Serranus Hastings
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Serranus Clinton Hastings (November 22, 1814 – February 18, 1893) was an American politician, rancher and lawyer in
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. He studied law as a young man and moved to the
Iowa District The Iowa District was a region of north-central North America west of the Mississippi River claimed by the United States. From June 28, 1834, to July 4, 1838, it was part of the Michigan Territory and, later, the Wisconsin Territory. It includ ...
in 1837 to open a law office. Iowa became a territory a year later, and he was elected a member of the House of Representatives of the Iowa Territorial General Assembly. When the territory became the state of
Iowa Iowa () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri River and Big Sioux River to the west. It is bordered by six states: Wisconsin to the northeast, Illinois to the ...
in 1846, he won an election to represent the state in the
United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...
. After his term ended, he became Chief Justice of the
Iowa Supreme Court The Iowa Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Iowa. The Court is composed of a Chief Justice and six Associate Justices. The Court holds its regular sessions in Des Moines in the Iowa Judicial Branch Building located at 1111 E ...
. After one year in office, Hastings resigned and moved to California. He was appointed to the
California Supreme Court The Supreme Court of California is the highest and final court of appeals in the courts of the U.S. state of California. It is headquartered in San Francisco at the Earl Warren Building, but it regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacra ...
as Chief Justice a few months later. He won an election to be
Attorney General of California The attorney general of California is the state attorney general of the Government of California. The officer's duty is to ensure that "the laws of the state are uniformly and adequately enforced" (Constitution of California, Article V, Section ...
, and assumed office shortly after his term as Chief Justice ended. He began practicing law again as Attorney General. He earned a small fortune with his law practice and used that fortune to finance his successful real estate ventures. In 1878, he founded the
Hastings College of the Law The University of California, Hastings College of the Law (UC Hastings) is a Public university, public Law school in the United States, law school in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1878 by Serranus Clinton Hastings, UC Hastings was the ...
with a donation of US$100,000. Responding to press reports about Hastings' involvement in killing and dispossessing
Yuki people The Yuki (also known as Yukiah) are an indigenous people of California, whose traditional territory is around Round Valley, Mendocino County. Today they are enrolled members of the Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation. Before ...
in the 1850s, a commission of Hastings College of the Law concluded in 2020 that Hastings participated in the
California genocide The California genocide was the killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the ...
in
Mendocino County Mendocino County (; ''Mendocino'', Spanish language, Spanish for "of Antonio de Mendoza, Mendoza) is a County (United States), county located on the North Coast (California), North Coast of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 United Sta ...
, California. The commission initially opposed a change in the name of the college, but in November 2021, the Board of Directors of UC Hastings voted to change the name of the institution.


Early life

Hastings was born in Watertown, Jefferson County, New York, on November 22, 1814, to Robert Collins Hastings and Patience Brayton. Robert Collins Hastings was a good friend and supporter of
DeWitt Clinton DeWitt Clinton (March 2, 1769February 11, 1828) was an American politician and naturalist. He served as a United States senator, as the mayor of New York City, and as the seventh governor of New York. In this last capacity, he was largely res ...
, whom Serranus gets his middle name from. When Robert died in 1824, the family moved to
St. Lawrence County, New York St. Lawrence County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 108,505. The county seat is Canton. The county is named for the Saint Lawrence River, which in turn was named for the Christian saint La ...
. He completed a six-year course at Gouverneur Academy, and in 1834, he taught and became the principal at
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, located in
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. He introduced the
Hamiltonian system of instruction James Hamilton (1769–1829) was an Irish language teacher, who introduced the "Hamiltonian system" of teaching languages. Life Hamilton was taught for four years at a Dublin school run by two Jesuits, Beatty and Mulhall. He went into business, a ...
and the Angletean system of mathematics to the academy. In 1835, he resigned from his position at the academy to study law. Hastings began to study law with Charles Thorpe,
Esq. Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title. In the United Kingdom, ''esquire'' historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman a ...
, of
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. After a few months of study, he decided to move to
Lawrenceburg, Indiana Lawrenceburg is a city in Dearborn County, Indiana, United States. The population was 5,042 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat and largest city of Dearborn County. Lawrenceburg is in southeast Indiana, on the Ohio River west of Cinci ...
. He completed his legal studies there with Daniel S. Majors, Esq. He did not immediately enter the practice of law and instead became an editor of the ''Indiana Signal'', where he supported
Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren ( ; nl, Maarten van Buren; ; December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862) was an American lawyer and statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841. A primary founder of the Democratic Party (Uni ...
in his presidential campaign. He moved to
Terre Haute, Indiana Terre Haute ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, about 5 miles east of the state's western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785 and its metropolitan area had a ...
, in December 1836 and underwent a legal examination by Judge Porters of the Circuit Court.


