, native_name_lang = , image = Salzburg Cathedral 1.jpg , imagesize = , imagelink = , imagealt = , landscape = , caption = , pushpin map = , pushpin label position = , pushpin map alt = , pushpin mapsize = , relief = , map caption = , coordinates = , osgraw = , osgridref = , location = , country =

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

, denomination =

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a lette ...

, previous denomination = , churchmanship = , membership = , attendance = , website = , former name = , bull date = , founded date = c. 774 , founder =

Rupert of Salzburg Rupert of Salzburg (german: Ruprecht, la, Robertus, Rupertus; 660 – 710 AD) was Bishop of Worms as well as the first Bishop of Salzburg and abbot of St. Peter's in Salzburg. He was a contemporary of the Frankish king Childebert III. Rupert ...

, dedication = Saint Vergilius
Saint Rupert , dedicated date = , consecrated date = , cult = , relics = , events = , past bishop = , people = , status = Active , functional status =

Cathedral A cathedral is a church that contains the '' cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denomination ...

, heritage designation = , designated date = , architect =

Santino Solari Santino Solari (1576 – April 10, 1646), was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked mainly in Austria. He was born at Verna near Como. In 1612, he was appointed chief architect of Salzburg by the archbishop Markus Sittikus. His w ...

, architectural type = , style =

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

, years built = , groundbreaking = 1614 , completed date = 1628
1959 (restoration) , construction cost = , closed date = , demolished date = , capacity = , length = , width = , width nave = , height = , diameter = , other dimensions = , floor count = , floor area = , dome quantity = , dome height outer = , dome height inner = , dome dia outer = , dome dia inner = , spire quantity = , spire height = , materials = , bells = 7 survived
2 (17th century)
5 (1960s) , bells hung = , bell weight = , parish = , deanery = , archdeaconry = , episcopalarea = , archdiocese =

Salzburg Salzburg (, ; literally "Salt-Castle"; bar, Soizbuag, label=Bavarian language, Austro-Bavarian) is the List of cities and towns in Austria, fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020, it had a population of 156,872. The town is on the site of the ...

, metropolis = , diocese = , province = , presbytery = , synod = , circuit = , district = , division = , subdivision = , archbishop = His Excellency Franz Lackner, O.F.M. , bishop = , abbot = , prior = , subprior = , vicar = , exarch = , provost-rector = , provost = , viceprovost = , rector = , dean = , subdean = , archpriest = , precentor = , succentor = , chancellor = , canonchancellor = , canon = , canonpastor = , canonmissioner = , canontreasurer = , prebendary = , priestincharge = , priest = , asstpriest = , honpriest = , curate = , asstcurate = , minister = , assistant = , seniorpastor = , pastor = , chaplain = , archdeacon = , deacon = , deaconness = , reader = , student intern = , organistdom = , director = János Czifra ('' Domkapellmeister'') , elder = , organist = Heribert Metzger , organscholar = , chapterclerk = , laychapter = , warden = , verger = , businessmgr = , liturgycoord = , reledu = , rcia = , youthmin = , flowerguild = , musicgroup = , parishadmin = , serversguild = , logo = , logosize = , logolink = , logoalt = , embedded = Salzburg Cathedral (german: Salzburger Dom) is the seventeenth-century

cathedral A cathedral is a church that contains the '' cathedra'' () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denomination ...

of the

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg ( la, Archidioecesis Salisburgensis) is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in Austria. The archdiocese is one of two Austrian archdioceses, serving alongside the Archdiocese o ...

in the city of

, Austria, dedicated to Saint Rupert and Saint Vergilius.Friedrich 2007, p. 4. Saint Rupert founded the church in 774 on the remnants of a Roman town, and the cathedral was rebuilt in 1181 after a fire.Parsons 2000, p. 307. In the seventeenth century, the cathedral was completely rebuilt in the

Baroque style The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

under Prince-Bishop

Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (26 March 1559 – 16 January 1617) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1587 to 1612. Life Raitenau was born at Hofen Castle in Lochau, near Bregenz in Further Austria, the son of the Habsburg colonel Hans Werne ...

to its present appearance. Salzburg Cathedral still contains the baptismal font in which composer

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition r ...

was baptized.Davenport 1932, p. 3.

History

Saint Vergilius of Salzburg constructed the first cathedral possibly using the foundations of St. Rupert. The first Dom was recorded in 774. The so-called Virgil Dom was built from 767 to 774 and was 66 metres long and 33 metres wide.

Archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...

