National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2)

Socialist-style emblems usually follow a unique style consisting of

communist symbolism Communist symbolism represents a variety of themes, including revolution, the proletariat, peasantry, agriculture, or international solidarity. Communist states, parties and movements use these symbols to advance and create solidarity within ...

. Although commonly referred to as

coats of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its wh ...

, most are not actually traditional heraldic achievements. Many communist governments purposely diverged from heraldic tradition in order to distance themselves from the

monarchies A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication. The political legitimacy and authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutional monarchy), ...

that they usually replaced, with coats of arms being seen as symbols of the monarchs. The

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

was the first state to use a

socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the e ...

-style emblem, beginning at its creation in 1922. The style became more widespread after

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, when many other communist states were established. Even a few non-socialist (or communist) states have adopted the style, for various reasons—usually because communists had helped them to gain independence or establish their republican governments. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the other communist states in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 1992, this style of state emblems was often abandoned in favour of the old heraldic practices, with many (but not all) of the new governments reinstating traditional heraldry that was previously cast aside.

Origin and history

The

, created after the 1917 revolution, required insignia to represent itself in line with other sovereign states, such as emblems, flags and seals, but the Soviet leaders did not wish to continue the old heraldic practices which they saw as associated with the societal system the revolution sought to replace. In response to the needs and wishes, the national emblem adopted would lack the traditional heraldic elements of a shield, helm, crest and mantling, and instead be presented more plainly. This style was followed then by other socialist and communist states, which wished to also focus attention on the nation's workers and diverge from feudalism and all of its associations. In some communist countries, the socialist style of emblems was never adopted fully. The

coat of arms of Poland The coat of arms of Poland is a white, crowned Eagle (heraldry), eagle with a golden beak and talons, on a red background. In Poland, the coat of arms as a whole is referred to as ''godło'' both in official documents and colloquial speech, des ...

was only changed slightly under the communist era, retaining the traditional heraldic form. In Hungary, the "Rákosi badge", an emblem in the socialist style, was adopted following the Second World War, but after the 1956 uprising, a new emblem ("Kádár badge") was created combining communist symbolism with a heraldic shield in the colours of the Hungarian flag. Czechoslovakia became a Communist country in 1948 but retained its original coat of arms until 1961, when they were replaced with a non-traditional shield depicting the heraldic Bohemian lion without a crown and with a red star above head. Some of the states of Yugoslavia also used heraldic shields coupled with socialist imagery in their emblems, as did two republics within the USSR: the

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...

and the

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ( uk, Украї́нська Радя́нська Соціалісти́чна Респу́бліка, ; russian: Украи́нская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респ ...

Characteristics

Socialist style of state emblems typically makes use of the following symbols: *

Hammer and sickle The hammer and sickle (Unicode: "☭") zh, s=锤子和镰刀, p=Chuízi hé liándāo or zh, s=镰刀锤子, p=Liándāo chuízi, labels=no is a symbol meant to represent proletarian solidarity, a union between agricultural and industri ...

, representing respectively the workers and peasantry. In some countries, the sickle may be replaced by another traditional tool for local agriculture, most often a hoe. More rarely, a hammer may be used on its own, to represent the working classes as a whole. * The five-pointed

Red star A red star, five-pointed and filled, is a symbol that has often historically been associated with communist ideology, particularly in combination with the hammer and sickle, but is also used as a purely socialist symbol in the 21st century. I ...

, representing the five fingers of the worker's hand and the five continents on the earth. Often displayed with a yellow border, or a yellow five-pointed star, often on a red background *

Wreaths A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a circle . In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Chri ...

grain A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legum ...

or other

domesticated plants This is a list of plants that have been domesticated by humans. The list includes individual plant species identified by their common names as well as larger formal and informal botanical categories which include at least some domesticated individ ...

encircling the emblem, representing agriculture and plenty * Interwoven

ribbon A ribbon or riband is a thin band of material, typically cloth but also plastic or sometimes metal, used primarily as decorative binding and tying. Cloth ribbons are made of natural materials such as silk, cotton, and jute and of synthetic mater ...

s in national or red colors, sometimes used for a motto *

The rising sun ''The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945'' is a non-fiction history book by John Toland, published by Random House in 1970. It won the 1971 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction. It was republished by Random Hou ...