Career

In January 1837, Hastings moved to the Iowa District, which was part of the
Wisconsin Territory The Territory of Wisconsin was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 3, 1836, until May 29, 1848, when an eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Wisconsin. Belmont was ...
. He settled in
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for a short time and then moved to Bloomington, which would later become
Muscatine, Iowa Muscatine ( ) is a city in Muscatine County, Iowa, United States. The population was 23,797 at the time of the 2020 census, an increase from 22,697 in 2000. The county seat of Muscatine County, it is located along the Mississippi River. The lo ...
. He was examined by Judge Irwin, was admitted to the bar, and opened a law office. Shortly after this, he was commissioned
Justice of the Peace A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or ''puisne'' court, elected or appointed by means of a commission ( letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the sa ...
by Wisconsin Territorial Governor
Henry Dodge Moses Henry Dodge (October 12, 1782 – June 19, 1867) was a Democratic member to the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate, Territorial Governor of Wisconsin and a veteran of the Black Hawk War. His son, Augustus C. Dodge, served as a ...
. He had jurisdiction over the 90 miles between
Burlington, Iowa Burlington is a city in, and the county seat of, Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. The population was 23,982 in the 2020 census, a decline from the 26,839 population in 2000. Burlington is the center of a micropolitan area, which includes ...
, and
Davenport, Iowa Davenport is a city in and the county seat of Scott County, Iowa, United States. Located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state, it is the largest of the Quad Cities, a metropolitan area with a population of 384,324 and a ...
, the western boundary was undefined. He only had one case to deal with: a man accused of stealing US$30 from a citizen and $3 from the court. He found the man guilty and sentenced him to be tied to an oak tree, receive 33 lashes across his back, be transported across the
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to
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, and be banished from the territory forever. When
Iowa Territory The Territory of Iowa was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 4, 1838, until December 28, 1846, when the southeastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Iowa. The remaind ...
was organized in 1838, he won an election to represent Muscatine County, Louisa County, and Slaughter County in the House of Representatives of the Iowa Territorial General Assembly. He served from November 12, 1838, to January 25, 1839. He was reelected to that position in 1839, this time representing Muscatine County and Johnson County from November 4, 1839, to January 14, 1840. In 1840, a border conflict with
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called the Honey War took place. He received the military title of Major and helped capture a sheriff. No battle took place, and the two states compromised on the border issue. Hastings married Azalea Brodt on June 10, 1840, in Muscatine, Iowa. They had two children while living in Muscatine, Marshall and Clara L. He was elected to the Legislative Council that year, representing Muscatine County and Johnson County again, and served from November 3, 1840, to January 15, 1841. He was re-elected the following year, and served from December 6, 1841, to February 18, 1842. He was not elected to the Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. He was elected President of the Legislative Council for the Seventh General Assembly, and also represented Muscatine County and Johnson County on the council. He served from May 5, 1845, to June 11, 1845. He was elected to the council for the Eight General Assembly, which was also the final one since Iowa was to become a state on December 28, 1846. He represented the same counties he had previously, and served from December 1, 1845, to January 19, 1846. During his time on the Legislative Council he helped compile the "Blue Book" of Iowa laws. It became known as the "Old Blue Book" and was the first legal code for the Iowa,
Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the southwe ...
,
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, and
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Territories. In 1846, Hastings was nominated to represent Iowa at large in the United States House of Representatives as a Democrat. On December 29, 1846, he was elected over the Whig candidate G. C. R. Mitchell. He was the second youngest member serving in Congress at that time. He served during the second session of the
29th United States Congress The 29th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1845, ...
, which ended on March 3, 1847. Close to a year after his term ended as a member of the House of Representatives,
Governor A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
Ansel Briggs Ansel Briggs (February 3, 1806May 5, 1881) was an American pioneer who rose from a stagecoach driver to a member of the Iowa Territorial House of Representatives (1842–1846) and the first Governor of Iowa (1846–1850). Early life Ansel B ...
appointed him as the third Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court. He started his term on January 26, 1848, and resigned on January 14, 1849, to move to California, his family deciding to stay in Iowa. Hastings settled in
Benicia, California Benicia ( , ) is a waterside city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. It served as the capital of California for nearly thirteen months from 1853 to 1854. The population was 26,997 at the ...
. In September 1849, he served as Prosecuting Attorney for the newly established court in Alameda County. A few months later, California legislature selected him to be the first chief justice of the California Supreme Court. He started his term on December 20, 1849, but the court did not assemble until March 4, 1850. In 1851, his family moved from Iowa to live with him in California. During his term as Chief Justice he ran for the office of Attorney General of California. Elections were held on September 3, 1851, and he won with 52.2% of the votes. The Whig candidate, William D. Fair, received the rest of the votes. His term as Chief Justice ended in December 1851, and he assumed office as Attorney General on January 5, 1852. While serving as Attorney General, he could practice law as well, something he could not do as chief justice. The wealth he earned during this time became the foundation of the larger fortune he would later earn in real estate. He ended his two-year term on January 2, 1854.