Arno (785–821) arranged the first renovations of the Dom, less than 70 years after its completion. In 842, the building burned after a

lightning Lightning is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge during which two electric charge, electrically charged regions, both in the atmosphere or with one on the land, ground, temporarily neutralize themselves, causing the instantaneous ...

strike. Three years later, work began to rebuild the structure. Under Archbishop Hartwig, the sanctuary expanded to the west with addition of a

choir A choir ( ; also known as a chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the music written specifically for such an ensemble to perform. Choirs may perform music from the classical music repertoire, which ...

and crypt between 1000 and 1080. Archbishop Konrad I added the west towers from 1106 to 1147. This original church, thus experienced at least three extensive building and rebuilding campaigns during the early Middle Ages, the final result of which was a somewhat ''ad hoc'' Romanesque

basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica is a large public building with multiple functions, typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. The building gave its name ...

. In 1598, the basilica was severely damaged, and after several failed attempts at restoration and reconstruction, Prince-Bishop

Wolf Dietrich Raitenau Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau (26 March 1559 – 16 January 1617) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1587 to 1612. Life Raitenau was born at Hofen Castle in Lochau, near Bregenz in Further Austria, the son of the Habsburg colonel Hans Werne ...

(Archbishop from 1587 to 1612) finally ordered it demolished. Wolf Dietrich was a patron and supporter of modern

Italian Baroque architecture Italian Baroque architecture refers to Baroque architecture in Italy. Central Italy Rome The Baroque architecture period began in the Italian period of the basilica with crossed dome and nave. One of the first Roman structures to break with the ...

, having seen it from its origins in Italy and particularly Rome. Indeed, it was Wolf Dietrich who was also responsible for the building of the nearby ''Alte Residenz'', which is today connected to the cathedral. Salzburg, Salzburger Dom, Exterior 002

Wolf Dietrich hired the Italian architect

Vincenzo Scamozzi Vincenzo Scamozzi (2 September 1548 – 7 August 1616) was an Italian architect and a writer on architecture, active mainly in Vicenza and Republic of Venice area in the second half of the 16th century. He was perhaps the most important figure th ...

to prepare a plan for a comprehensive new Baroque building. Construction did not begin however until Wolf Dietrich's successor,

Markus Sittich von Hohenems Mark Sittich von Hohenems (24 June 1574 – 9 October 1619) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1612 until his death. Biography Mark Sittich von Hohenems was born in Hohenems, Further Austria (Vorarlberg), a member of the noble House of Ems. ...

(Archbishop from 1612 to 1619), in 1614 laid the cornerstone of the new cathedral.

designed the current cathedral by dramatically altering the original Scamozzi plan. The new sanctuary was completed 1628, less than 15 years after construction began. At its consecration on 24 September 1628, 12 choirs positioned in the marble galleries of the cathedral sang a

Te Deum The "Te Deum" (, ; from its incipit, , ) is a Latin Christian hymn traditionally ascribed to AD 387 authorship, but with antecedents that place it much earlier. It is central to the Ambrosian hymnal, which spread throughout the Latin Chur ...

(the score of which is since lost) composed by

Stefano Bernardi Stefano (or Steffano) Bernardi (18 March 1580 – 15 February 1637), also known as "il Moretto", was an Italian priest, composer and music theorist. Born in Verona and ''maestro di cappella'' at the Verona Cathedral from 1611 to 1622, he later mo ...

, the

Kapellmeister (, also , ) from German ''Kapelle'' (chapel) and ''Meister'' (master)'','' literally "master of the chapel choir" designates the leader of an ensemble of musicians. Originally used to refer to somebody in charge of music in a chapel, the term ha ...

to the Salzburg court. He made use of the balconies in works such as the 1630 ''

Missa primi toni octo vocum The ''Missa primi toni octo vocum'' is a mass setting for double choir composed by Stefano Bernardi in 1630 for the Salzburg Cathedral where he was music director. History Bernardi was called to serve as music director of the Salzburg Cathedra ...

''. The present Salzburg Cathedral is built partially upon the foundations of the old basilica. Indeed, the foundation stones of the preceding church building may be seen in the ''Domgrabungen'', an excavation site under the cathedral that also features mosaics and other artifacts found when this location was the forum of the Roman city ''Juvavum''. One other surviving relic that predates the baroque edifice is the 14th century

Gothic Gothic or Gothics may refer to: People and languages *Goths or Gothic people, the ethnonym of a group of East Germanic tribes **Gothic language, an extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths **Crimean Gothic, the Gothic language spoken b ...

baptismal font. The relics of Saint Rupert were transferred here when the cathedral was completed.Butler 2003, p. 139. The finished church is 142 meters long and 33 meters high at the crossing/dome.Baedeker's Handbook for Travellers in Southern Germany (1914) p.182 The baroque style of St. Rupert's can be seen in the choir and the

nave The nave () is the central part of a church, stretching from the (normally western) main entrance or rear wall, to the transepts, or in a church without transepts, to the chancel. When a church contains side aisles, as in a basilica-type ...

