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Hakodate is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households, and a population density of 412.8 ...
,
Hokkaidō is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The la ...
, Japan, is that once occupied by the Shinori Fort or Fortified Residence (as denoted by the ''tate'' or ''date'' ending). This was the easternmost of the so-called "
Twelve Garrisons of Southern Hokkaido The Twelve Garrisons of Southern Hokkaido (Japanese: 道南十二館, "Twelve Garrisons of the Southern Circuit") was a general term encompassing the Japanese feudal possessions in southern Ezo (now Hokkaido). The names come from the " Shinra no K ...
", built on the Oshima Peninsula by the '' Wajin'' from the fourteenth century. The site was
designated Designation (from Latin ''designatio'') is the process of determining an incumbent's successor. A candidate that won an election for example, is the ''designated'' holder of the office the candidate has been elected to, up until the candidate's i ...
a National Historic Site in 1934 and is one of the Japan Castle Foundation's Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles.


Shinori fort

Shinoridate is located some to the east of the center of
Hakodate is a city and port located in Oshima Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of July 31, 2011, the city has an estimated population of 279,851 with 143,221 households, and a population density of 412.8 ...
, along a stretch of coast with many good natural harbours. A short distance inland from Shinori Fishing Port, with the mouth of the Shinori River to the west, the gently sloping site overlooks the Tsugaru Strait and
Shimokita Peninsula is the remote northeastern cape of the Japanese island of Honshū, stretching out towards Hokkaidō. Overview It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the east, Tsugaru Strait to the north and Mutsu Bay to the west and south. Shaped like an axe ...
, with views also towards
Mount Hakodate is an inactive volcanic mountain in Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan. The mountain is renowned for its view of the surrounding bay and city. The Michelin Green Guide: Japan gave the experience 3/3 stars in a review, placing it as equal to mountain v ...
. The earthworks rise to a height of on the north side and to the south and are interrupted by an opening on both the east and the west sides. The moat is wide on the north and west sides and up to deep and is crossed by two earth bridges, that to the west particularly well-preserved. First laid out around the end of the fourteenth century, Shinoridate features in the Matsumae Domainal history ''
Shinra no Kiroku or "Record of Shinra" is an early-Edo period Japanese domainal history. The chronicle is also known as or . It was compiled in 1643 by , the sixth son of Matsumae Yoshihiro, first daimyō of the . Its two scrolls recount the early history of the ...
'', which tells of it being sacked by the Ainu in Chōroku 1 (1457), during
Koshamain's War was an armed struggle between the Ainu and Wajin that took place on the Oshima Peninsula of southern Hokkaidō, Japan, in 1457. Escalating out of a dispute over the purchase of a sword, Koshamain and his followers sacked , before being overcome ...
, and again falling to the
Ainu Ainu or Aynu may refer to: *Ainu people, an East Asian ethnic group of Japan and the Russian Far East *Ainu languages, a family of languages **Ainu language of Hokkaido **Kuril Ainu language, extinct language of the Kuril Islands **Sakhalin Ainu la ...
in Eishō 9 (1512), after which its occupants, the , became subject to the
Matsumae clan The was a Japanese clan that was confirmed in the possession of the area around Matsumae, Hokkaidō as a march fief in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and charged with defending it, and by extension the whole of Japan, from the Ainu "barbarians" ...
.「長禄元年五月十四日夷狄蜂起来而、攻撃志濃里之舘主小林太郎左衛門尉良景…殺狄之酋長胡奢魔允」("On the fourteenth day of the fifth month of the first year of the Chōroku era (1457), a barbarian uprising occurred, and in an attack on Shinori Fort, its lord Kobayashi Tarō Saemon-no-jō Yoshikage...was killed, the barbarian tribal leader being Koshamain") 「永正九年四月十六日宇須岸志濃利與倉前三舘所攻落夷賊…小林太郎左衛門尉良景之子彌太郎良定」("On the sixteenth day of the fourth month of the ninth year of the Eishō era (1512), the three forts of Usukeshi, Shinori, and Yokuramae fell in an attack by barbarian bandits and...Kobayashi Tarō Saemon-no-jō Yoshikage's son Yatarō Yoshisada was killed") The Hakodate City Board of Education conducted excavations and surveys of the enclosure and surrounding area between 1983 and 1985, uncovering the remains of a number of buildings, palisades, a well, artefacts made of bronze, iron, stone, and wood, celadons and white porcelain from southern China, as well as domestic
Suzu Suzu may refer to: * Suzu (bell), small Japanese bells used in Shinto * Suzu, Ishikawa, city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan * Sabzuyeh, Neyriz, also known as Sūzū, a village in Neyriz County, Fars Province, Iran Temple names Suzu () was a Chines ...
, Echizen, and Seto ware. Three different intercolumnar measurements were used in the construction of the buildings, the style of the well is that found in
Heian-kyō Heian-kyō was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180. Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, mov ...
in the late Kamakura period, while many of the ceramics are typical of the early fifteenth century. Accordingly, three main phases have been identified: the end of the fourteenth or early-fifteenth century; mid-fifteenth century; and sixteenth century or later. With the archaeological evidence pushing back the origins of the fort at least half a century before Koshamain, its construction can no longer be understood as an immediate response to the contingencies of 1457, and other explanations are required.


Shinori hoard

In July 1968, during widening work on the prefectural road (now National Route 278) that runs past the fort, a Nanbokuchō-period (C14)
coin hoard A hoard or "wealth deposit" is an archaeological term for a collection of valuable objects or artifacts, sometimes purposely buried in the ground, in which case it is sometimes also known as a cache. This would usually be with the intention o ...
was unearthed some inland from the mouth of the Shinori River, at a location above sea level. This is the largest hoard found to date in Japan in terms of the number of coins it contains. The three large vessels excavated weighed, together with their contents, . Ninety-three different types of coin have been identified: a handful in total of early Japanese coinage of the
Asuka Asuka may refer to: People * Asuka (name), a list of people * Asuka (wrestler), professional wrestler * Asuka (wrestler, born 1998), professional wrestler also known as Veny outside of Japan Places In Japan * , an area in Yamato Province (now N ...
,
Nara The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It i ...
and early Heian periods, late tenth-century Vietnamese coinage of the Đinh and Early Lê dynasties, and late eleventh-century
Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificati ...
coinage from Korea; the bulk comprising Chinese coinage, primarily of the
Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...
, issues ranging in date from 4 Zhu Ban Liang minted in the fifth year of Emperor Wen of
Han Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...
(175 BC) to
Hongwu Tongbao The ''Hongwu Tongbao'' ( Japanese language, Japanese: Kōbu Tsūhō) was the first Cash (Chinese coin), cash coin to bear the reign name of a reigning Ming dynasty Emperor bearing the reign title of the Hongwu Emperor. Hongwu Tongbao cash coin ...
from the first year of the
Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (), courtesy name Guorui (), was the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty of China, reigning from 1368 to 1398. As famine, plagues and peasant revolts in ...
, founder of the
Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
(1368). The 374,435 coins from this hoard now at the
Hakodate City Museum is a museum of history and natural history in Hakodate Park, Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan. The forerunner of the current museum, the Hakodate Provisional Museum, building one, opened in May 1879, the second building in 1884, and the third buildi ...
have been
designated Designation (from Latin ''designatio'') is the process of determining an incumbent's successor. A candidate that won an election for example, is the ''designated'' holder of the office the candidate has been elected to, up until the candidate's i ...
an Important Cultural Property. A 1999 study of 275 Japanese hoards, totalling 3,530,000 coins, found that the Chinese copper coins used in Japan in the Middle Ages were brought over in the largest number in the thirteenth century, were used primarily in commerce or for paying soldiers, and were buried largely for reasons of security, although there were also instances of ritual or votive deposits. The dating of the Shinori hoard precludes its burial as a response to
Koshamain's War was an armed struggle between the Ainu and Wajin that took place on the Oshima Peninsula of southern Hokkaidō, Japan, in 1457. Escalating out of a dispute over the purchase of a sword, Koshamain and his followers sacked , before being overcome ...
; instead it may relate to trade, the local Shinori or ''Kaga'' kombu featuring alongside
Ezo (also spelled Yezo or Yeso) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the lands to the north of the Japanese island of Honshu. It included the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido, which changed its name from "Ezo" to "Hokkaidō" in 18 ...
salmon in the Nanboku-chō period text . Produce from the area would have been traded along the Hokuriku coast to reach the markets of Kyōto and Ōsaka.


See also

*
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Hokkaidō) This list is of the Historic Sites of Japan located within the Circuit of Hokkaidō. National Historic Sites As of 1 September 2019, fifty-five Sites have been designated as being of national significance (including one * Special Historic Si ...
* List of Cultural Properties of Japan - archaeological materials (Hokkaidō) *
Hakodate City Museum is a museum of history and natural history in Hakodate Park, Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan. The forerunner of the current museum, the Hakodate Provisional Museum, building one, opened in May 1879, the second building in 1884, and the third buildi ...
* Shiryōkaku * Shakushain's revolt * Chashi *
Kitamaebune The was a shipping route (and also the ships involved) in Japan from the Edo period to the Meiji era. The route went from Osaka through the Seto Inland Sea and the Kanmon Straits to ports in Hokuriku on the Sea of Japan and later to Hokkaidō. ...
*
National Ainu Museum The is a museum located in Shiraoi, Hokkaidō, Japan. The museum's mission is "to promote a proper understanding and awareness of Ainu history and culture in Japan and elsewhere out of respect for the dignity of the indigenous Ainu people, wh ...


Notes


References


External links


Shinoridate
{{Continued Top 100 Japanese Castles History of Hokkaido Hakodate Historic Sites of Japan Archaeological sites in Japan Castles in Hokkaido 1968 archaeological discoveries