TOI 1338 is a

binary star system A binary star is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars in the night sky that are seen as a single object to the naked eye are often resolved using a telescope as separate stars, in wh ...

located in the constellation

Pictor Pictor is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere, located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Its name is Latin for Painting, painter, and is an abbreviation of the older name Equuleus Pictoris (the "painter's ...

, about 1,320

light-years A light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a large unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (), or 5.88 trillion miles ().One trillion here is taken to be 1012 ...

from

Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid surface water. About 71% of Earth's surfa ...

. It is orbited by the

circumbinary planet A circumbinary planet is a planet that orbits two stars instead of one. The two stars orbit each other in a binary system, while the planet typically orbits farther from the center of the system than either of the two stars. In contrast, circums ...

TOI 1338 b, discovered by the

Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS, Explorer 95 or MIDEX-7) is a space telescope for NASA's Explorer program, designed to search for exoplanets using the transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by the ''Kepler' ...

(TESS).

Nomenclature and history

The acronym TOI stands for "TESS Objects of Interest." The planet was found by Wolf Cukier, a 17-year-old attending

Scarsdale High School Scarsdale High School (SHS) is a public high school in Scarsdale, New York, United States, a coterminous town and village in Westchester County, New York. It is a part of the Scarsdale Union Free School District. The school was founded in 1917. ...

in New York at the time, who joined the

Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately northeast of Washington, D.C. in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959 as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC empl ...

as a summer intern. He looked through

light curve In astronomy, a light curve is a graph of light intensity of a celestial object or region as a function of time, typically with the magnitude of light received on the y axis and with time on the x axis. The light is usually in a particular frequ ...

s that were flagged as

eclipsing binaries A binary star is a system of two stars that are gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars in the night sky that are seen as a single object to the naked eye are often resolved using a telescope as separate stars, in wh ...

by volunteers of the

Planet Hunters Planet Hunters is a citizen science project to find exoplanets using human eyes. It does this by having users analyze data from the NASA Kepler space telescope and the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. It was launched by a team led by D ...

citizen science project. Cukier and six of the Planet Hunter volunteers are co-authors of the publication regarding the newly-discovered planet. Cukier currently attends

Princeton University Princeton University is a private university, private research university in Princeton, New Jersey. Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth as the College of New Jersey, Princeton is the List of Colonial Colleges, fourth-oldest ins ...

as an undergraduate student in the Department of Astrophysical Sciences. Cukier was not given an opportunity to name the planet. In February 2021, a petition calling for the planet TOI 1338 b in the system to be named ''SOPHIE'' received over 90,000 signatures. Organisers of the petition sought to pay homage to the late Scottish musician and music producer

Sophie Sophie is a version of the female given name Sophia, meaning "wise". People with the name Born in the Middle Ages * Sophie, Countess of Bar (c. 1004 or 1018–1093), sovereign Countess of Bar and lady of Mousson * Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess o ...

, who died on 30 January 2021. High-profile supporters of the campaign included

Charli XCX Charlotte Emma Aitchison (born 2 August 1992), known professionally as Charli XCX, is an English singer and songwriter. Born in Cambridge and raised in Start Hill, Essex, she began posting songs on Myspace in 2008, which led to her discovery ...

and

Caroline Polachek Caroline Elizabeth Polachek (born June 20, 1985) is an American singer, producer and songwriter. Raised in Connecticut, Polachek co-founded the indie pop band Chairlift while studying at the University of Colorado. The duo emerged from the late- ...

The stellar binary

TOI 1338 is a single-lined

spectroscopic binary A binary star is a system of two star, stars that are gravity, gravitationally bound to and in orbit around each other. Binary stars in the night sky that are seen as a single object to the naked eye are often resolved using a telescope as separa ...

system, consisting of an F8 star and a

red dwarf ''Red Dwarf'' is a British science fiction comedy franchise created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor, which primarily consists of a television sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1999, and on Dave since 2009, gaining a cult following. T ...

of spectral type M. The system has an age of 4.4 billion years. The two stars with masses of 1.13 and 0.313 revolve around each other every 14.6 days. The red dwarf is about nine magnitudes fainter than the primary star and cannot be detected in the

spectrum A spectrum (plural ''spectra'' or ''spectrums'') is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without gaps, across a continuum. The word was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors i ...

. The orbit of the two stars is inclined at 89.7° and both primary and secondary

eclipse An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three ce ...

s can be observed, although the brightness changes are very small. The primary eclipse occurs when the hotter primary star is partially occulted by the cooler secondary. It lasts about five hours and the brightness decreases by about 4%. The secondary eclipses occur when the cooler star is occulted by the hotter star. They also last about five hours but the brightness drops by less than half a percent.

Planetary system

The planet TOI 1338b is between Neptune and Saturn in size, and has an orbit that is within ~1°

coplanar In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all. For example, three points are always coplanar, and if the points are distinct and non-collinear, the plane they determine is unique. Howe ...

with the binary. The

spin Spin or spinning most often refers to: * Spinning (textiles), the creation of yarn or thread by twisting fibers together, traditionally by hand spinning * Spin, the rotation of an object around a central axis * Spin (propaganda), an intentionally b ...

of the primary star also aligns with the orbits of the binary and the planet ( spin-orbit angle β = °). This is the second time the

Rossiter–McLaughlin effect The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect is a spectroscopic phenomenon observed when an object moves across the face of a star. Description The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect is a spectroscopic phenomenon observed when either an eclipsing binary's second ...

was measured for a star hosting a circumbinary planet.

Kepler-16 Kepler-16 is an eclipsing binary star system in the constellation of Cygnus that was targeted by the Kepler spacecraft. Both stars are smaller than the Sun; the primary, Kepler-16A, is a K-type main-sequence star and the secondary, ...

was the first system with such a measurement. The measurement of the alignment for TOI 1338 suggests that the planet formed from a single circumbinary disk.

References

External links

TESS – Official WebSite

NASA Telescope Discovers Its First Planet Orbiting Two StarsTOI 1338 at ExoFOP TESSThe TOI 1338 subject at Planet Hunters, as mentioned in the paper
{{Portal bar, Astronomy, Stars, Spaceflight, Solar System, Science Planetary systems with one confirmed planet 1338, TOI Circumbinary planets Pictor (constellation) Eclipsing binaries F-type main-sequence stars M-type main-sequence stars

Nomenclature and history

The stellar binary

Planetary system

See also

References

External links