Accused of Native American genocide

In 1860 the California Legislature formed a committee to investigate the Round Valley massacres of the
Yuki people The Yuki (also known as Yukiah) are an indigenous people of California, whose traditional territory is around Round Valley, Mendocino County. Today they are enrolled members of the Round Valley Indian Tribes of the Round Valley Reservation. Before ...
from 1856 to 1859. The committee obtained statements and documents from a number of individuals, including Serranus Hastings, a large landowner in Round Valley. In his statement Hastings attested that “until the investigations of this committee” he had been “entirely ignorant” of the “outrages” committed by Walter Jarboe and the other members of the Eel River Rangers. However, the same investigation resulted in several mentions of Hastings as being an organizer and financer of Jarboe's Rangers and requesting U.S. military and California government help to suppress the Yukis. In the archives is also a letter from Jarboe to Hastings saying he (Jarboe) planned to attack a group of 500 Indians. The issue of Hastings' involvement in the massacres became prominent in 2017. The ''San Francisco Chronicle'' published an op-ed in which a Berkeley law professor, John Briscoe, reported that a UCLA history professor, Benjamin Madley, had asserted that Hastings had “helped to facilitate genocide” against Native Americans in California by promoting and funding “Indian-hunting expeditions in the 1850s.” The book contains two sentences about Hastings. The first is that Hastings had facilitated the delivery to California Governor John Weller of a petition that requested the governor to commission the organization of a militia company to defend life and property in the Eden and Round Valleys north of Ukiah. The second is: “
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Jarboe engaged men to hunt Indians, promising them payment from the state, or if Sacramento failed to pay, from the operation’s extremely wealthy mastermind, Judge Hastings, who owned an Eden Valley ranch and may have wanted to eliminate the Yuki ndians who lived in and around the Eden and Round Valleysin order to protect his stock.” Brendan Lindsay in ''Murder State: California’s Native American Genocide, 1846-1873'', Univ. of Nebraska Press (2012), offered a judgment regarding Serranus Hastings's purported involvement in the indiscriminate killing of Yuki Indians in the Eden and Round Valleys: "Hastings and many others used the democratic process and the structures of republican government to call for and execute a massive genocide of 'Indians' during the second half of the nineteenth century. Hastings and his fellows committed, directly and indirectly, some of the foulest depredations that men have committed against their fellow men in human history." David Faigman, Chancellor of Hastings College, appointed a Legacy Review Committee to advise him and hired Lindsay to write a “white paper” to inform the dean and the members of the committee regarding Hastings’ involvement in the killing of Yuki Indians in the Eden and Round Valleys. In May 2018 Lindsay delivered his white paper. Faigman distributed Lindsay's executive summary in which he stated: " me have charged that he erranus Hastingsis responsible in part for fomenting violence and atrocity against California Indians, particularly in and around his holdings in Eden Valley. According to the historical record - including depositions, letters, and statements by Hastings’ contemporaries - significant proof exists that this was the case." . . . "The operation of the company f men called the Eel River Rangersseem to have been well