. The Salzburg Cathedral was damaged in 1944 during

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

when a single bomb crashed through the central dome over the crossing. Repairs were somewhat slow to take place, but restoration was complete by 1959. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was baptized here on 28 January 1756, the day after his birth.

Exterior

Salzburg Cathedral is located adjacent to

Residenzplatz ''Residenzplatz'' is a large, stately square in the historic centre (''Altstadt'') of Salzburg in Austria. Originally named ''Hauptplatz'', it is now named after the ''Alte Residenz The Salzburg Residenz, also known as the Alte Residenz or Old R ...

and Domplatz in the Altstadt (Old Town) area of the city. The Domplatz is accessed by three open arcade arches in the north, south, and west. These "cathedral arches" unite the cathedral with the

Salzburg Residenz The Salzburg Residenz, also known as the Alte Residenz or Old Residence, is a palace located at Domplatz and '' Residenzplatz'' in the historic centre (''Altstadt'') of Salzburg, Austria. First mentioned about 1120, for centuries the Prince-Archbi ...

and St. Peter's Abbey to form a unique enclosed square measuring 101 meters long and 69 meters wide, with walls 81 meters high.Friedrich 2007, p. 6. The Domplatz is dominated by the ''Maria Immaculata'' (Immaculate Mary) column, commissioned by Archbishop

Sigismund von Schrattenbach Sigismund Graf von Schrattenbach (28 February 1698 – 16 December 1771) was Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1753 to 1771. Both Leopold and Wolfgang Mozart served under him. Life He was born in Graz, Styria, the son of Count Otto Heinric ...

and executed by the brothers Wolfgang and Johann Baptist Hagenauer between 1766 and 1771. Modeled after similar columns in Vienna and Munich and constructed of marble and cast iron, the ''Maria Immaculata'' depicts the Virgin Mary enthroned on a mountain of clouds made of

Untersberg The Untersberg is the northernmost massif of the Berchtesgaden Alps, a prominent spur straddling the border between Berchtesgaden, Germany and Salzburg, Austria. The highest peak of the table-top mountain is the Berchtesgaden Hochthron at . T ...

marble and a globe. The central Marian figure is surrounded on four sides by allegoric figures representing angels, the devil, wisdom, and the Church. According to a plaque on the side of the cathedral, the figure group shows reactions to the mystery of the Immaculate Conception—the angels are delighted, human wisdom vanishes, the envious devil growls, and the triumphant Church rejoices. When viewed from the center of the arcades at the back of Domplatz, the classicist column is positioned in the central axis of the cathedral and shows the central Marian figure surrounded by the angels on the cathedral façade and seems to wear the crown mounted on the building. Salzburger Dom2 vom Domplatz

The body of the church is made of dark grey stone with ornamentation and façade of bright

marble. The richly decorated façade is framed by two towers and topped by a curved gable. The north tower houses an old oven used for baking communion bread. The façade is divided into three horizontal sections. The lower section has three high round arches or portals that provide access to three bronze doors. The portals are flanked by four large sculpted figures representing the diocesan and cathedral patrons. Mitred figures of Saint Rupert holding a salt barrel and Saint Virgilius holding a church were created c. 1660 by Bartholomäus van Opstal and flank figures of Saint Peter holding keys and Saint Paul holding a sword, sculpted c. 1697 by Bernhard Michael Mandl, who also created all the pedestals. The bases bear the arms of the Prince Archbishop Guidobald von Thun and Prince Archbishop Johann Ernst von Thun. Along the balustrade above the entrance are statues of the four evangelists—

Saint Matthew Matthew the Apostle,, shortened to ''Matti'' (whence ar, مَتَّى, Mattā), meaning "Gift of YHWH"; arc, , Mattai; grc-koi, Μαθθαῖος, ''Maththaîos'' or , ''Matthaîos''; cop, ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ, Mattheos; la, Matthaeus a ...

Saint Mark Mark the Evangelist ( la, Marcus; grc-gre, Μᾶρκος, Mârkos; arc, ܡܪܩܘܣ, translit=Marqōs; Ge'ez: ማርቆስ; ), also known as Saint Mark, is the person who is traditionally ascribed to be the author of the Gospel of Mark. Accor ...