, representing revolution * Modern industrial accessories such as

gear A gear is a rotating circular machine part having cut teeth or, in the case of a cogwheel or gearwheel, inserted teeth (called ''cogs''), which mesh with another (compatible) toothed part to transmit (convert) torque and speed. The basic pr ...

s and

electricity pylon A transmission tower, also known as an electricity pylon or simply a pylon in British English and as a hydro tower in Canadian English, is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an overhead power line. In electrical ...

s * Books, representing the

intelligentsia The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the in ...

, and more generally, science and culture * Local

landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or man-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes the ...

s * Other tools or accessories, sometimes weapons. However, the latter is more characteristic of national liberation movement symbolism than of traditional Socialist heraldic style. Emblems following this style generally have a circular or oval shape.

Present

With the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc in Europe, most of these countries' socialist emblems have been replaced with old pre-communist symbols or by wholly new coats of arms. The socialist style's influence is still seen in the emblems of several countries, such as the

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu River, Y ...

has a national emblem in pure socialist style, as do

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

and

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...

. During the infancy years of the

Russian Federation Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

(the successor to the Soviet Union), the country used the modified version of the emblem of the RSFSR with the inscription was changed from ''RSFSR'' () to the ''Russian Federation'' (/) until the new coat of arms was adopted in 1993. The

national emblem of Belarus The national emblem of Belarus features a ribbon in the colors of the national flag, a silhouette of Belarus, wheat ears and a red star. It is sometimes referred to as the coat of arms of Belarus, although in heraldic terms this is inaccurate a ...

was adopted in 1995 following a controversial

referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

. It is reminiscent of that of the

Byelorussian SSR The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR, or Byelorussian SSR; be, Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка, Bielaruskaja Savieckaja Sacyjalistyčnaja Respublika; russian: Белор� ...

and replaced the coat of arms of 1991–1995 which followed the traditional heraldic style.

Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...

and

Uzbekistan Uzbekistan (, ; uz, Ozbekiston, italic=yes / , ; russian: Узбекистан), officially the Republic of Uzbekistan ( uz, Ozbekiston Respublikasi, italic=yes / ; russian: Республика Узбекистан), is a doubly landlocked cou ...

also retained components of their respective former Soviet republics' emblems. The

national emblem of North Macedonia The national emblem of North Macedonia depicts two curved garlands of sheaves of wheat, tobacco leaves and opium poppy fruits, tied by a ribbon decorated with Macedonian embroidery, embroidery of traditional Macedonian folk motifs. In the center ...

is reminiscent of that of the

Socialist Republic of Macedonia The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( mk, Социјалистичка Република Македонија, Socijalistička Republika Makedonija), or SR Macedonia, commonly referred to as Socialist Macedonia or Yugoslav Macedonia, was ...

(once a constituent socialist republic of the

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, commonly referred to as SFR Yugoslavia or simply as Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe. It emerged in 1945, following World War II, and lasted until 1992, with the breakup of Yug ...

). In Africa, the emblems of the former Portuguese colonies of

Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

and

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

, as well as

Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau ( ; pt, Guiné-Bissau; ff, italic=no, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮, Gine-Bisaawo, script=Adlm; Mandinka: ''Gine-Bisawo''), officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau ( pt, República da Guiné-Bissau, links=no ) ...

, follow the socialist-style emblems formula. The

Republic of Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hung ...

used the

coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia A coat typically is an outer garment for the upper body as worn by either gender for warmth or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and are open down the front and closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners, toggles, a ...

Law on the use of the coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Serbia ( sr, Zakon o upotrebi grba Socijalisticke Republike Srbije ("SG SRS", br. 6/1985.) until the recommended

symbols A symbol is a mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different conc ...

by the National Assembly on 17 August 2004. The recommended usage was made into law on 11 May 2009 thus officially replacing the socialist emblem. The unrecognised state of

Transnistria Transnistria, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is an unrecognised breakaway state that is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. Transnistria controls most of the narrow strip of land between the Dniester riv ...

has a state emblem based on a Soviet-era design, despite not being a socialist state. The pattern also applies to the self-declared

Luhansk People's Republic The Luhansk or Lugansk People's Republic (russian: Луга́нская Наро́дная Респу́блика, Luganskaya Narodnaya Respublika, ; abbreviated as LPR or LNR, rus, ЛНР) is a disputed entity created by Russian-backed ...

Galleries

Below are galleries of historical and current national emblems. The years given are for the emblems, not for the countries. This is not an exhaustive gallery, since they are here to illustrate the article, not to show every example. Only long-lasting emblems of independent countries are shown. They also exclude emblems which were a mix of traditional heraldry and socialist symbolism, like the present arms of

São Tomé e Príncipe SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U.S. ...

and of

East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-weste ...

, the 1960–1990 Emblem of Czechoslovakia, or the 1974–2008

state seal of Burma The State Seal of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar ( my, ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် နိုင်ငံတော်အထိမ်းအမှတ်တံဆိပ ...

, or traditionally heraldic arms of socialist countries, like those of

Guyana Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...

and

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

Current emblems

File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg, File:Emblem of Vietnam.svg, File:Emblem of Laos.svg, File:Emblem of North Korea.svg, File:Emblem of Angola.svg, File:Emblem of Belarus.svg, File:Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg, File:Emblem of Mozambique.svg, File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg, File:Emblem of Tajikistan.svg, File:Emblem of Uzbekistan.svg,

Non-UN member states or subnational divisions with socialist-styled emblems

File:Coat of arms of Gagauzia.svg, File:COA LPR oct 2014.svg, File:Coat of arms of Transnistria.svg, File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Volgograd_oblast.svg, File:Coat of arms of Mordovia.svg, File:Coat of Arms of Bryansk Oblast.svg, File:Coat of Arms of Altai Krai.svg, File:Emblem of Wa State.svg,

Historical emblems

File:Coat of arms of the People's Republic of Albania.svg, File:Emblem of the People's Republic of Benin.svg, File:Coat of arms of Burkina Faso 1984-1991.svg, File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria (1971-1990).svg, File:National Emblem of the Chinese Soviet Republic.svg, File:Coat of Arms of the People's Republic of Congo.svg, File:Emblem of the Derg.svg, File:PDR Ethiopia emblem.svg, File:State arms of German Democratic Republic.svg, File:Iraq state emblem CoA 1959-1965 Qassem.svg, File:Coat of arms of Hungary (1949-1956).svg, File:Coat of arms of Hungary (1957-1990).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Hungarian People's Republic (1957–1989) and the

Hungarian Republic Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia a ...

(1989–1990).{{efn, Atypically, the emblem includes a nod to traditional heraldry – a central shield. File:Emblem of Democratic Kampuchea 1975–1979.svg, {{center, Emblem of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979) File:Emblem of the People's Republic of Kampuchea (1981-1989).svg, {{center, Emblem of the

People's Republic of Kampuchea The People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK), UNGEGN: , ALA-LC: ; vi, Cộng hòa Nhân dân Campuchia was a partially recognised state in Southeast Asia supported by Vietnam which existed from 1979 to 1989. It was founded in Cambodia by the Kamp ...

(1979–1989) File:Emblem of Laos 1975-1991.svg, {{center,

Emblem of Laos The National Emblem of the Lao People's Democratic Republic shows the national shrine Pha That Luang. A dam is pictured, which is a symbol of power generation at the reservoir Nam Ngum. An asphalt street is also pictured, as well as a stylized wat ...

(1975–1991) File:Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Democratic Republic of Madagascar (1975–1992) File:State emblem of the People's republic of Mongolia (1960–1992).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Mongolian People's Republic (1960–1992) File:Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Romania.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Socialist Republic of Romania The emblem of the Socialist Republic of Romania was an emblem of Romania in 1965–1989. After 1948, Communist authorities changed both the flag and the coat of arms. The coat of arms became more emblematically faithful to Communist symbolism: ...

(1965–1989) File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1991).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1956–1991) File:Emblem_of_the_Tuvan_People's_Republic_(1943-1944).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Tuvan People's Republic (1943-1944) File:GRB JUGOSLAVIJE.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963–1993)

Republics of the Soviet Union

{{Main, Republics of the Soviet Union File:Emblem_of_the_SSR_of_Abkhazia_(1928-1931).svg, {{center, Emblem of SSR Abkhazia (1928–1931) File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Armenian SSR (1937–1992) File:Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' are often used in ...

(1937–1993) File:Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1981–1991).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR (1981–1991) File:Emblem of the Estonian SSR.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Estonian SSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' are often used in ...

(1940–1990) File:Emblem_of_the_Georgian_SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Georgian SSR (1921–1990) File:Emblem_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Karelo-Finnish SSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' are often used in ...

(1941-1956) File:Emblem_of_Kazakh_SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Kazakh SSR (1937–1992) File:Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR (1948–1994) File:Emblem_of_the_Latvian_SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Latvian SSR (1940–1990) File:Emblem_of_the_Lithuanian_SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Lithuanian SSR (1940–1990) File:Emblem_of_the_Moldavian_SSR_(1981-1990).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Moldavian SSR (1941–1990) File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Russian SFSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and '' symbol'' are often us ...

(1978–1992) File:Emblem of the Tajik SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Tajik SSR (1937–1992) File:Emblem_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_(1930-1936).svg, {{center, Emblem of the Transcaucasian SFSR (1930–1936) File:Emblem_of_the_Turkestan_ASSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Turkestan ASSR (1919–1924) File:Emblem_of_the_Turkmen_SSR.svg, {{center, Emblem of the Turkmen SSR (1937–1992) File:Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and '' symbol'' are often us ...

(1949–1991) File:Emblem of the Uzbek SSR.svg, {{center,

Emblem of the Uzbek SSR An emblem is an abstract or representational pictorial image that represents a concept, like a moral truth, or an allegory, or a person, like a king or saint. Emblems vs. symbols Although the words ''emblem'' and ''symbol'' are often used in ...

(1937–1992)

Republics of Yugoslavia

{{Main, SFR Yugoslavia File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg, {{center, Emblem of

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and H ...

(1946–1992) File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia.svg, {{center, Emblem of

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = "Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capit ...

(1947–1990) File:Emblem_of_Macedonia_(1946–2009).svg, {{center, Emblem of Macedonia (1946–1991) File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro_(1945–1993).svg, {{center, Emblem of

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = M ...

(1945–1993) File:Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_(1947–2004).svg, {{center, Emblem of the

Socialist Republic of Serbia , life_span = 1944–1992 , status = Constituent state of Yugoslavia , p1 = Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia , flag_p1 = Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg , p2 ...

(1947–1992) and the

(1992-2004) File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg, {{center, Emblem of

Slovenia Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...

(1945–1991)

Notes

{{Notelist

References

Citations

{{reflist

Sources

{{refbegin * Slater, Stephen (2002). ''The complete book of Heraldry''. London. {{refend

Bibliography

* Arvidsson, Stefan (2017). ''Style and Mythology of Socialism: Socialist Idealism, 1871–1914''. Routledge * Gorman, John (1985). ''Images of Labour: Selected Memorabilia from the National Museum of Labour History''. London: Scorpion Publications. * Gorman, John (1986). ''Banner bright: An Illustrated History of Trade Union Banners''. Buckhurst Hill, Essex: Scorpion Publications.

External links

Blog: Heart in a Heartless World
{{Heraldry {{Marxism–Leninism {{Socialism Coats of arms of communist states Marxism–Leninism Heraldry Symbols of communism Socialist symbols History of socialism 1922 introductions