known to Hastings. The captain of the Eel River Rangers, Walter S. Jarboe, a notoriously violent “Indian fighter,” kept Hastings apprised of the Rangers’ activities in back-channel reports . . . For Hastings, Henley, and the local white population, the operations of the Rangers were a huge success." Faigman had a series of interactions with descendants of the Yuki and other Indians who had resided in the Eden and Round Valleys in 1859 that he described collectively as “restorative justice.” In July 2020 the members of the Legacy Review Committee issued a report in which they accepted, as did Faigman, the verdict Lindsay rendered regarding Hastings, and lauded the “restorative justice” actions Faigman had initiated. However, with one dissenter, the members of the committee recommended that the name of UC Hastings College of the Law not be changed. Fifteen months later, on October 27, 2021
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
published a story that featured a photograph of Faigman and reported that he had “led a campaign to keep the school’s name.” At Faigman’s instigation, the members of the Hastings Board of Directors held a “special meeting” six days after the article was published, during which they reversed their earlier decision and passed a motion that accused Serranus Hastings of promoting and funding “genocide against members of the Yuki Tribe and other Native Californians,” and directed Faigman “to work with the California Legislature, the Governor’s Office, and other offices to enact legislation changing the name of the school.” The board has since appointed a committee to advise the members of the board whether they should reconsider their passage of that motion. In February 2022 in the California Legislature, Assembly Member
James Ramos James C. Ramos (born January 29, 1967) is an American politician who is currently in the California State Assembly. A Democrat, he represents the 40th Assembly District, which encompasses the San Bernardino County communities of Highland, Lom ...
introduced Assembly Bill 1936 and Senator
Tom Umberg Thomas John Umberg (born September 25, 1955) is an American politician who serves in the California State Senate. A Democrat, he represents the 34th district, which encompasses parts of northern Orange County and a small portion of Long Beach. ...
introduced Senate Bill 1288, bills whose enactment will direct that Hastings College of the Law be renamed. The bills differ in that SB 1288 renames the school College of the Law, while AB 1936 directs that a new name be “determined by the Board of Directors of the college, the Round Valley Tribal Council, and Yuki Indian Committee.” The Council and the Committee expressed a desire for the school to be given a Yuki name; however, Faigman pressed for the school to be renamed "UC San Francisco School of Law." As a consequence, at his urging, and over the protestation of the Round Valley Tribal Council and the Yuki Indian Committee, on April 6, 2022, the members of the Senate Education Committee favorably reported SB 1288. Faigman released a statement on the name change on May 25, saying that consultation with the Council and Committee would take place in June. On November 2, 2021, the Board of Directors for the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, voted unanimously to remove Serranus Clinton Hastings from the name of the college. On July 27, 2022, the Board of Directors voted unanimously to rename the college the University of California College of the Law, San Francisco (UC Law SF). The name change bill was signed into law by Governor Newsom on September 23, 2022. The rename is set to take effect starting in 2023.


Later life

Hastings continued to practice law after his term as Attorney General ended, and also became a member of the Henley, Hastings & Co. bank firm located in
Sacramento, California ) , image_map = Sacramento County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sacramento Highlighted.svg , mapsize = 250x200px , map_caption = Location within Sacramento C ...
. The banking firm failed, with little loss to him though. Around 1857, he left professional life, and started investing in real estate. He and his wife had seven more children after this: Charles Foster Dio., Douglas, Uhler, Robert Paul, Flora Azalea, Ella, and Lillie. He gradually acquired around one hundred lots of real estate in San Francisco, and bought large tracts of land in Solano, Napa,
Lake A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, surrounded by land, and distinct from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, although, like the much large ...
, and
Sacramento ) , image_map = Sacramento County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sacramento Highlighted.svg , mapsize = 250x200px , map_caption = Location within Sacramento ...
counties. In 1861, he put up many four-room buildings in the south side of San Francisco for the poor with the money he earned in real estate. The rent was $10 a month, and as a business venture it was a success. By 1862, he was worth $900,000, which was largely attributed to his real estate investments. In 1865, he traveled to Europe; four years later he accompanied
William H. Seward William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was an American politician who served as United States Secretary of State from 1861 to 1869, and earlier served as governor of New York and as a United States Senate, United States Senat ...
to view the recently purchased territory of
Alaska Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
.
Hastings College of Law The University of California, Hastings College of the Law (UC Hastings) is a public law school in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1878 by Serranus Clinton Hastings, UC Hastings was the first law school of the University of California as ...
, which later became part of the
University of California The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California. The system is composed of the campuses at Berkeley, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, Merced, Riverside, San Diego, San Francisco, ...
, was founded on March 28, 1878, from his donation of $100,000. The college offered him the position of dean and he accepted the offer. He was professor of comparative jurisprudence at the college as well, a position he held until 1887. He helped establish St. Catherine Academy in Benicia, California, with a donation of $6,000. He also helped publish two volumes of the
botany Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...
of the Pacific coast. His contribution to botany would later be recognized by having the plant genus ''
Hastingsia ''Hastingsia'' is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Agavoideae, known generally as rushlilies. These are small perennial herbs endemic to serpentine soils of the Siskiyou-Klamath region in northern Califor ...
'' named after him. Hastings died at the age of 78 on February 18, 1893, in San Francisco, California. He was buried at St. Helena Public Cemetery in
St. Helena, California St. Helena ( ; Wappo language, Wappo: ''Anakotanoma'') is a city in Napa County, California, Napa County, in the Wine Country of California. Located in the North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area), North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the ...
.


See also

*
Henry A. Lyons Henry Augustus Lyons (October 5, 1809 – July 27, 1872) was the second Chief Justice of California, appointed to the court by the California State Legislature at the formation of the state. He was the first Jewish justice on the court. Ba ...
*
List of justices of the Supreme Court of California The Supreme Court of California is the highest judicial body in the state and sits at the apex of the judiciary of California. Its membership consists of the Chief Justice of California and six associate justices who are nominated by the Governor ...
*
Nathaniel Bennett Nathaniel Bennett (June 27, 1818 – April 20, 1886) was one of the first Associate Justices of the California Supreme Court. Early life and education On June 27, 1818, Bennett was born in Clinton, New York, to a family of merchants and farm ...


References


Further reading

* Gue, Benjamin F. (1903). '' History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume III'' New York City: The Century History Company * Gue, Benjamin F. (1903). '' History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume IV'' New York City: The Century History Company * Shuck, Oscar Tully (1889).
Bench and Bar in California
'
San Francisco: The Occident Printing House * Shuck, Oscar Tully (1870).
Representative and Leading Men of the Pacific
'
San Francisco: Bacon and Company.


External links


Biographical Directory of the United States Congress


California State Courts.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hastings, Serranus Clinton Justices of the Iowa Supreme Court California Attorneys General University of California, Hastings College of the Law Members of the Iowa Territorial Legislature 1814 births 1893 deaths Chief Justices of California Politicians from Watertown, New York Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa California Democrats 19th-century American politicians U.S. state supreme court judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law Chief Justices of the Iowa Supreme Court 19th-century American judges California genocide