Saint Luke Luke the Evangelist (Latin: '' Lucas''; grc, Λουκᾶς, '' Loukâs''; he, לוקאס, ''Lūqās''; arc, /ܠܘܩܐ לוקא, ''Lūqā’; Ge'ez: ሉቃስ'') is one of the Four Evangelists—the four traditionally ascribed authors of t ...

, and Saint John—who represent the salvation offered through their preaching.Friedrich 2007, p. 7. The pediments over the three windows behind the evangelists depict a lion and an ibex, the animals depicted in the coats of arms above. Above the center window, a golden crown aligns with the Marian column in the Domplatz. The top section tympanum bears the arms of the builders of the cathedral, Markus Sittikus and Paris Lodron. The figure group on the pediment represents the

Transfiguration of Jesus In the New Testament, the Transfiguration of Jesus is an event where Jesus is transfigured and becomes radiant in glory upon a mountain. The Synoptic Gospels (, , ) describe it, and the Second Epistle of Peter also refers to it (). In these a ...

on Mount Tabor, showing Christ as ''

Salvator Mundi , Latin for Saviour of the World, is a subject in iconography depicting Christ with his right hand raised in blessing and his left hand holding an orb (frequently surmounted by a cross), known as a . The latter symbolizes the Earth, and the wh ...

'', with

Moses Moses hbo, מֹשֶׁה, Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, ); syr, ܡܘܫܐ, Mūše; ar, موسى, Mūsā; grc, Mωϋσῆς, Mōÿsēs () is considered the most important pro ...

holding the tablets on the left and the prophet

Elijah Elijah ( ; he, אֵלִיָּהוּ, ʾĒlīyyāhū, meaning "My God is Yahweh/YHWH"; Greek form: Elias, ''Elías''; syr, ܐܸܠܝܼܵܐ, ''Elyāe''; Arabic: إلياس or إليا, ''Ilyās'' or ''Ilyā''. ) was, according to the Books of ...

to the right. The three statues were created in 1660 by Tommaso di Garona, the mason who built the Residenz Fountain. The three bronze gates inside the portals date from 1957 and 1958 and represent the three divine virtues (''Göttliche Tugenden'') of faith, hope, and love. The ''Tor des Glaubens'' (gate of faith) on the left was created by Toni Schneider-Manzell (1911–1996), the central ''Tor der Liebe'' (gate of love) was created by Giacomo Manzù (1908–1991), and the ''Tor der Hoffnung'' (gate of hope) on the right was created by Ewald Mataré (1887–1965).

Bells

The oldest bells in the cathedral are the ''Marienglocke'' and the ''Virgilglocke'', both cast in 1628. On 24 September 1961, the cathedral added five new bells. The ''Salvator'' bell of the cathedral is the second largest bell in Austria, after the ''

Pummerin Pummerin is the name of the bell in the Stephansdom, St. Stephen's Cathedral, in Vienna. Old Pummerin ''(Josephinische Glocke)'' The Old Pummerin was originally cast in 1705 from 208 of the 300 cannons captured from the Muslim invaders in ...

'' bell in Vienna Cathedral. The clappers are held against the sound bow whilst the bells are raised, then released sequentially to give a clean start to the ringing. At the end they are successively caught again by the mechanism to silence the bells.

Gallery

File:Salzburg Dom Kapitelplatz.jpg, South façade from Kapitelplatz File:Salzburg Dom vom Petersfriedhof.jpg, North façade from Petersfriedhof File:Salzburg, Salzburger Dom 01.JPG, West façade File:2042 - Salzburg - Dom.JPG, South tower detail and Marian column File:Salzburg panorama dom highlighted.jpg, Salzburg Cathedral location looking north Catedral de Salzburgo, Salzburgo, Austria, 2019-05-19, DD 08.jpg, Main nave Catedral de Salzburgo, Salzburgo, Austria, 2019-05-19, DD 36-38 HDR.jpg, Altar Catedral de Salzburgo, Salzburgo, Austria, 2019-05-19, DD 27-29 HDR.jpg, Ceiling Catedral de Salzburgo, Salzburgo, Austria, 2019-05-19, DD 33-35 HDR.jpg, Central dome

References

Citations

Bibliography

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Annotations

External links

Salzburg Cathedral official website

Salzburg Cathedral Museum

Salzburg Cathedral
at Tourismus Salzburg
Salzburg Cathedral
at Sacred Destinations {{Authority control 8th-century churches Towers completed in the 12th century 17th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Austria Roman Catholic churches completed in 1628 1628 establishments in Austria Roman Catholic cathedrals in Austria

Baroque church buildings in Austria Church buildings with domes Tourist attractions in Salzburg Museums in Salzburg (state) Art museums and galleries in Austria Religious buildings and structures completed in 774 Establishments in the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg