Eid al-Adha () is the second and the larger of the two main
holidays celebrated in
Islam (the other being
Eid al-Fitr). It honours the willingness of
Ibrahim
Ibrahim ( ar, إبراهيم, links=no ') is the Arabic name for Abraham, a Biblical patriarch and prophet in Islam.
For the Islamic view of Ibrahim, see Abraham in Islam.
Ibrahim may also refer to:
* Ibrahim (name), a name (and list of people ...
(Abraham) to
sacrifice his son
Ismail
Ishmael ''Ismaḗl''; Classical/Qur'anic Arabic: إِسْمَٰعِيْل; Modern Standard Arabic: إِسْمَاعِيْل ''ʾIsmāʿīl''; la, Ismael was the first son of Abraham, the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions; and is cons ...
(Ishmael) as an act of obedience to
Allah's command. Before Ibrahim could sacrifice his son, however, Allah provided him with a lamb which he was supposed to kill in his son's place because of his willingness to sacrifice his own son in the name of God. In commemoration of this intervention, animals are ritually sacrificed. Part of their meat is consumed by the family which offers the animal, while the rest of the meat is distributed to the poor and the needy. Sweets and gifts are given, and extended family members are typically visited and welcomed. The day is also sometimes called the Greater Eid.
In the
Islamic lunar calendar
The Hijri calendar ( ar, ٱلتَّقْوِيم ٱلْهِجْرِيّ, translit=al-taqwīm al-hijrī), also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or ...
, ''Eid al-Adha'' falls on the tenth day of
Dhu al-Hijjah and lasts for four days. In the international
(Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year, shifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.
Pronunciation
Eid al-Adha is also pronounced ''Eid al-Azha'' and ''Eidul Azha'', primarily in Iran and regions influenced by the Persian language like the Indian subcontinent; ; ar, عيد الأضحى, ʿĪd al-ʾAḍḥā, .
Etymology
The
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
word () means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. It itself is a
triliteral root
The roots of verbs and most nouns in the Semitic languages are characterized as a sequence of consonants or " radicals" (hence the term consonantal root). Such abstract consonantal roots are used in the formation of actual words by adding the vowe ...
with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day".
Arthur Jeffery contests this etymology, and believes the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac, or less likely Targumic Aramaic.
The holiday is called () or () in Arabic. The words () and () are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from the triliteral root () with associated meanings of "immolate ; offer up ; sacrifice ; victimize".
No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Qur'an
but in the Hadith literature. Arab Christians use the term to mean the
Eucharistic host. The second word derives from the triliteral root () with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice".
Arthur Jeffery recognizes the same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through
Aramaic
The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...
.
The word is still used by Aramaic Christians for the Communion service, see Eucharist above. Compare Hebrew ''
korban'' ().
Origin
One of the main trials of
Ibrahim
Ibrahim ( ar, إبراهيم, links=no ') is the Arabic name for Abraham, a Biblical patriarch and prophet in Islam.
For the Islamic view of Ibrahim, see Abraham in Islam.
Ibrahim may also refer to:
* Ibrahim (name), a name (and list of people ...
's life was to face the command of Allah by killing his beloved son. According to the new narrative, Ibrahim kept having nightmares that he was sacrificing his son
Ismail
Ishmael ''Ismaḗl''; Classical/Qur'anic Arabic: إِسْمَٰعِيْل; Modern Standard Arabic: إِسْمَاعِيْل ''ʾIsmāʿīl''; la, Ismael was the first son of Abraham, the common patriarch of the Abrahamic religions; and is cons ...
son of
Hajar. Ibrahim knew that this was a command from Allah and he told his son, as stated in the Quran, "Oh son, I keep dreaming that I am slaughtering you". Ismail replied, "Father, do what you are ordered to do." Ibrahim prepared to submit to the will of Allah and to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to Allah.
During the preparation,
Shaytaan
' (; ''devils'' or ''demons''), singular: (شَيْطَان) are evil spirits in Islam, inciting humans (and jinn) to sin by "whispering" (وَسْوَسَة, “waswasah”) to their qalb, hearts (قَلْب ''qalb''). Folklore suggests that t ...
tempted Ibrahim and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out Allah's commandment, and Ibrahim drove
Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown during Hajj rites at symbolic pillars, symbolising the place at which Satan tried to dissuade Ibrahim
Acknowledging that Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice what is dear to him, Allah the Almighty honoured both Ibrahim and Ismail. Angel
Jibreel
In Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam), Gabriel (); Greek: grc, Γαβριήλ, translit=Gabriḗl, label=none; Latin: ''Gabriel''; Coptic: cop, Ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, translit=Gabriêl, label=none; Amharic: am, ገብር ...
called Ibrahim "O' Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations." and a lamb from heaven was offered by Angel Jibreel to prophet Ibrahim to slaughter instead of Ismail. Muslims worldwide celebrate Eid al Adha to commemorate both the devotion of Ibrahim and the survival of Ismail.
This story is known as the
Akedah in Judaism (Binding of
Isaac
Isaac; grc, Ἰσαάκ, Isaák; ar, إسحٰق/إسحاق, Isḥāq; am, ይስሐቅ is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He was th ...
) and originates in the
Torah
The Torah (; hbo, ''Tōrā'', "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. In that sense, Torah means the ...
,
the first book of Moses (
Genesis
Genesis may refer to:
Bible
* Book of Genesis, the first book of the biblical scriptures of both Judaism and Christianity, describing the creation of the Earth and of mankind
* Genesis creation narrative, the first several chapters of the Book of ...
, Ch. 22). The Quran refers to the
Akedah as follows:
The word "Eid" appears once in
Al-Ma'ida, the fifth surah of the Quran, with the meaning "a festival or a feast".
Slaughter on Eid al-Adha
The tradition for Eid al-Adha involves slaughtering an animal and sharing the meat in three equal parts – for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The goal is to make sure every Muslim gets to eat meat.
Eid prayers
![The Badshahi in all its glory during the Eid Prayers](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/The_Badshahi_in_all_its_glory_during_the_Eid_Prayers.JPG)
Devotees offer the Eid al-Adha prayers at the mosque. The Eid al-Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of ''
Zuhr
The Zuhr prayer ( ar, صَلَاة ٱلظُّهْر ', "noon prayer") is one of the five mandatory
Mandate most often refers to:
* League of Nations mandates, quasi-colonial territories established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League ...
'' time, on the tenth of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the event of a ''
force majeure'' (e.g. natural disaster), the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al-Hijjah and then to the 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah.
Eid prayers must be offered in congregation. Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community. It consists of two ''
rakat
A Rak'ah ( ar, ركعة ', ; plural: ') is a single iteration of prescribed movements and supplications performed by Muslims as part of the prescribed obligatory prayer known as salah. Each of the five daily prayers observed by Muslims consis ...
s'' (units) with seven ''
takbir
The Takbir ( ar, تَكْبِير, , "magnification f God) is the name for the Arabic phrase ' (, ), meaning "God is the greatest".
It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world: in formal Salah ...
s'' in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah. For
Shia Muslims
Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, mos ...
, Salat al-Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no ''
adhan'' (call to prayer) or ''
iqama
The Iqama or Iqamah ( ar, إِقَامَة, ') is the second call to Islamic Prayer, given immediately before prayer begins. Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd Edition Online. Edited by P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinric ...
'' (call) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers. The ''
salat'' (prayer) is then followed by the khutbah, or sermon, by the
Imam.
At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one another (''
Eid Mubarak
Eid Mubarak is an Arabic term that means “Blessed feast/festival'”. The term is used by Muslims all over the world. Internationally Muslims use it as a greeting on the feast. In the social sense, people usually celebrate Eid al-Fitr after Ram ...
''), give gifts and visit one another. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their friends, neighbours, co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and
Muslim culture
Islamic culture and Muslim culture refer to cultural practices which are common to historically Islamic people. The early forms of Muslim culture, from the Rashidun Caliphate to the early Umayyad period and the early Abbasid period, were predomi ...
.
Traditions and practices
![PikiWiki Israel 28887 Eid al-Adha Homemade Cookies](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/PikiWiki_Israel_28887_Eid_al-Adha_Homemade_Cookies.jpg)
During Eid ul-Adha, distributing meat amongst the people, chanting the ''
takbir
The Takbir ( ar, تَكْبِير, , "magnification f God) is the name for the Arabic phrase ' (, ), meaning "God is the greatest".
It is a common Arabic expression, used in various contexts by Muslims and Arabs around the world: in formal Salah ...
'' out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the four days of Eid, are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival.
The ''takbir'' consists of:
Men, women, and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open ''
waqf
A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitab ...
'' ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best
halal
''Halal'' (; ar, حلال, ) is an Arabic word that translates to "permissible" in English. In the Quran, the word ''halal'' is contrasted with '' haram'' (forbidden). This binary opposition was elaborated into a more complex classification k ...
domestic animals (usually a camel, goat, sheep, or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son.
The sacrificed animals, called ( ar, أضحية), known also by the Perso-Arabic term ''qurbāni'', have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice.
In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are sacrificed on Eid days, costing over $2 billion.
The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one-third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends, and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy.
Muslims wear their new or best clothes. People cook special sweets, including
ma'amoul
Maamoul ( ar, معمول ) is a filled butter cookie made with semolina flour. The filling can be made with dried fruits like figs or dates or nuts such as pistachios or walnuts and occasionally almonds.
Maamoul are usually made during the ...
(filled shortbread cookies) and
samosa
A samosa () or singara is a fried Indian pastry with a savory filling, including ingredients such as spiced potatoes, onions, and peas. It may take different forms, including triangular, cone, or half-moon shapes, depending on the region. Sam ...
s. They gather with family and friends.
Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar
While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the
Gregorian calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...
is a
solar calendar. The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar.
Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four Gregorian dates in parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the
International Date Line.
The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the
Supreme Judicial Council. Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia.
The Umm al-Qura calendar is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijjah to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.
In many countries, the start of any
lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality.
Explanatory notes
Because the Hijri year differs by about 11 days from the AD year, Eid al-Adha can occur twice a year, in the year
1029
Year 1029 ( MXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place Europe
* Prince Pandulf IV of Capua becomes the '' de facto'' ruler of southern Italy – hold ...
,
1062
Year 1062 ( MLXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Coup of Kaiserswerth: The 11-year-old King Henry IV is abducted, as a r ...
,
1094
Year 1094 ( MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Spring – Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos) sends a Byzantine expeditionary forc ...
,
1127
Year 1127 ( MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders, is murdered; he leaves no chi ...
,
1159
Year 1159 ( MCLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
* September 7 – Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV, as the 170th pope.
* The Heiji Rebellion brea ...
,
1192,
1224
Year 1224 ( MCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Spring – Battle of Poimanenon: Byzantine forces under Emperor John III (D ...
,
1257
Year 1257 ( MCCLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – The Epirote–Nicaean conflict begins between the Despotate of Epirus and ...
,
1290,
1322
Year 1322 ( MCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 6 – Stephen Uroš III Dečanski is crowned King of Serbia, having def ...
,
1355,
1387
Year 1387 ( MCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* Elizabeta Kotromanic, mother of Mary, Queen of Hungary and the regent of Hungar ...
,
1420,
1452
Year 1452 ( MCDLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* February – Alexăndrel retakes the throne of Moldavia, in his long struggle with ...
,
1485
Year 1485 ( MCDLXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* Spring – Multiple earthquakes occur near Taishan, China.
* March 16 – A ...
,
1518
__NOTOC__
Year 1518 ( MDXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Exceptions France
In France, the year 1518 lasted from 4 April 1518 to 23 April 1519. Since Constantine (ar ...
,
1550,
1583,
1615
Events
January–June
* January 1 – The New Netherland Company is granted a three-year monopoly in North American trade, between the 40th and 45th parallels.
* February – Sir Thomas Roe sets out to become the first a ...
,
1648
1648 has been suggested as possibly the last year in which the overall human population declined, coming towards the end of a broader period of global instability which included the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Thirty Years' War, t ...
,
1681
Events January–March
* January 1 – Prince Muhammad Akbar, son of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, initiates a civil war in India. With the support of troops from the Rajput states, Akbar declares himself the new Mughal Empero ...
,
1713
Events
January–March
* January 17 – Tuscarora War: Colonel James Moore leads the Carolina militia out of Albemarle County, North Carolina, in a second offensive against the Tuscarora. Heavy snows force the troops to take ref ...
,
1746
Events
January–March
* January 8 – The Young Pretender Charles Edward Stuart occupies Stirling, Scotland.
* January 17 – Battle of Falkirk Muir: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces.
* February ...
,
1778
Events
January–March
* January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Captain James Cook, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu then Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands of the Pacific Ocean, which he na ...
,
1811
Events
January–March
* January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.
* January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Br ...
,
1844,
1876
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin.
** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol.
* February 2 – The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs is ...
,
1909
Events
January–February
* January 4 – Explorer Aeneas Mackintosh of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition escaped death by fleeing across ice floes.
* January 7 – Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.
* Jan ...
,
1941,
1974,
2006,
2039
The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties"; shortened to the '30s) is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar that will begin on 1 January 2030, and will end on 31 December 2039.
Plans and goals
* NASA plans to execute a crewed mission to Mars be ...
,
2072
In contemporary history, the third millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era in the Gregorian calendar is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000 ( 21st to 30th centuries). Ongoing futures studies seek to understand what is ...
,
2104
In contemporary history, the third millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era in the Gregorian calendar is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000 (21st to 30th centuries). Ongoing futures studies seek to understand what is li ...
,
2137 2137 may refer to:
* year 2137 3rd millennium#22nd century
* 2137 BC
* Internet memes about Pope John Paul II
* 2137 (number)
* 2137 Priscilla, minor planet
* UGC 2137, spiral galaxy at the western edge of the Perseus constellation
* Lectiona ...
,
2169
In contemporary history, the third millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era in the Gregorian calendar is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000 (21st century, 21st to 30th century, 30th centuries). Ongoing futures studies se ...
,
2202
In contemporary history, the third millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era in the Gregorian calendar is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000 (21st to 30th centuries). Ongoing futures studies seek to understand what is li ...
,
2235,
2267
In contemporary history, the third millennium of the anno Domini or Common Era in the Gregorian calendar is the current millennium spanning the years 2001 to 3000 (21st century, 21st to 30th century, 30th centuries). Ongoing futures studies se ...
and
2300. (will continue to occur every 32 or 33 years).
References
External links
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Eid Al-Adha
Abraham in Islam
Animal festival or ritual
Druze festivals and holy days
Adha
Hajj
Islamic holy days
Islamic terminology
Public holidays in Algeria
Public holidays in Azerbaijan
Public holidays in India
Public holidays in Pakistan
Public holidays in Bangladesh
Public holidays in Myanmar
Hari Raya Haji
Public holidays in Sri Lanka
Public holidays in Turkey
Public holidays in Malaysia