TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa, also known as TAF9, is a

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF9''

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...

Function

Initiation of transcription by

RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA. It is one of the three RNAP enzymes found in the nucleus of eukaryoti ...

requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein complex that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (

TFIID Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters o ...

), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein ( TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify

general transcription factor General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites (Promoter (genetics), promoter) on DNA to activate Transcription (genetics), transcription ...

s (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor

GTF2B Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) and aids in stimulating transcription initiation. TFIIB is localised to the nucleus and pro ...

as well as to several transcriptional activators such as

p53 p53, also known as Tumor protein P53, cellular tumor antigen p53 (UniProt name), or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53) is a regulatory protein that is often mutated in human cancers. The p53 proteins (originally thought to be, and often s ...

and VP16. A similar but distinct gene (

TAF9B Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF9B'' gene. Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates the ...

) has been found on the

X chromosome The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and XO sex-d ...

and a

pseudogene Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by DNA duplication or indirectly by Reverse transcriptase, reverse transcription of an mRNA trans ...

has been identified on

chromosome 19 Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 58.6 million base pairs, the building material of DNA. It is considered the most gene-rich chromosome ...

Alternative splicing Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be ...

results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Structure

The 17-amino-acid-long trans-activating domains (TAD) of several transcription factors were reported to bind directly to TAF9: p53, VP16,

HSF1 Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSF1'' gene. HSF1 is highly conserved in eukaryotes and is the primary mediator of transcriptional responses to proteotoxic stress with important roles in non-stress regul ...

NF-IL6 CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CEBPB'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this intronless gene is a bZIP transcription factor that can bind as a homodimer to certain DNA regulatory regio ...

NFAT1 Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFATC2'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) family. The product of this gene is a DNA-bindin ...

NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a protein complex that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival. NF-κB is found in almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular ...

, and ALL1/MLL1. Inside of these 17 amino acids, a unique Nine-amino-acid

transactivation In the context of gene regulation: transactivation is the increased rate of gene expression triggered either by biological processes or by artificial means, through the expression of an intermediate transactivator protein. In the context of recep ...

domain (9aaTAD) was identified for each reported transcription factor. 9aaTAD is a novel domain common to a large superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors represented by

Gal4 The Gal4 transcription factor is a positive regulator of gene expression of galactose-induced genes. This protein represents a large fungal family of transcription factors, Gal4 family, which includes over 50 members in the yeast ''Saccharomyces ...

, Oaf1, Leu3, Rtg3,

Pho4 Pho4 is a protein with a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. It is found in ''S. cerevisiae'' and other yeasts. It functions as a transcription factor to regulate phosphate responsive genes located in yeast cells. The Pho4 protein ...

, Gln4, Gcn4 in yeast and by p53, NFAT, NF-κB and VP16 in mammals.The prediction for 9aa TADs (for both acidic and hydrophilic transactivation domains) is available online from National EMBnet-Node Austria () TAF9 is supposed to be a universal transactivation cofactor for 9aaTAD transcription factors.

Interactions

TAF9 has been shown to

interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...

with: *

GCN5L2 __NOTOC__ Histone acetyltransferase KAT2A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''KAT2A'' gene. Interactions GCN5L2 has been shown to interact with: * DDB1, * Ku70, * Ku80 Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''XRCC5 ...

, *

Myc ''Myc'' is a family of regulator genes and proto-oncogenes that code for transcription factors. The ''Myc'' family consists of three related human genes: ''c-myc'' (MYC), ''l-myc'' ( MYCL), and ''n-myc'' (MYCN). ''c-myc'' (also sometimes refe ...

, *

SF3B3 Splicing factor 3B subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SF3B3'' gene. This gene encodes subunit 3 of the splicing factor 3b protein complex. Splicing factor 3b, together with splicing factor 3a and a 12S RNA unit, forms the U ...

, *

SUPT7L STAGA complex 65 subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUPT7L'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of SUPT7L function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Supt7ltm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi'' ...

, *

TADA3L Transcriptional adapter 3-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TADA3'' gene. Cytogenetic location: 3p25.3 Function Many DNA-binding transcriptional activator proteins enhance the initiation rate of RNA polymerase II-mediated ge ...

, *

TAF5 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF5'' gene. Function Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coord ...

, *

TAF6L TAF6-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 6L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF6L'' gene. Function Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more t ...

, *

TAF10 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF10'' gene. Function Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coo ...

, *

TAF12 Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF12'' gene. Function Control of transcription by RNA polymerase II involves the basal transcription machinery, which is a collection of proteins ...

, *

TAF5L TAF5-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 5L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TAF5L'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the WD-repeat TAF5 family of proteins. This g ...

, *

TATA binding protein The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds specifically to a DNA sequence called the TATA box. This DNA sequence is found about 30 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site in some eukaryotic gene pr ...

, *

Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SUPT3H'' gene. Interactions Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog has been shown to interact with GCN5L2, TAF6L, TADA3L, TAF5L, SF3B3, SUPT7L ...

, and *

Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein, also known as TRRAP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRRAP'' gene. TRRAP belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase protein family. Function TRRAP is an ad ...

Function

Structure

Interactions

References

Further reading