirotecoma holguinensis'' (Britton) Alain *''Spirotecoma rubriflora'' (Leonard) Alain *''Spirotecoma spiralis'' (C. ...

'', ''

Parmentiera ''Parmentiera'' is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Species include: * '' Parmentiera aculeata'' (Kunth) L. O. Williams — guajilote (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua) * '' Parmentier ...

'', '' Crescentia'', and ''

Amphitecna ''Amphitecna'' is a genus of plants in the family Bignoniaceae. Species include: *'' Amphitecna apiculata'' A.H.Gentry *'' Amphitecna breedlovei'' A.H.Gentry *'' Amphitecna costata'' A.H.Gentry *'' Amphitecna donnell-smithii'' (Sprague) L.O.Will ...

''. A

phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ...

can be seen at Bignoniaceae. ''Handroanthus'' was duly resurrected and 30 species were assigned to it, with species boundaries the same as those of Gentry (1992). ''Roseodendron'' was resolved as sister to a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

consisting of ''Handroanthus'' and four other genera. This result had only weak statistical support, but ''Roseodendron'' clearly did not group with the remainder of ''Tabebuia''. Consequently, ''Roseodendron'' was resurrected in its original form. The remaining 67 species of ''Tabebuia'' formed a strongly supported clade that is sister to ''

Ekmanianthe ''Ekmanianthe'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae. It is most closely related to '' Tabebuia'' and has sometimes been included within it.Susan O. Grose and Richard G. Olmstead. 2007. "Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyle ...

'', a genus of two species from Cuba and

. ''Tabebuia'' had been traditionally placed in the tribe

Tecomeae Tecomeae is a tribe with 44 genera of trees, shrubs, and vines in the family Bignoniaceae. Genera * '' Argylia'' * '' Astianthus'' * '' Campsidium'' * '' Campsis'' * '' Catalpa'' * '' Catophractes'' * '' Chilopsis'' * '' Cybistax'' * '' Del ...

, but that tribe is now defined much more narrowly than it had been, and it now excludes ''Tabebuia''.Richard G. Olmstead, Michelle L. Zjhra, Lúcia G. Lohmann, Susan O. Grose, and Andrew J. Eckert. 2009. "A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae". ''American Journal of Botany'' 96(9):1731-1743. ''Tabebuia'' is now one of 12 to 14 genera belonging to a group that is informally called the ''Tabebuia'' alliance. This group has not been placed at any particular taxonomic rank. Cladistic analysis of DNA data has strongly supported ''Tabebuia'' by

Bayesian inference Bayesian inference is a method of statistical inference in which Bayes' theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available. Bayesian inference is an important technique in statistics, a ...

and

maximum parsimony In phylogenetics, maximum parsimony is an optimality criterion under which the phylogenetic tree that minimizes the total number of character-state changes (or miminizes the cost of differentially weighted character-state changes) is preferred. ...

. Such studies have so far revealed almost nothing about relationships within the genus, placing nearly all of the sampled species in a large polytomy.

Gallery of ''Tabebuia'' flowers

File:Tabebuia caraiba.JPG, "

Tabebuia aurea ''Tabebuia aurea'' is a species of ''Tabebuia'' native to South America in Suriname, Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, and northern Argentina. The common English name Caribbean trumpet tree is misleading, as it is not native to the Cari ...

" Image:Tabebuia rosealba flowers1.jpg, ''

Tabebuia roseo-alba ''Tabebuia roseo-alba'', known as white ipê, ''ipê-branco'' or ''lapacho blanco'', is a tree native to Cerrado and Pantanal vegetation in Brazil, but also appears in Argentina (especially in the "Esteros del Ibera" wetlands) and more rarely in ...

'' Castle in bloom (2351687460).jpg, ''

Tabebuia impetiginosa ''Handroanthus impetiginosus'', the pink ipê, pink lapacho or pink trumpet tree, is a tree in the family Bignoniaceae, distributed throughout North, Central and South America, from northern Mexico south to northern Argentina. It is the national ...

'' at Disneyland

References

Sources

* (1992): ''Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil.''

External links

HTML fulltext ''Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana''

CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: R-ZBotany & Plant ScienceLife ScienceCRC Press

''Tabebuia''Plant NamesIPNI

''Tabebuia''Index Nominum GenericorumResearch and CollectionsSmithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Molecular Phylogeny of Tabebuia and Allied GeneraPDFVolume 32, Issue 3List of Issues
* (2007):
Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)
'. In: ''Systematic Botany'', volume 32, issue 3, pp. 660–670.
''Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus Tabebuia s. l. (Bignoniaceae)''

Bignoniaceae''Genera Plantarum'' vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker)View RecordTitles beginning with "G"TitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

Bignoniaceae
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''Tabebuia'' (exact)Names
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Species Records
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DigitifolieaeBignoniaceaeLamialeslamiidsEmbryophytaStreptophytinaStreptophytaViridiplantaeEukaryotaTaxonomyUniProt
{{Taxonbar, from=Q312284 Bignoniaceae genera Ayahuasca Medicinal plants Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle